[국회직 8급 영어] 22년 1회차 기출문제 정답·해설 페이지

Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
People see themselves differently from how they see others. They are immersed in their own sensations, emotions, and cognitions at the same time that their experience of others is dominated by what can be observed externally. This distinction in the information that people possess when perceiving themselves versus others affects how people evaluate their own and others’ behavior. People often view their own actions as caused by situational constraints, while viewing others’ actions as caused by those others’ internal dispositions. An example would be a person arriving late for a job interview and ascribing that lateness to bad traffic while his interviewer attributed it to personal irresponsibility.

abhorrences

indemnities

inducements

infatuations

temperaments

밑줄 친 “dispositions”(기질, 성향)와 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 “temperaments”(기질)이다.
지문은 자기 행동은 “situational constraints”(상황적 제약) 탓으로, 타인의 행동은 “internal dispositions”(내적 성향) 탓으로 돌린다고 대조한다. 면접관이 지각을 “personal irresponsibility”(개인의 무책임함)로 해석한 예시도 같은 뜻을 뒷받침한다.
“abhorrences”(혐오): 사람의 내적 성향이 아니라 강한 싫어함을 뜻한다.
“indemnities”(배상, 보상금): 손해를 보전하는 돈이나 조치를 뜻한다.
“inducements”(유인, 장려책): 행동을 끌어내는 외부 자극이라 “internal”과 맞지 않는다.
“infatuations”(심취, 맹목적 사랑): 일시적 열중을 뜻한다.

Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined expression.
The details of the latest deal were hammered out by the US Secretary of State and his Russian counterpart.

settled

canceled

criticized

renounced

argued about

밑줄 친 “hammered out”(논의 끝에 타결하다)과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 “settled”(합의하다, 확정하다)이다.
“The details of the latest deal”(최근 합의의 세부 사항)이 양국 대표에 의해 도출되었다는 문장이므로, 협상을 거쳐 내용을 확정했다는 뜻이다.
“canceled”(취소된): 합의 내용을 만들어 내는 것과 반대다.
“criticized”(비판받은): 양측이 합의를 도출하는 맥락과 맞지 않는다.
“renounced”(포기된, 부인된): 합의를 버린다는 뜻이다.
“argued about”(논쟁된): 논쟁 과정만 나타낼 뿐 타결했다는 결과를 담지 못한다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
Two partial solar eclipses—when the moon ①blocks part of the solar disc in the sky—will occur in 2022. The first will be visible in southern South America, parts of Antarctica, and over parts of the Pacific and the Southern Oceans. On April 30, the moon will pass between the Earth and the sun, with the maximum eclipse ②occurring at 20:41 UTC*, when up to 64 percent of the sun’s disc will be covered by the moon. To see the greatest extent of the eclipse, viewers will have to ③position in the Southern Ocean, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. However, eclipse chasers in the southernmost parts of Chile and Argentina will be able to see around 60 percent of the sun ④blotted out by the moon. Protective eyewear is needed to safely view all phases of a partial solar eclipse. Even though the sun may not appear as ⑤bright in the sky, staring at it directly can seriously injure your eyes.
* UTC: Universal Time Coordinated

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “position”이다. 타동사의 목적어 누락 오류이므로 “position themselves”로 고쳐야 한다.
“position”은 ‘위치시키다’라는 타동사라 목적어가 필요하다. 관찰자들이 스스로 자리를 잡는다는 뜻이므로 재귀대명사를 쓰거나 수동형 “be positioned”로 써야 한다.
“blocks”: 부분 일식을 풀이하는 when절의 현재시제 동사로, 3인칭 단수 주어 “the moon”과 일치한다.
“occurring”: “with+명사+분사” 부대상황 구문이며, 자동사 occur라 현재분사가 맞다.
“blotted”: 지각동사 see의 목적격 보어로, 해가 ‘가려지는’ 것이므로 과거분사가 맞다.
“bright”: 2형식 동사 appear의 보어이므로 형용사가 맞다.

Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A) and (B)?
“There! That’s the life we lead. It’s enough to make one cry. One works and does one’s utmost; one wears oneself out, getting no sleep at night, and racks one’s brain over what to do for the best. And then what happens? To begin with, the public is ignorant and (A)_______. I give them the very best operetta, a dainty masque and first-rate music-hall artists. But do you suppose that’s what they want? They don’t appreciate anything of that sort. They want a clown; what they ask for is (B)_______.”

assiduous / - / popularity

sensible / - / sensation

boorish / - / vulgarity

peculiar / - / intelligence

bragging / - / improvisation

빈칸에는 “boorish”(교양 없는, 상스러운)와 “vulgarity”(저속함)가 들어가는 것이 알맞다.
(A)는 “ignorant”(무지한)와 and로 병렬되므로 관객을 깎아내리는 말이어야 한다. (B)는 최고의 오페레타를 알아주지 않고 “a clown”(광대)을 원한다는 불평에 이어지므로 저급한 취향을 가리키는 말이 와야 한다.
“assiduous / popularity”: “assiduous”(근면한)는 관객을 비난하는 말이 될 수 없다.
“sensible / sensation”: “sensible”(분별 있는)은 “ignorant”와 어울리지 않는 긍정적 표현이다.
“peculiar / intelligence”: “intelligence”(지성)는 광대를 찾는 취향과 정반대다.
“bragging / improvisation”: “bragging”(허풍 떠는)과 “improvisation”(즉흥 연주)은 무지하고 저급한 취향이라는 불평과 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
Fluid materials such as clay and finger paints are excellent media through which children can express anger as well as curiosity about body parts and functions. With clay, children can tear and pound harmlessly, and they can also create human figures that often have anatomically correct parts. With clay, sand, or blocks, they can be safely destructive and will learn that their own destructive impulses are not necessarily harmful and should not frighten them. Sometimes the pleasure of creating is enhanced by the anticipation of destroying what one has created. With dolls, children can create family scenes and explore family-related anxieties. If they are allowed to communicate freely when using hand puppets, children can reveal some of their innermost feelings, in actions or words, since it is not they but the puppets who are communicating.
Adults need to exert control over the behavior of young children, so they must place restrictions on free expression with materials. For example, clay can be pounded, pulled apart, or squashed but should not be thrown at the wall or at other children. However, adults should try to remember that if they are overly restrictive, the play will lose some of its emotional value for children. They should also realize that even a young child can make a distinction between knocking over a block structure that he or she has created and knocking over the furniture in the classroom.

Various Kinds of Fluid Materials

Individual Differences in Play

The Influence of Culture on Play

Developing Expressivity through Play

Pros and Cons of Using Fluid Materials in Play

지문의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Developing Expressivity through Play”(놀이를 통한 표현력 발달)이다.
아이들이 점토, 인형, 손 인형으로 “anger”(분노)와 “innermost feelings”(내면의 감정)를 드러낸다는 것이 중심 내용이다. 후반부도 지나친 제한이 놀이의 “emotional value”(정서적 가치)를 떨어뜨린다고 경고한다.
“Various Kinds of Fluid Materials”: 재료는 감정 표현의 예시로 나올 뿐이며, 재료의 종류를 소개하는 글이 아니다.
“Individual Differences in Play”: 아이들 간의 개인차는 다루지 않는다.
“The Influence of Culture on Play”: 문화의 영향은 언급되지 않는다.
“Pros and Cons of Using Fluid Materials in Play”: 장단점 비교가 아니라 표현 수단으로서의 가치를 강조한다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage?
The “lessons-of-history” is indeed a familiar phrase, so much so that the lessons are sometimes learned too well. History never repeats itself exactly; no historical situation is the same as any other; even two like events differ in that the first has no precedent, while the second has. But even in this respect, history can teach a lesson—namely that nothing ever stays the same. The only unchanging thing in human affairs is the constancy of change itself. The process of history is unique, but nonetheless intelligible. Each situation and event is distinct, but each is connected to all the foregoing and succeeding ones by a complex web of cause and effect, probability and accident.
(A) The unique present, just as each unique point in the past, is utterly unintelligible unless we understand the history of how it came to be. While history is a record of unique happenings, it is something more than chaos.
(B) The present may be the consequence of accidents, or of irresistible forces, but in either case the present consequences of past events are real and irreversible.
(C) To perceive the elements of order in the chaotic record of past events is the great task of the historian. Events, people, groups and institutions fall into certain classes that exhibit at least partial regularities.

(A)-(C)-(B)

(B)-(A)-(C)

(B)-(C)-(A)

(C)-(A)-(B)

(C)-(B)-(A)

글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은 “(B)-(A)-(C)”이다.
제시문 끝의 “cause and effect, probability and accident”(인과와 확률, 우연)를 (B)의 “accidents”(우연)와 “irresistible forces”(불가항력)가 받는다. (B)의 “the present”(현재)는 (A)의 “The unique present”로 이어지고, (A) 끝의 “more than chaos”(혼돈 이상의 것)는 (C)의 “elements of order in the chaotic record”(혼돈스러운 기록 속 질서의 요소)로 연결된다.
“(A)-(C)-(B)”: (C)의 역사가의 과제 뒤에 (B)의 우연 논의로 되돌아가 흐름이 끊긴다.
“(B)-(C)-(A)”: “chaos”를 처음 꺼내는 (A)보다 (C)의 “the chaotic record”가 먼저 나와 연결이 뒤집힌다.
“(C)-(A)-(B)”: 제시문 뒤에 곧바로 혼돈 속 질서를 찾는 (C)가 오면 받을 말이 없다.
“(C)-(B)-(A)”: 역시 (C)가 먼저 나오고, (A)의 “chaos”가 (C)로 이어지는 흐름을 끊는다.

According to the passage, which of the following would NOT be considered a transactive memory source?
Search engines have changed the way we use the Internet, putting vast sources of information just a few clicks away. But a recent study shows that websites—and the Internet—are changing much more than technology itself. They are changing the way our memories function. Dr. Wegner’s latest study, “Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips,” shows that when people have access to search engines, they remember fewer facts and less information because they know they can rely on “search” as a readily available shortcut. Wegner believes the new findings show that the Internet has become part of a transactive memory source, a method by which our brains compartmentalize information. First hypothesized by Wegner in 1985, transactive memory exists in many forms, as when a husband relies on his wife to remember a relative’s birthday. “It is this whole network of memory where you don’t have to remember everything in the world yourself,” he says. “You just have to remember who knows it.” Now computers and technology as well are becoming virtual extensions of our memory.

Reminder apps that notify you of upcoming events

A photo album of your childhood

GPS devices that help you find your way with saved routes

A written list of your passwords for different websites

Cell phones with your contact list

교류 기억 원천으로 볼 수 없는 것은 “A photo album of your childhood”(어린 시절 사진첩)이다.
지문의 transactive memory는 정보를 직접 외우지 않고 “who knows it”(그것을 아는 존재)만 기억하는 방식이다. 사진첩은 필요한 정보를 찾기 위해 기억을 맡겨 둔 출처라기보다 과거의 기록에 가깝다.
“Reminder apps that notify you of upcoming events”: 일정 기억을 앱에 맡기는 것이다.
“GPS devices that help you find your way with saved routes”: 경로 기억을 기기에 맡기는 것이다.
“A written list of your passwords for different websites”: 비밀번호를 외우는 대신 목록에 맡기는 것이다.
“Cell phones with your contact list”: 연락처 기억을 휴대전화에 맡기는 것이다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
It may happen that someone gets away, apparently unharmed, from the spot where he has suffered a shocking accident, for instance, a train collision. In the course of the following weeks, however, he develops a series of grave psychical and motor symptoms, which can be ascribed only to his shock or whatever else happened at the time of the accident. He has developed a “traumatic neurosis.” This appears quite incomprehensible and is therefore a novel fact. The time that elapsed between the accident and the first appearance of the symptoms is called the “incubation period,” a transparent allusion to the pathology of infectious disease. It is the feature one might term latency.

The recurrence of suffering after a shocking accident is a well-known fact.

A “traumatic neurosis” appears when one is infected by a virus.

The term latency does not have any relation to infectious disease.

A “traumatic neurosis” refers to the shock one feels right after an accident.

Latency refers to the period when the impact of the shocking events remains dormant.

지문과 일치하는 것은 “Latency refers to the period when the impact of the shocking events remains dormant.”이다.
사고 직후엔 멀쩡해 보이다가 몇 주 뒤 증상이 나타나며, 그 사이의 “incubation period”(잠복기)가 지닌 특징을 “latency”(잠복)라고 부른다고 했다. 즉 충격의 영향이 잠들어 있는 기간을 가리킨다.
“The recurrence of suffering after a shocking accident is a well-known fact.”: 지문은 “quite incomprehensible”(전혀 이해할 수 없는), “a novel fact”(새로운 사실)라고 했다.
“A ‘traumatic neurosis’ appears when one is infected by a virus.”: 원인은 충격적 사고이며, 감염병은 용어의 비유일 뿐이다.
“The term latency does not have any relation to infectious disease.”: 지문은 “a transparent allusion to the pathology of infectious disease”(감염병 병리에 대한 명백한 빗댐)라고 했다.
“A ‘traumatic neurosis’ refers to the shock one feels right after an accident.”: 증상은 사고 직후가 아니라 “In the course of the following weeks”(이후 몇 주에 걸쳐) 나타난다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Being present to another person—a sustained, caring attention—can be seen as a basic form of compassion. Careful attention to another person also enhances empathy, letting us catch more of the fleeting facial expressions and other such cues that attune us to how that person actually feels in the moment. But if our attention “blinks,”       .

we may be more attentive to the person

our empathy will be enhanced

we are less attuned to the behavior of the person

we may miss those signals

we do feel apathy for the person

빈칸에는 “we may miss those signals”(그 신호들을 놓칠 수 있다)가 알맞다.
앞 문장은 주의를 기울이면 “fleeting facial expressions and other such cues”(순간적인 표정 같은 단서들)를 포착한다고 했다. “But”으로 이어지는 빈칸은 주의가 “blinks”(깜박이면) 그 단서들을 놓친다는 내용이어야 한다.
“we may be more attentive to the person”: 주의가 흐트러진다는 조건과 정반대다.
“our empathy will be enhanced”: 공감이 커지는 것은 주의를 기울일 때의 결과다.
“we are less attuned to the behavior of the person”: 지문의 “attune”은 감정에 대한 것이고, 앞의 “cues”를 받는 내용이 아니다.
“we do feel apathy for the person”: 무관심을 느낀다는 단정은 지문에 근거가 없다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
“Love yourself and recognize the common humanity in the experience,” says researcher David Sbarra. This is called “self-compassion.” People who express feelings of loving themselves ①and who recognize they are not alone and other people have felt what they feel have more resilience when dealing with a breakup. You know how ②frustrating it is when you’re freaked out and someone tells you to “relax.” That’s part of the problem with learning self-compassion after a breakup. Anxiety will keep you away from breaking through to being kind and loving with yourself, but you can’t force yourself away from the anxiety, and you certainly can’t beat yourself up further. Personality plays a big part in how you react, and ③women tending to handle it with more self-compassion than men. Be kinder to yourself after a breakup, keeping your experience in perspective. Many people experience a painful and difficult breakup, and you’re not alone. A breakup is part of the human experience, and ④realizing you are a part of a collective can help shift your perception to a healthier place. Dr. Sbarra also recommends ⑤remaining mindful, and in the present. Notice when you feel anger or jealousy, and accept and release it—don’t judge it, even if you struggle with releasing it.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “women tending to handle it”이다. 등위접속사로 연결된 절에 정동사가 없는 오류이므로 “women tend to handle it”로 고쳐야 한다.
“and”는 앞 절 “Personality plays a big part …”와 같은 완전한 절을 연결한다. 따라서 주어 “women” 뒤에는 분사가 아니라 정동사가 와야 한다.
“and who recognize they”: 주격 관계대명사절의 병렬이며, recognize 뒤에 명사절 접속사 that이 생략되었다.
“frustrating it is”: 간접의문문 어순(how+형용사+주어+동사)이다.
“realizing you are”: 동명사 주어이고, realizing 뒤의 that이 생략되었다.
“remaining”: recommend는 동명사를 목적어로 취하고, remain은 형용사 mindful을 보어로 취한다.

Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A) and (B)?
Yet the paradox is that scientific methodology is the product of human hands and thus cannot reach some permanent truth. We build scientific theories to organize and manipulate the world, to reduce phenomena into manageable units. Science is based on reproducibility and manufactured objectivity. As strong as that makes its ability to generate claims about matter and energy, it also makes scientific knowledge (A)_________ to the existential, visceral nature or human life, which is unique and subjective and unpredictable. Science may provide the most useful way to organize empirical, reproducible data, but its power to do so is predicated on its (B)_________ to grasp the most central aspects of human life: hope, fear, love, hate, beauty, envy, honor, weakness, striving, suffering, virtue, etc.

inapplicable / - / inability

irrelevant / - / loathing

comparable / - / remnant

integral / - / mundanity

conform / - / merits

빈칸에는 “inapplicable”(적용할 수 없는)과 “inability”(할 수 없음)가 들어가는 것이 알맞다.
과학은 재현성과 객관성에 기반하므로 “unique and subjective and unpredictable”(고유하고 주관적이며 예측 불가능한) 인간의 삶에는 (A) 적용될 수 없다. (B)도 데이터를 정리하는 힘이 희망, 공포, 사랑 같은 삶의 핵심을 파악하지 ‘못하는’ 데 근거한다는 역설이다.
“irrelevant / loathing”: “loathing”(혐오)은 파악하는 능력의 부재를 뜻하지 못한다.
“comparable / remnant”: “comparable”(비교할 만한)과 “remnant”(잔여물) 모두 대조의 논리와 맞지 않는다.
“integral / mundanity”: “integral”(필수적인)은 과학의 한계를 말하는 글의 방향과 반대다.
“conform / merits”: “conform”(부합하다)은 과학 지식이 인간 삶의 본질에 들어맞는다는 뜻이 되어 글의 방향과 반대이고, “merits”(장점)도 삶의 핵심을 파악하지 못한다는 문맥과 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
The capability ①to form memory is critical to the strategic adaptation of an organism ②to changing environmental demands. Observations ③indicating that sleep benefits memory ④date  back to the beginning of experimental memory research, and since then ⑤has been fitted with quite different concepts.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “has been fitted”이다. 주어-동사 수일치 오류이므로 “have been fitted”로 고쳐야 한다.
“and since then” 뒤의 동사는 앞 절의 주어 “Observations”(복수)를 공유하므로 복수 동사가 와야 한다. 관찰 결과가 여러 개념에 ‘맞춰져 온’ 것이므로 현재완료 수동태 자체는 맞다.
“to form”: 명사 capability를 수식하는 to부정사의 형용사적 용법이다.
“to changing”: adaptation to의 전치사 to 뒤에 분사형 형용사 changing이 명사 demands를 수식한다.
“indicating”: Observations를 수식하는 현재분사로, that절을 목적어로 취한다.
“date back”: 자동사구로 복수 주어 Observations와 수가 일치한다.

Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
For years, critics have argued about the ancient Greek play Oedipus Rex. Some have argued that Oedipus knows nothing of his guilt until the end of the play, when it is revealed that he murdered his own father. Others have insisted that Oedipus is aware all along of his ①guilt. According to this point of view, Oedipus, the brilliant solver of riddles, could not possibly have ②ignored the mounting evidence that he was the murderer of the king. Just how or why this debate has raged for so many years remains a mystery. The correct interpretation is so obvious. Oedipus knows from the beginning that he is ③innocent. He just pretends to be ignorant of the truth. For example, when a servant tells the story of the king’s murder, he uses the word ‘bandits.’ But when Oedipus repeats his story, he uses the ④singular form ‘bandit.’ Sophocles provides clues like this one all the way through the play. Thus, it’s hard to understand why anyone would think that Oedipus did not know the truth about his ⑤crime.

①

②

③

④

⑤

문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은 “innocent”이며, “guilty”(죄가 있는)로 바꿔야 한다.
필자는 오이디푸스가 처음부터 진실을 알고 “He just pretends to be ignorant of the truth”(모르는 척할 뿐이다)라고 주장한다. 또한 마지막 문장도 그가 자기 “crime”(범죄)의 진실을 알았다고 본다. 따라서 그가 아는 것은 결백이 아니라 자신의 유죄다.
“guilt”(죄): 처음부터 자신의 죄를 알았다는 입장을 나타내는 말로 적절하다.
“ignored”(무시했다): 수수께끼를 푸는 똑똑한 인물이 증거를 무시했을 리 없다는 맥락에 맞다.
“singular”(단수의): “bandits”를 “bandit”으로 바꿔 말했다는 설명에 맞다.
“crime”(범죄): 왕을 살해한 행위를 가리켜 적절하다.

Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Is talent a bad thing? Are we all equally talented? No and no. The ability to quickly climb the learning curve of any skill is obviously a very good thing, and, like it or not, some of us are better at it than others. So why, then, is it such a bad thing to favor “naturals” over “strivers”? What’s the downside of television shows like America’s Got Talent, The X Factor, and Child Genius? Why shouldn’t we separate children as young as seven or eight into two groups: those few children who are “gifted and talented” and the many, many more who aren’t? What harm is there, really, in a talent show being named a “talent show”? In my view, the biggest reason a preoccupation with talent can be harmful is simple: By shining our spotlight on talent, we risk leaving everything else in the shadows. We inadvertently send the message that these other factors—including grit—don’t matter as much as they really do.

deliberately

incoherently

concomitantly

surreptitiously

unintentionally

밑줄 친 “inadvertently”(무심코, 의도치 않게)와 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 “unintentionally”(고의 아니게)이다.
재능에 “spotlight”(스포트라이트)를 비추다 보면 다른 요소를 그늘에 남길 “risk”(위험)가 있다고 했다. 그 결과 투지 같은 요소가 덜 중요하다는 메시지를 의도와 달리 보내게 된다는 뜻이다.
“deliberately”(고의로): 밑줄 어휘와 반대되는 뜻이다.
“incoherently”(일관성 없이): 메시지의 전달 의도와 무관한 뜻이다.
“concomitantly”(부수적으로): 동시에 수반됨을 뜻할 뿐 의도 여부를 나타내지 않는다.
“surreptitiously”(은밀하게): 의도를 숨기고 한다는 뜻이라 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
If AI is given more agency and takes over what humans used to do, ①how do we then attribute moral responsibility? Who is responsible for the harms and benefits of the technology when humans delegate agency and decisions to AI? The first problem is that an AI system can take actions and make decisions that have ethical consequences, but is not aware of what it does and not capable of moral thought and ②hence cannot hold morally responsible for what it does. Machines can be agents but not moral agents ③since they lack consciousness, free will, emotions, the capability to form intentions, and the like. For example, on an Aristotelian view, only humans can perform voluntary actions and deliberate about their actions. If this is true, the only solution is to make humans responsible for what the machine does. ④Humans then delegate agency to the machine, but retain the responsibility. However, this solution faces several problems. An AI system may make its decisions and actions very quickly, for example, in high-frequency trading or in a self-driving car, ⑤which gives the human too little time to make the final decision or to intervene. How can humans take responsibility for such actions and decisions?

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “hence cannot hold morally responsible for what it does”이다. 능동·수동의 태 오류이므로 “hence cannot be held morally responsible”로 고쳐야 한다.
주어는 “an AI system”이고, “hold+목적어+responsible”(~에게 책임을 묻다)에서 AI는 책임을 ‘지워지는’ 대상이다. 따라서 수동태가 되어야 한다.
“how do we then attribute moral responsibility”: 의문문 어순이 맞고, attribute는 목적어 moral responsibility를 취한다.
“since they lack consciousness, free will, emotions, the capability to form intentions, and the like”: 접속사+주어+동사 구조이며, lack은 전치사 없이 목적어를 취하는 타동사다.
“Humans then delegate agency to the machine”: 복수 주어에 맞는 동사이고, delegate A to B 구문이다.
“which gives the human too little time to make the final decision or to intervene”: 앞 절 전체를 받는 계속적 용법의 관계대명사로, 단수 동사가 맞다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
People rely on        to be “normal”—amounts that are typical, expected, and not unusual. Normal rain and snow melt are necessary for consistent agriculture, to feed Earth’s 7.3 billion humans. All plants and animals are adapted to a normal amount of moisture for their environment. However, “normal” does not always happen.

circulation

precipitation

sewage

drought

irrigation

빈칸에는 “precipitation”(강수)이 알맞다.
다음 문장의 “Normal rain and snow melt”(평년 수준의 비와 눈 녹은 물)와 “a normal amount of moisture”(평년 수준의 수분)가 빈칸의 내용을 바로 설명한다. 사람들이 ‘평년 수준’이기를 기대하는 대상은 강수량이다.
“circulation”(순환): 비와 눈이라는 양의 개념을 가리키지 않는다.
“sewage”(하수): 농업과 생태에 필요한 수분과 무관하다.
“drought”(가뭄): ‘평년’에서 벗어난 상태로, 사람들이 의존하는 대상이 아니다.
“irrigation”(관개): 지문의 자연적인 비와 눈 녹은 물과 달리 인위적 물 공급이다.

What is the passage mainly about?
Trying new things requires a willingness to take risks. However, risk taking is not binary. I’d bet that you’re comfortable taking some types of risk and find other types quite uncomfortable. You might not even see the risks that are comfortable for you to take, discounting their riskiness, but are likely to amplify the risk of things that make you more anxious. For example, you might love flying down a ski slope at lightning speed or jumping out of airplanes, and don’t view these activities as risky. If so, you’re blind to the fact that you’re taking on significant physical risks. Others, like me who are not physical risk takers, would rather sip hot chocolate in the ski lodge or buckle themselves tightly into their airplane seats. Alternately, you might feel perfectly comfortable with social risks, such as giving a speech to a large crowd. This doesn’t seem risky at all to me. But others, who might be perfectly happy jumping out of a plane, would never think to give a toast at a party.

Taking both physical and social risks benefits us.

We should separate risk into two categories: physical risk and social risk.

Taking physical risks poses a great challenge to the author.

Perception of riskiness differs from person to person.

The willingness to take risks is a prerequisite for success.

지문의 중심 내용은 “Perception of riskiness differs from person to person.”(위험에 대한 인식은 사람마다 다르다)이다.
“risk taking is not binary”(위험 감수는 이분법적이지 않다)라고 전제한 뒤, 스키나 스카이다이빙은 편한데 연설은 불편한 사람, 또는 그 반대인 사람의 예를 든다. 즉 같은 활동도 사람에 따라 달리 받아들인다는 내용이다.
“Taking both physical and social risks benefits us.”: 두 위험의 이점은 말하지 않는다.
“We should separate risk into two categories: physical risk and social risk.”: 두 위험은 예시일 뿐 분류하자는 주장이 아니다.
“Taking physical risks poses a great challenge to the author.”: 필자의 사례는 일부 예시일 뿐 중심 내용이 아니다.
“The willingness to take risks is a prerequisite for success.”: 성공의 조건은 다루지 않는다.

Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A), (B), and (C)?
All I could do was to offer you an opinion upon one minor point—a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. I am going to develop in your presence as fully and freely as I can the train of thought which led me to think so. Perhaps if I lay bare the ideas, the prejudices, that lie behind this statement, you will find that they have some (A)_______ upon women and some upon fiction. At any rate, when a subject is highly controversial—and any question about sex is that—one cannot hope to tell the truth. One can only show how one came to hold whatever opinion one does hold. One can only give one’s audience the chance of (B)_______ their own conclusions as they observe the limitations, the prejudices and the idiosyncrasies of the speaker. Fiction here is likely to contain more truth than fact. Therefore, I propose, making use of all the liberties and (C)_______ of a novelist, to tell you the story of the two days that preceded my coming here.

bearing / - / drawing / - / licenses

relieving / - / writing / - / imaginations

showing / - / drowning / - / creativities

relevance / - / throwing / - / obligations

giving / - / collecting / - / jobs

빈칸에는 “bearing”(관련성), “drawing”(이끌어 내기), “licenses”(허용된 자유)가 들어가는 것이 알맞다.
(A)는 “have some bearing upon”(~와 관련이 있다), (B)는 “draw conclusions”(결론을 이끌어 내다)라는 연어다. (C)는 “liberties”(자유)와 병렬되어 소설가에게 허용된 자유를 뜻한다.
“relieving / writing / imaginations”: “relieving”(완화)은 “have some … upon”에 맞지 않고, 결론은 ‘쓰는’ 것이 아니라 끌어내는 것이다.
“showing / drowning / creativities”: “drowning”(익사시키기)은 결론과 어울리지 않는다.
“relevance / throwing / obligations”: “relevance”는 upon이 아니라 to와 결합하고, “obligations”(의무)는 “liberties”와 대조된다.
“giving / collecting / jobs”: “giving”은 (A) 자리에 맞지 않고, “jobs”(일)도 “liberties”와 병렬될 수 없다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Have human beings permanently changed the planet? That seemingly simple question has sparked a new battle between geologists and environmental advocates over what to call the time period we live in. According to the International Union of Geological Sciences, we are officially in the Holocene epoch, which began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age. But that label is outdated, some experts say. They argue for “Anthropocene”—from anthropo, for “man,” and cene, for “new”—because humankind has caused mass extinctions of plant and animal species, polluted the oceans and altered the atmosphere, among other lasting impacts. However, many stratigraphers (scientists who study rock layers) criticize the idea, saying clear-cut evidence for a new epoch simply isn’t there. According to them, when we start naming geologic-time terms, we need to define what exactly the boundary is, where it appears in the rock strata. Anthropocene is more about pop culture than hard science. The crucial question is specifying exactly when human beings began to leave their mark on the planet: The atomic era, for instance, has left traces of radiation in soils around the globe, while deeper down in the rock strata, agriculture’s signature in Europe can be detected as far back as 900 A.D. The “Anthropocene,” a stratigrapher says, “provides eye-catching jargon, but from the geologic side, I need the bare-bones facts that fit the code.” Some Anthropocene proponents concede that difficulty. But don’t get bogged down in the mud, they say, just stipulate a date and move on. Will Steffen, who heads Australia National University’s Climate Change Institute, says that the new name sends a message: “It will be another strong reminder to the general public that we are now having undeniable impacts on the environment at the scale of the planet as a whole, so much so that a new geological epoch has begun.”

The geologists do not want the environmentalists to have an edge over them by favoring the action of renaming the time period.

The stratigraphers need to consider the culture in renaming the time period of the Earth.

The environmental advocates believe that human beings will get aware of their rampant activities which cause destruction if the time period of the Earth is renamed.

The geologists believe that the changes caused by human beings have been going on for a short time.

Some Anthropocene proponents agree with stratigraphers that it is difficult to find samples in the mud.

지문과 일치하는 것은 “The environmental advocates believe that human beings will get aware of their rampant activities which cause destruction if the time period of the Earth is renamed.”이다.
Will Steffen은 새 이름이 “another strong reminder to the general public”(대중을 일깨우는 또 하나의 강력한 계기)가 되어, 인간이 지구에 미치는 “undeniable impacts”(부인할 수 없는 영향)를 일깨운다고 했다.
“The geologists do not want the environmentalists to have an edge over them …”: 지질학자들의 반대 이유는 경쟁심이 아니라 증거 부족이다.
“The stratigraphers need to consider the culture …”: 층서학자들은 오히려 “more about pop culture than hard science”(과학보다 대중문화에 가깝다)라고 비판한다.
“The geologists believe that the changes caused by human beings have been going on for a short time.”: 지문은 “900 A.D.”까지 거슬러 올라가는 흔적도 언급하며, 이런 판단은 나오지 않는다.
“Some Anthropocene proponents agree with stratigraphers that it is difficult to find samples in the mud.”: “bogged down in the mud”는 ‘수렁에 빠지다’라는 비유이고, 어려움은 경계 시점 확정이다.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
Many people around the world work to consider consumer ethics and make ethical consumer choices in their everyday lives in response to the troubling conditions that plague global supply chains and the human-made climate crisis. In a system of consumer signs, those who make the ethical choice to purchase fair trade, organic, locally grown and sustainable goods are also often seen as morally superior to those who don’t know, or don’t care to make these kinds of purchases. In the landscape of consumer goods, being an ethical consumer awards one with heightened cultural capital and a higher social status in relation to other consumers. For example, buying a hybrid vehicle signals to others that one is concerned about environmental issues, and neighbors passing by the car in the driveway might even view the car’s owner more positively. However, someone who can’t afford to replace their 20-year-old car may care about the environment just as much, but they would be unable to demonstrate this through their patterns of consumption. It is likely that those they encounter will assume them to be poor and undereducated. They may experience disrespect and disregard on a daily basis, despite how they behave toward others.

Someone who does not replace his polluting diesel car with a hybrid model is not an ethical consumer.

What we buy is often related to our cultural and educational capital, and consumption patterns can reinforce existing social hierarchies.

Increasing consumption of goods is a desirable goal of an ethical consumer.

Consumption is the means of practicing a truly ethical life.

People with more cultural capital are likely to be morally superior to those with low levels of cultural capital.

추론할 수 있는 내용은 “What we buy is often related to our cultural and educational capital, and consumption patterns can reinforce existing social hierarchies.”이다.
윤리적 소비는 “heightened cultural capital and a higher social status”(높아진 문화 자본과 사회적 지위)를 주지만, 낡은 차를 못 바꾸는 사람은 “poor and undereducated”(가난하고 못 배운)로 여겨진다. 소비가 기존 위계를 강화한다는 것이다.
“Someone who does not replace his polluting diesel car with a hybrid model is not an ethical consumer.”: 지문은 그런 사람도 환경을 똑같이 염려할 수 있다고 했다.
“Increasing consumption of goods is a desirable goal of an ethical consumer.”: 소비 증대가 바람직한 목표라는 내용은 없다.
“Consumption is the means of practicing a truly ethical life.”: 소비는 윤리성을 드러내는 신호로 쓰일 뿐이며, 지문은 이를 비판적으로 본다.
“People with more cultural capital are likely to be morally superior …”: 지문은 “seen as morally superior”(도덕적으로 우월하게 보인다)라고 했을 뿐 실제로 그렇다고 하지 않았다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Inventing Eastern Europe was a project of philosophical and geographical synthesis carried out by the men and women of the Enlightenment. Obviously, the lands of Eastern Europe were not in themselves invented or fictitious; those lands and the people who lived in them were always quite real, and did indeed lie relatively to the east of other lands that lay relatively to the west. The project of invention was not merely a matter of endowing those real lands with invented or mythological attributes, though such endowment certainly flourished in the eighteenth century. The Enlightenment's accounts were not flatly false or fictitious; on the contrary, in an age of increasingly ambitious traveling and more critical observation, those lands were more frequently visited and thoroughly studied than ever before. The work of invention lay in the synthetic association of lands, which drew upon both fact and fiction, to produce the general rubric of Eastern Europe. That rubric represented an aggregation of general and associative observations over a diverse domain of lands and peoples. It is in that sense that Eastern Europe is a cultural construction, that is,        of the Enlightenment.

a fictitious idea

an unconscious projection

a geographical mapping

an intellectual invention

a delirious dream

빈칸에는 “an intellectual invention”(지적 발명품)이 알맞다.
지문은 동유럽 개념을 “a project of philosophical and geographical synthesis”(철학적·지리적 종합의 기획)라고 했다. 땅은 실재하지만, 그것들을 하나로 묶은 “synthetic association”(종합적 연결)이 발명이라는 것이다.
“a fictitious idea”: 지문은 “not flatly false or fictitious”(완전히 거짓이거나 허구인 것은 아니다)라고 했다.
“an unconscious projection”: 계몽주의 지식인들의 의식적 기획이므로 무의식적 투사가 아니다.
“a geographical mapping”: 핵심은 지도 작성이 아니라 문화적으로 구성된 범주다.
“a delirious dream”: 관찰과 연구에 기초했으므로 헛된 꿈일 수 없다.

Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage?
Humans have symbolic language, elaborate social and political institutions, codes of law, literature and art, ethics, and religion; humans build roads and cities, travel by motorcars, ships, and airplanes, and communicate by means of telephones, computers, and televisions.

Chimpanzees are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens, our species. (A) There is a precise correspondence bone by bone between the skeletons of a chimpanzee and a human. Humans bear young like apes and other mammals. (B) Humans have organs and limbs similar to birds, reptiles, and amphibians; these similarities reflect the common evolutionary origin of vertebrates. (C) However, it does not take much reflection to notice the distinct uniqueness of our species. (D) Conspicuous anatomical differences between humans and apes include bipedal gait and an enlarged brain. Much more conspicuous than the anatomical differences are the distinct behaviors and institutions. (E)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은 (E)이다.
주어진 문장은 언어, 제도, 법, 예술, 도로, 통신 등 인간 고유의 활동을 나열한다. 이는 바로 앞의 “the distinct behaviors and institutions”(독특한 행동과 제도)를 구체적으로 풀어 주는 내용이다.
(A): 뒤따르는 내용은 침팬지와 인간의 골격 유사성이므로 차이를 말하는 문장이 끼어들 수 없다.
(B): 포유류, 조류 등과의 유사성을 이어 가는 중이라 맞지 않는다.
(C): “However” 앞은 아직 유사성 서술 단계라 고유성의 예시가 올 수 없다.
(D): 고유성 다음에는 해부학적 차이가 먼저 나오고, 행동·제도의 차이는 그 뒤에 제시된다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
If you’re not into sport, you’re probably planning to avoid university sports teams like the plague, ①determined to avoid reliving the horrible memories of sports classes in school ②etching in your memory. Don’t rule out ③playing sports at university at some level, though. Not only are there a vast array of possible sports to play at university, but there are also a wide range of ability levels, ④catering for everyone from the very sporty to the complete novice. If you do find a sports club that suits you, here are some of the ways it will improve your university experience and not just by ⑤helping you work off last night’s pizza.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “etching”이다. 분사의 능동·수동 오류이므로 “etched”로 고쳐야 한다.
수식 대상 “the horrible memories”(끔찍한 기억들)는 기억 속에 ‘새겨지는’ 대상이다. 따라서 현재분사가 아니라 과거분사가 와야 한다.
“determined”: 주어 you를 설명하는 분사구문으로, “determined to”(~하기로 결심한)의 형태다.
“playing”: rule out은 동명사를 목적어로 취한다.
“catering”: ability levels가 모두를 ‘충족시키는’ 능동 관계이므로 현재분사가 맞다.
“helping”: 전치사 by 뒤의 동명사다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
Identifying sleep patterns is difficult due to the lack of regular, high quality surveys. A 2004 study, however, found that average sleep duration is 7 hours, with two-thirds of the people surveyed sleeping 5.5-8.5 hours per night. About a third reported at least one episode of difficulty sleeping on a majority of nights. Whether sleep duration has decreased is hard to determine. According to one study (1983-2005), average adult sleep duration increased by 50 minutes, the prevalence of short sleep (less than 6 hours) decreased from 15% to 10%, and the prevalence of long sleep (greater than 9 hours) increased from 16% to 28%. Evidence on trends in children’s sleep is inconclusive. However, a more recent study found that children’s sleep increased by about 1 hour over the past century. Even if sleep has not worsened, experts emphasize that insufficient sleep duration is an important public health issue.

Are We Really Sleep-Deprived?

How are Sleep Disorders Diagnosed?

What are the Different Types of Sleep Disorders?

Why Do We Need Sufficient Sleep?

What are the Consequences of Sleep Deprivation?

지문의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Are We Really Sleep-Deprived?”(우리는 정말 수면이 부족한가?)이다.
수면 시간이 줄었는지는 “hard to determine”(판단하기 어렵다)이라며, 평균 수면이 오히려 늘었다는 연구들을 소개한다. 그런데도 수면 부족은 공중보건 문제라고 마무리하므로, 통념을 되묻는 제목이 맞다.
“How are Sleep Disorders Diagnosed?”: 수면 장애의 진단 방법은 다루지 않는다.
“What are the Different Types of Sleep Disorders?”: 수면 장애의 유형을 나열하지 않는다.
“Why Do We Need Sufficient Sleep?”: 충분한 수면이 필요한 이유는 설명하지 않는다.
“What are the Consequences of Sleep Deprivation?”: 수면 부족의 결과가 아니라 수면 시간의 추세를 다룬다.

Which of the following does NOT fit in the passage?
Cartography is both a highly technical and a somewhat artistic pursuit, combining the tools of mathematics and engineering with those of graphic design. ①Maps should be accurate, portraying matter as it really exists rather than as distorted, improperly located, or mislabeled information. They should be visually easy to use, prominently displaying the material a user needs without clutter from unnecessary information. ②This is why road maps, for example, usually do not show mountains and hills except in the simplest ways. ③Until the 1970s, most maps were being drawn with ink pens and rulers, but now they are composed on computers and printed by machine. To do so would add many extra lines to a map that is already filled with lines representing roads. ④In converting geographic data from their original form on Earth’s surface to a simplified form on a map, we must make many decisions about how this information should be represented. ⑤No matter how we draw a map, we cannot possibly make it show the world exactly as it is in all its detail, nor would we want it to. Scale and projection are two fundamental properties of maps that determine how information is portrayed.

①

②

③

④

⑤

글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 것은 “Until the 1970s, most maps were being drawn with ink pens and rulers, but now they are composed on computers and printed by machine”이다.
글은 지도의 정확성과 가독성, 정보 표현 방식을 다루는데, 이 문장만 제작 도구의 변화를 말한다. 또한 뒤의 “To do so”는 도로 지도에 산과 언덕을 그려 넣는 일을 가리키므로, 이 문장이 없어야 앞뒤가 이어진다.
“Maps should be accurate …”: 좋은 지도의 조건인 정확성을 제시한다.
“This is why road maps, for example, usually do not show mountains and hills except in the simplest ways”: 불필요한 정보를 배제한다는 앞 문장의 사례다.
“In converting geographic data from their original form on Earth’s surface to a simplified form on a map …”: 지도로 단순화할 때 표현 방식을 결정해야 한다는 내용으로 이어진다.
“No matter how we draw a map …”: 그 결정이 왜 필요한지 설명하며 축척과 도법 이야기로 연결한다.