[국회직 8급 영어] 24년 1회차 기출문제 정답·해설 페이지

Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Few people would think that the humble drinks can was anything special. But to a materials engineer, it is high technology. Look at the requirements. As far as possible we want to avoid seams. The can must not leak, should use as little metal as possible, and be recyclable. We have to choose a metal that is ductile to the point that it can be drawn into a single-piece can body from one small slug of metal. It must not corrode in beer or coke and, of course, it must be nontoxic. And it must be light and must cost almost nothing.

brittle

plausible

pliable

seductive

rigid

“ductile”과 의미가 가장 가까운 단어는 “pliable”(유연한, 잘 휘는)이다.
지문은 이 금속을 “drawn into a single-piece can body from one small slug of metal”(작은 금속 덩어리 하나에서 늘여 뽑아 한 덩어리 캔 몸체로 만든다)이라고 설명한다. 따라서 “ductile”은 잘 늘어나는, 연성이 있는 성질을 뜻한다.
“brittle”(잘 부서지는): 늘여 뽑을 수 있는 성질과 반대된다.
“plausible”(그럴듯한): 주장이나 설명을 평가하는 말로, 금속의 성질과 무관하다.
“seductive”(유혹적인): 금속의 가공 특성을 나타내지 못한다.
“rigid”(단단한, 뻣뻣한): 형태가 쉽게 변하지 않는다는 뜻이라 반대 의미에 가깝다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
If you do not know a language, the words (and sentences) of that language will be mainly incomprehensible, because the relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent is generally       . When you are acquiring a language, you have to learn that the sounds represented by the letter house signify the concept “house”; if you know French, this same meaning is represented by maison; if you know Russian, by dom; if you know Spanish, by casa. The same sequence of sounds can represent different meanings in different languages. For example, the word bolna means “speak” in Hindi-Urdu and “aching” in Russian.

iconic

arbitrary

logical

systematic

predictable

빈칸에는 말소리와 의미의 관계가 필연적이지 않다는 뜻의 “arbitrary”(자의적인)가 들어가야 한다.
같은 개념을 house, maison, dom, casa처럼 언어마다 다른 소리로 나타내고, “bolna”는 힌디-우르두어와 러시아어에서 뜻이 전혀 다르다. 즉 소리와 의미 사이에 정해진 연결이 없어서 언어를 모르면 단어를 이해할 수 없다.
“iconic”(도상적인, 닮은): 소리가 의미를 닮았다면 모르는 언어도 짐작할 수 있어 지문과 어긋난다.
“logical”(논리적인): 언어별 차이를 논리로 설명할 수 없다는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
“systematic”(체계적인): 같은 소리가 언어마다 다른 뜻을 갖는다는 예시가 체계성을 뒷받침하지 않는다.
“predictable”(예측 가능한): 소리로 의미를 예측할 수 없기 때문에 이해가 안 된다는 흐름에 반대된다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
Gender-variable differentiation is ①reflected in the relative frequency ②with which men and women use the same lexical items or ③other linguistic features. If, as is often asserted, female English speakers use words such as lovely and nice more often than ④are male speakers, we can claim that in this respect English speakers ⑤clearly exhibit gender-variable differentiation.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 곳은 “are”로, 대동사 규칙에 따라 “do”로 고쳐야 한다.
than 앞의 동사가 일반동사 “use”이므로, than 뒤에서 이를 대신하는 말도 “than do male speakers”(도치)처럼 do여야 한다. be동사는 일반동사를 대신할 수 없다.
“reflected”: differentiation이 ‘반영되는’ 대상이므로 수동태 is reflected가 맞다.
“with”: frequency를 수식하는 ‘전치사+관계대명사’ with which는 “with frequency”(~한 빈도로)에 기반한 올바른 형태다.
“other”: 복수명사 “linguistic features”를 수식하므로 형용사 other가 맞다.
“clearly”: 동사 “exhibit”을 수식하는 부사로 올바르다.

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
Life in the big city has always had its drawbacks. Compared to small towns and rural communities, huge metropolitan areas like Los Angeles and New York are typically plagued by higher crime rates, more pollution, and high costs of living. But another major problem ― traffic-choked highways ― is quickly rising to the top of the list for many major cities. With drivers in some large cities now spending the equivalent of more than two workweeks per year stuck in traffic, gridlock is starting to stunt economic growth as businesses and young professionals choose not to move to metropolitan areas with chronically congested roads. To combat this problem, many political and business leaders are advocating the widening of existing highways into “superhighways” of nine or more lanes in each direction. Phoenix, Arizona, for example, plans to expand a 12-mile stretch of interstate 10 from 14 lanes to an average of 22 lanes. Atlanta, George, may widen a stretch of interstate 75 to 23 lanes. Both Houston, Texas, and Washington D.C., also hope to bring segments of their highways up to 18 lanes or more. Building bigger roads, they hope, will end bottlenecks, allowing the ever-growing number of vehicles to move freely and keeping the area economically competitive.

Enormous metropolitan areas often suffer from more crime rates, greater pollution levels, and high costs of living.

Traffic congestion is becoming a major issue in big cities.

The economic growth is being promoted by gridlock as businesses and young professionals opt against relocating to urban areas with persistently trafficated roads.

Numerous political and business leaders are promoting the expansion of current highways into “superhighways” with nine or more lanes in each direction.

Constructing larger roads is expected to help reduce traffic congestion.

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 “The economic growth is being promoted by gridlock”으로 시작하는 진술이다.
지문은 “gridlock is starting to stunt economic growth”(교통 정체가 경제 성장을 저해하기 시작했다)라고 말한다. 정체가 성장을 촉진한다는 진술은 정반대다.
“Enormous metropolitan areas often suffer from more crime rates…”: “higher crime rates, more pollution, and high costs of living”과 일치한다.
“Traffic congestion is becoming a major issue in big cities.”: 정체 문제가 “quickly rising to the top of the list”라는 내용과 일치한다.
“Numerous political and business leaders are promoting the expansion…”: 지도자들이 9차로 이상 “superhighways”로의 확장을 주장한다는 내용과 일치한다.
“Constructing larger roads is expected to help reduce traffic congestion.”: “Building bigger roads, they hope, will end bottlenecks”와 일치한다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
People in all countries and in all walks of life have gossiped for centuries. Psychologists have studied both the positive and negative impacts of this form of human communication. According to some researchers, gossip reinforces moral boundaries in a community. Gossip can also foster a sense of belonging to a certain group. However, gossip has many negative effects as well. Gossip can be used as a tool to isolate and ostracize people. When singled out and embarrassed by harmful rumors, individuals become depressed and lonely. Despite gossip’s negative effect, it remains to be ubiquitous. Gossip exists in the workplace, in school, and in social groups. Seemingly, gossip will never go away. You must       . You must refuse to participate in such damaging communication. Try to re-direct the conversation in a way that focuses on something positive.

do your best to rise above it

take a more proactive role in disseminating it

identify the sources and motives of the rumors

utterly disregard its presence

create rumors to offset the negative ones

빈칸에는 험담에 휩쓸리지 말라는 뜻의 “do your best to rise above it”(그것을 넘어서도록 최선을 다하다)이 들어가야 한다.
뒤 문장이 “You must refuse to participate in such damaging communication”(그런 해로운 대화에 참여를 거부하라)이고, 이어서 대화를 긍정적인 쪽으로 돌리라고 조언한다. 없어지지 않는 험담에 대해 가담하지 않고 초연해지라는 조언이다.
“take a more proactive role in disseminating it”(그것을 퍼뜨리는 데 더 적극적으로 나서다): 참여를 거부하라는 내용과 반대된다.
“identify the sources and motives of the rumors”(소문의 출처와 동기를 밝히다): 지문의 조언은 추적이 아니라 대화 전환이다.
“utterly disregard its presence”(그 존재를 완전히 무시하다): 지문은 험담이 존재함을 전제하고, 그 자리에서 대화 방향을 돌리는 대응까지 권한다.
“create rumors to offset the negative ones”(부정적 소문을 상쇄할 소문을 만들다): 또 다른 소문을 만드는 일이라 참여 거부에 어긋난다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
AI may ①enable achieving educational priorities in better ways, at scale, and with lower costs. Addressing varied unfinished learning of students due to the pandemic is a policy priority, and AI may improve the adaptivity ②of learning resources to students’ strengths and needs. Improving teaching jobs is a priority, and via ③automated assistants or other tools, AI may provide teachers greater support. AI may also enable teachers to extend the support they ④offer individual students when they run out of time. Developing resources that are responsive to the knowledge and experiences students bring to their learning is a priority, and AI may enable greater customizability of curricular resources to meet local needs. ⑤As seen in voice assistants, mapping tools, shopping recommendations, essay-writing capabilities, and other familiar applications, AI may enhance educational services.

①

②

③

④

⑤

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
Artists themselves have no role in the interpretation of art, while scientists are the only consumers with sufficient observational skill to provide science’s organized skepticism. The interpretation of art can be manifold and the artist’s intention can be to provoke a multitude of interpretations ― sometimes, the more interpretations the better. The scientist, on the other hand, must aspire to convey only one possible interpretation ― the correct interpretation. What follows from this is that clarity is an imperative in science in a way that it is not in other cultural endeavors. Where multiple interpretations are encouraged, obscurity can be a virtue but where the aspiration is to produce only one interpretation, clarity is to be preferred. Obscurity is also privacy, and privacy is an obstacle to organized skepticism. It follows, from the fact that observation and skepticism are virtues in the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world, that clarity is also a virtue. There is an irony here, since science should seek maximum clarity and accessibility even while acknowledging that the only proper assessors of a scientific claim are small elites, while artists often seek obscurity or multiple interpretations even while accepting that the proper assessors are the public.

How Scientists Analyze Art with Clear Perspectives

Scientific Analysis of Artistic Ambiguity

How Scientists Create Artistic Interpretations

Importance of Precision in Art and Science

How Art and Science Interpret Clarity and Obscurity

가장 적절한 제목은 “How Art and Science Interpret Clarity and Obscurity”(예술과 과학은 명료함과 모호함을 어떻게 해석하는가)이다.
지문은 다양한 해석을 환영하는 예술에서는 “obscurity can be a virtue”(모호함이 미덕일 수 있다)이지만, 단 하나의 올바른 해석을 추구하는 과학에서는 “clarity is an imperative”(명료함이 필수다)라고 대조한다. 명료함과 모호함에 대한 두 분야의 태도 차이가 중심이다.
“How Scientists Analyze Art with Clear Perspectives”: 과학자가 예술을 분석하는 이야기가 아니다.
“Scientific Analysis of Artistic Ambiguity”: 예술의 모호함을 과학적으로 분석한다는 내용이 없다.
“How Scientists Create Artistic Interpretations”: 과학자는 단 하나의 올바른 해석을 지향할 뿐, 예술적 해석을 만들지 않는다.
“Importance of Precision in Art and Science”: 예술에서는 오히려 모호함이 미덕일 수 있다고 하므로 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The US has one of the highest prisoner        rates in the world: over 70% of incarcerated people who are released from prison in the US will be rearrested within five years of their release date. That is not an accident. Our system of mass incarceration sets people up to fail as they leave the prison system and try to reintegrate into society.

racism

recidivism

reincarnation

jailbreak

release

빈칸에는 “recidivism”(재범)이 들어가야 한다.
콜론 뒤에서 석방자의 70% 이상이 “will be rearrested within five years”(5년 안에 다시 체포된다)라고 풀이한다. 또 사회 복귀에 실패하도록 만드는 제도를 비판하므로 석방 후 다시 범죄를 저지르는 비율을 말한다.
“racism”(인종차별): 지문에서 인종 문제를 다루지 않는다.
“reincarnation”(환생): 문맥과 무관하다.
“jailbreak”(탈옥): 지문의 대상은 정식으로 석방된 사람들이다.
“release”(석방): 석방률이 아니라 석방 후 재체포가 높다는 내용이므로 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage?
All of the gasoline now pumped into automobile and airplane tanks began as crude oil formed millions of years ago beneath ocean floors.
(A)This crude oil, lighter than both water and rock, drifted upward through microscopic spaces in the rock until it was stopped by a layer of dense, impermeable rock and forced to collect. Today, oil companies drill down into these reservoirs to extract this energy-rich petroleum: sent it to oil refineries, and convert it into fuel for vehicles.
(B)In ancient seas, when tiny aquatic plants and animals died, they sank to the bottom. Sand and mud settled over them. This process was repeated over and over again, each time burying large quantities of organic material and pushing it deeper and deeper into the earth as new layers accumulated on top.
(C)The heavy weight of the sediment created pressure and temperatures above 150˚ Fahrenheit, and the subterranean organic matter began to “cook.” Over time, the heat transformed it into a liquid hydrogen and carbon substance.

(A) - (B) - (C)

(B) - (A) - (C)

(B) - (C) - (A)

(C) - (A) - (B)

(C) - (B) - (A)

가장 논리적인 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.
원유 형성 과정을 시간순으로 보면, (B)에서 “tiny aquatic plants and animals”가 해저에 묻혀 쌓이고, (C)에서 “The heavy weight of the sediment”(퇴적물 무게)의 압력과 열로 유기물이 액체로 변한다. (A)의 “This crude oil”은 그 액체를 가리키며, 위로 이동해 저류층에 모이고 시추되는 마지막 단계다.
(A) - (B) - (C): 아직 언급되지 않은 “This crude oil”로 시작할 수 없다.
(B) - (A) - (C): 유기물이 액체로 변하기 전에 “This crude oil”이 나올 수 없다.
(C) - (A) - (B): (C)의 “the sediment”는 (B)에서 퇴적이 설명된 뒤에 와야 한다.
(C) - (B) - (A): 퇴적 과정인 (B)가 그 결과인 (C)보다 뒤에 올 수 없다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Suppose that we have an issue where the majority favors one policy, but the minority, which favors a different policy, cares much more strongly about it than the majority. Cases of this kind occur quite often. The fox-hunting debate may be a good example. Most people hold fairly negative views about fox-hunting, even if they do not hold strong moral views about the rights of animals. They see it as an archaic, snobbish, and generally distasteful spectacle; given the chance, they would vote to ban it. The fox-hunters themselves are a small minority, but they mostly feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue hunting. It is an important social event in many rural communities, and people’s livelihoods depend on it. A political judgement about fox-hunting ought to consider not only the number of preferences on either side, but also the strength of those preferences. It does not seem right that a lukewarm majority should in all cases              a passionate minority.

deceive

respect

follow

protect

override

빈칸에는 “override”(압도하다, 뒤엎다)가 들어가야 한다.
지문은 정치적 판단이 선호의 수뿐 아니라 “the strength of those preferences”(선호의 강도)도 고려해야 한다고 주장한다. 그러므로 미지근한 다수가 언제나 열정적인 소수를 눌러서는 안 된다는 결론이 이어진다.
“deceive”(속이다): 다수결 표결의 문제이지 속임수의 문제가 아니다.
“respect”(존중하다): 다수가 소수를 존중하는 것은 옳지 않다고 말할 일이 아니어서 논지와 반대된다.
“follow”(따르다): 다수가 소수를 따르는 상황은 지문이 우려하는 바가 아니다.
“protect”(보호하다): 소수 보호가 옳지 않다는 뜻이 되어 논지와 반대된다.

Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
Equality is recognizing that, as human beings, we all have the same value. This means we all have the same rights, we should all receive the same level of respect, and we have the same access to opportunities. Equity, however, is about everyone achieving equal ①outcomes. We all have the same value and deserve a good life, but we all start from a ②different place. We experience the world in our own unique way. It is because of these differences that we sometimes need to be treated ③differently for us all to live equally. Equality, for example, would be giving everyone the ④different type of ladder to pick mangoes at the top of a tree. ⑤Equity would be realizing that not everyone can use the same type of ladder and providing another way for them to reach the mangoes at the top of the tree.

①

②

③

④

⑤

문맥상 부적절한 것은 “different” type of ladder의 “different”로, “same”으로 고쳐야 한다.
Equality는 모두를 똑같이 대우하는 것이므로 모두에게 같은 종류의 사다리를 주는 예가 맞다. 뒤 문장의 “not everyone can use the same type of ladder”도 앞에서 같은 사다리를 주었음을 전제한다.
“outcomes”: Equity는 모두가 동등한 결과에 이르는 것이라는 정의에 맞다.
“different” place: 출발점이 저마다 다르다는 뜻으로, “our own unique way”와 이어진다.
“differently”: 차이 때문에 때로는 다르게 대우받아야 한다는 내용으로 적절하다.
“Equity”: 각자에게 맞는 다른 방법을 제공하는 것이므로 적절하다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Serious problems arise for utilitarianism when we remind ourselves that it enjoins us to bring about the best consequences. What does this mean? It doesn’t mean the best consequences for me alone, or for my family or friends, or any other person taken individually. No, what we must do is, roughly, as follows: we must add up the separate satisfactions and frustrations of everyone likely to be affected by our choice, the satisfactions in one column, the frustrations in the other. We must total each column for each of the options before us. That is what it means to say the theory is       . And then we must choose that option which is most likely to bring about the best balance of totaled satisfactions over totaled frustrations. Whatever act would lead to this outcome is the one we ought morally to perform ― it is where our moral duty lies. And that act quite clearly might not be the same one that would bring about the best results for me personally, or for my family or friends, or for a lab animal.

aggregative

optimistic

ideal

individual specific

realistic

빈칸에는 “aggregative”(합산적인)가 들어가야 한다.
빈칸 앞에서 영향받는 모든 사람의 만족과 좌절을 “add up”(더하고) 각 항목을 “total”(합계 낸다)고 설명한다. “That is what it means”는 이 모두의 이해를 합산하는 절차를 가리킨다.
“optimistic”(낙관적인): 결과를 낙관한다는 내용이 아니다.
“ideal”(이상적인): 설명된 것은 이상이 아니라 합산 방식이다.
“individual specific”(개인에 특정된): 특정 개인이 아닌 전체를 합산한다는 내용과 반대된다.
“realistic”(현실적인): 합계를 내는 절차의 현실성은 논의되지 않는다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
More recently, some political philosophers have claimed that when we take part in elections, we agree to comply with the government that emerges and the laws it enacts. This looks more promising: we do at least have a free choice as to whether to vote or not, and there would be no point in holding elections unless people recognized the government that emerged as legitimate. But unfortunately there still seems to be a gap between voting and registering your consent. What if you deeply disagree with both parties, but vote because you think that one is slightly less bad than the other? Or what if you think that although you have in a sense consented to the overall package of policies that the winning party has announced in its manifesto, there are a few items that you find quite repugnant ― and you had no chance to vote on these individually? Perhaps the voters’ consent can help explain why governments have legitimate authority, but not why individual citizens have an obligation to obey the law.

The Reason Why Elections Work

Discordance between Voting and Voter Consent

Inaccuracies in Policies the Government Makes

The Perfect Alignment of Consent and Obligation

The Nexus of Policies and Government Legitimacy

가장 적절한 제목은 “Discordance between Voting and Voter Consent”(투표와 유권자 동의 사이의 불일치)이다.
지문은 “there still seems to be a gap between voting and registering your consent”(투표와 동의 표시 사이에는 여전히 간극이 있다)라고 밝힌다. 차악 투표와 일부 공약 거부의 예를 들어 투표가 곧 동의는 아님을 보인다.
“The Reason Why Elections Work”: 선거의 작동 이유가 아니라 동의 이론의 한계를 다룬다.
“Inaccuracies in Policies the Government Makes”: 정책의 부정확성은 논의되지 않는다.
“The Perfect Alignment of Consent and Obligation”: 동의가 준수 의무를 설명하지 못한다는 결론과 반대된다.
“The Nexus of Policies and Government Legitimacy”: 초점은 정책과 정당성의 연결이 아니라 투표와 동의의 간극이다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Because adult stem cells can be obtained directly from the body of a willing donor, research with these cells has raised few ethical questions to date. This is not the case with embryonic stem cells, which are generally obtained from very early embryos. Most techniques for harvesting embryonic stem cells cause the destruction of an embryo. For this reason, individuals who regard the embryo as entitled to the rights and protections of any human being object to such work. This concern has made government funding of embryonic stem cell research an important political issue. Groups seeking to protect embryos oppose such research as unethical. Other groups support such research as essential for saving human lives and argue that it would be unethical to restrict research. It is possible, however, that in the not-too-distant future, both ethical concerns will be       . Some recent experiments have suggested that there may be ways to extract a small number of stem cells from an early embryo without damaging the embryo itself. Other experiments have shown that it is possible to switch “on” a small number of genes that reprogram adult cells to look and function like pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Such a technique would do away with the need to involve embryos at all. It also might make it possible to tailor specific therapies to the needs of each individual patient. Approaches like these, if successful, might allow potentially lifesaving research to go forward while avoiding any destruction of embryonic life.

repeated due to technology advancement

solved with the advent of new stem cell regulations

clarified with more experiments

made more serious by new research skills

addressed with a technological solution

빈칸에는 “addressed with a technological solution”(기술적 해법으로 해결되다)이 들어가야 한다.
빈칸 뒤에서 배아를 손상하지 않고 줄기세포를 얻는 실험과 성체세포를 재프로그래밍하는 실험을 소개한다. 이런 방법은 “avoiding any destruction of embryonic life”(배아 파괴를 피하면서) 연구도 진행할 수 있게 하므로 양쪽의 윤리적 우려가 기술로 풀린다.
“repeated due to technology advancement”(기술 발전으로 반복되다): 우려가 해소된다는 흐름과 반대된다.
“solved with the advent of new stem cell regulations”(새 규제의 등장으로 해결되다): 지문의 해법은 규제가 아니라 실험 기술이다.
“clarified with more experiments”(실험으로 명확해지다): 우려가 명확해지는 것이 아니라 사라지는 것이다.
“made more serious by new research skills”(새 연구 기술로 더 심각해지다): 파괴를 피할 수 있다는 내용과 반대된다.

Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
We have developed our techniques for probabilistic reasoning in the context of static worlds, in which each random ①variable has a single fixed value. For example, when repairing a car, we assume that whatever is broken remains broken during the process of diagnosis; our job is to infer the state of the car from observed evidence, which also remains ②fixed. Now consider a slightly different problem: treating a diabetic patient. As in the case of car repair, we have evidence such as recent insulin doses, food intake, blood sugar measurements, and other ③physical signs. The task is to assess the current state of the patient, including the actual blood sugar level and insulin level. Given this information, we can make a decision about the patient’s food intake and insulin dose. Unlike the case of car repair, here the ④static aspects of the problem are essential. Blood sugar levels and measurements thereof can ⑤change rapidly over time, depending on recent food intake and insulin doses, metabolic activity, the time of day, and so on. To assess the current state from the history of evidence and to predict the outcomes of treatment actions, we must model these changes.

①

②

③

④

⑤

문맥상 부적절한 것은 “static”으로, “dynamic”으로 고쳐야 한다.
“Unlike the case of car repair”(자동차 수리와 달리)로 정적 세계의 예와 대조하고, 뒤에서 혈당이 “change rapidly over time”(시간에 따라 빠르게 변한다)이라고 한다. 따라서 여기서 중요한 것은 시간에 따라 변하는 측면이다.
“variable”: 확률 추론의 “random variable”(확률 변수)로 적절하다.
“fixed”: 정적 세계에서는 증거도 고정되어 있다는 내용으로 적절하다.
“physical”: 인슐린 용량, 혈당 측정치와 나란한 신체 징후를 가리켜 적절하다.
“change”: 뒤의 “we must model these changes”와 이어져 적절하다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The way people think about problems varies greatly. Everyone is unique, but psychologists believe there are 5 different kinds of problem-solvers in the world: questioners, ideators, diggers, doers, and reasoners. As for reasoners, they are the people who like to keep things simple. When they deal with a complex problem, they prefer to focus on the most important elements. They don’t want to worry about small details, which means they solve problems more quickly than other people. Also, for reasoners, the “best” solution is the solution that they came up with. Unfortunately, they also have a hard time listening to other people’s ideas. As a result, people sometimes assume that they can be seen as       .

solicitous

conceited

accommodative

sluggish

sanguine

빈칸에는 “conceited”(자만하는)가 들어가야 한다.
이들은 “the ‘best’ solution is the solution that they came up with”(자기가 낸 해법이 최선이라고 여기며), 다른 사람의 생각을 듣기 어려워한다. 빈칸은 그 결과이므로 자기 생각만 옳다고 여기는 태도를 나타내는 말이 맞다.
“solicitous”(세심히 배려하는): 남의 말을 듣지 못한다는 내용과 반대된다.
“accommodative”(잘 맞춰 주는): 타인의 생각을 수용하지 않는다는 내용과 반대된다.
“sluggish”(느릿한): 남들보다 빨리 문제를 푼다는 내용과 어긋난다.
“sanguine”(낙천적인): 지문의 단점은 낙관이 아니라 자기 해법에 대한 고집이다.

Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A), (B), and (C)?
Many of features which characterize the turn-taking system of conversation are invested with meaning by their users. Even within a broadly defined community of speakers, there is often sufficient (A)       to cause misunderstanding. For example, some individuals expect that participation in a conversation will be very active, that speaking rate will be relatively fast, with almost no pausing between turns, and with some overlap or even completion of the other’s turn. This is one conversational style. It has been called a high involvement style. It differs (B)       from another style in which speakers use a slower rate, expect longer pauses between turns, do not overlap, and avoid interruption or completion of the other’s turn. This non-interrupting, non-imposing style has been called a high considerateness style. When a speaker who typically uses the first style gets into a conversation with a speaker who normally uses the second style, the talk tends to become one-sided. The active participation style will tend to overwhelm the other style. Neither speaker will necessarily recognize that it is the conversational styles that are slightly different. Instead, the more rapid-fire speaker may think the slower-paced speaker just does not have much to say, is shy, and perhaps boring or even stupid. In return he or she is likely to be viewed as noisy, pushy, domineering, selfish, and even tiresome. Features of conversational style will often be interpreted as (C)      .

(A) inconsistency / (B) minimally / (C) individual characteristics

(A) difficulty / (B) fundamentally / (C) emotional attributes

(A) confusion / (B) superficially / (C) cultural properties

(A) resemblance / (B) basically / (C) personal experiences

(A) variation / (B) substantially / (C) personality traits

빈칸에 알맞은 조합은 (A) variation / (B) substantially / (C) personality traits이다.
(A) 한 공동체 안에서도 오해를 부를 만큼 대화 방식의 차이가 있고, (B) 두 양식은 속도·휴지·끼어들기에서 상당히 다르다.
(C) 상대를 “shy”, “boring”, “pushy”, “selfish”처럼 평가하므로, 대화 양식의 특징이 성격 특성으로 해석된다는 결론이 맞다.
(A) inconsistency / (B) minimally / (C) individual characteristics: 두 양식은 대조적이므로 “minimally”(최소한으로)가 맞지 않는다.
(A) difficulty / (B) fundamentally / (C) emotional attributes: 지문의 평가는 감정이 아니라 성격에 관한 것이어서 “emotional attributes”가 맞지 않는다.
(A) confusion / (B) superficially / (C) cultural properties: 차이는 표면적이지 않고, 평가도 문화가 아니라 개인을 향한다.
(A) resemblance / (B) basically / (C) personal experiences: 오해를 부르는 것은 “resemblance”(유사성)가 아니라 차이다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
The sun consists of a plasma ― a material that is not a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Instead, a plasma is made up of charged particles, ①which make them a powerful conductor of electricity. In addition to these strong electronic fields, the sun ②is also packed with magnetic fields. Magnetic field lines wrap around the sun ③like an enormous birdcage. The sun’s magnetism powers a “solar wind” ④that flings one million tons of plasma outward every second ― plasma that travels at one million miles per hour. Sometimes this event can create powerful plasma explosions called solar flares, which release ⑤the energy equivalent of hundreds of millions of megatons of dynamite. When this energy heads toward Earth, we feel the effects of a solar storm.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 곳은 “which make them a powerful conductor of electricity”의 “them”으로, “it”으로 고쳐야 한다.
강력한 전도체가 되는 것은 복수인 charged particles가 아니라 단수 주어 “a plasma”다. 따라서 대명사 수일치에 따라 “which make it a powerful conductor”가 맞다.
“is also packed with”: 태양이 자기장으로 ‘가득 차 있다’는 수동 표현이고, 단수 주어 the sun과 수가 맞다.
“like”: 뒤에 명사구 an enormous birdcage가 오므로 전치사 like가 맞다.
“that flings”: 단수 선행사 solar wind를 받는 주격 관계대명사와 단수 동사로 올바르다.
“the energy equivalent of hundreds of millions of megatons of dynamite”: 명사 equivalent가 of를 취한 “~에 상당하는 에너지”로 올바르다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage?
At a young age, we begin to make decisions about how we look, who we hang out with, and how we spend our time. In making these choices, we may either be trying to fit in or to belong.
(A)Fitting in involves changing ourselves to match situations, such as wearing the right clothes, playing the most popular sport, or hanging out with the “best” social groups; however, it may cause feelings of anxiety or loneliness.
(B)In addition, young people who feel pressured to fit in in ways that aren’t healthy to their overall identities may end up participating in unhealthy relationships or going along with the crowd.
(C)Belonging is something else. It is letting ourselves be seen and known as we really are ― being our true or authentic selves. It is wearing clothing that makes us feel good or that allows us to show our uniqueness to people we can be our authentic selves with.
(D)It is easier in the sense that it doesn’t require going against the norm. However, it is shame-based and implies to young people that they are not good enough. As we strive to conform to the expectations of others, we lose the sense of belonging to our real selves.
But it doesn’t come easy. Being different can make us feel vulnerable ― exposed to emotional uncertainty and risk. But it is this same vulnerability that becomes the foundation on which courage is built.

(A) - (B) - (C) - (D)

(A) - (D) - (B) - (C)

(B) - (A) - (D) - (C)

(C) - (A) - (D) - (B)

(C) - (D) - (B) - (A)

가장 논리적인 순서는 (A) - (D) - (B) - (C)이다.
도입부의 “to fit in or to belong” 순서대로 (A)가 “Fitting in”을 설명하고, (D)의 “It”이 이를 받아 그 성격을 설명하며, (B)가 “In addition”으로 폐해를 덧붙인다. 이어 (C)가 “Belonging is something else”로 전환하고, 마지막 문장의 “But it doesn’t come easy”가 belonging을 받는다.
(A) - (B) - (C) - (D): (D)의 “It”은 fitting in을 가리키므로 belonging을 설명한 (C) 뒤에 올 수 없다.
(B) - (A) - (D) - (C): “In addition”은 앞선 내용이 있어야 하므로 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
(C) - (A) - (D) - (B): 마지막 문장의 “it”이 belonging을 받아야 하는데 (C)와 떨어지게 된다.
(C) - (D) - (B) - (A): “Fitting in”을 정의하는 (A)가 그 폐해를 말한 (D), (B)보다 뒤에 올 수 없다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
People usually associate innovation with technology and products when, in fact, there are many significant process and service innovations that we experience every day. This mistaken belief takes its roots in the fact that the production processes are invisible to the end-users; similarly, services are intangible. As a result, less attention is drawn to them. Identifying how something can be produced more efficiently, in greater quantities or at a lesser cost, certainly involves considerable ingenuity and will undoubtably create genuine value. Also, since our economies are increasingly service-oriented, there are many opportunities to create value by imagining better ways of providing them. Thus, processes and services are important to keep in mind when looking for ways to innovate. In addition, with the advent of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and subscription-based computing models, functionalities that were previously provided as products are now moving into the realm of services.

Ignoring Process and Service Innovations

Focusing Solely on Technological Innovation

Beyond Products: Embracing Process and Service Innovations

Omitting Process and Service Innovation Significance

Innovation Limited to Technology and Product

가장 적절한 제목은 “Beyond Products: Embracing Process and Service Innovations”(제품을 넘어: 공정과 서비스 혁신을 포용하기)이다.
지문은 혁신을 기술과 제품에만 연결하는 생각을 “mistaken belief”(잘못된 믿음)라고 하고, “processes and services are important to keep in mind”(공정과 서비스도 유념해야 한다)고 강조한다. 혁신의 범위를 제품 너머로 넓혀야 한다는 것이 요지다.
“Ignoring Process and Service Innovations”: 이를 무시하자는 뜻으로 읽혀 요지와 반대된다.
“Focusing Solely on Technological Innovation”: 지문이 비판하는 관점이다.
“Omitting Process and Service Innovation Significance”: 중요성을 빼놓는다는 뜻이라 요지와 반대된다.
“Innovation Limited to Technology and Product”: 지문이 바로잡으려는 잘못된 믿음이다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
No matter ①what it looks like on television crime shows, posting bail after an arrest is no simple matter. When a suspect is arrested, he or she is first taken to a police station to be processed. The police officer in charge then records the suspect’s personal information (name, address, birthday, appearance) along with information about the ②alleged crime. Next, the officer conducts a criminal background check, takes the suspect’s fingerprints and mug shots, confiscates any personal property (to be returned later), and ③places the suspect in a jail cell. For less serious crimes, suspects may be allowed to post bail immediately after ④booking. For more serious crimes, suspects have to wait sometimes as long as two days, for a bail hearing, at which point a judge will determine if the accused is eligible for bail and at what cost. The amount of bail ⑤depends on the severity of the crime.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 곳은 “booking”으로, “being booked”로 고쳐야 한다.
주절의 주어 suspects는 입건하는 주체가 아니라 경찰에 입건되는 대상이다. 따라서 동명사의 태를 수동으로 맞춰 “immediately after being booked”(입건된 직후)로 써야 한다.
“what”: “looks like”의 전치사 like 뒤 목적어 자리이므로 what이 맞다.
“alleged”: “혐의를 받는”이라는 뜻의 과거분사형 형용사로 crime을 수식한다.
“places”: conducts, takes, confiscates와 나란한 병렬 구조로, 주어 the officer에 맞는 단수 동사다.
“depends”: 주어 “The amount of bail”의 핵심은 단수 amount이고, depends on은 능동으로 쓰는 자동사 표현이다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate main idea?
Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits, “I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online. “I can’t read War and Peace anymore,” he admitted. “I’ve lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb. I skim it.”
The anecdotes alone don’t prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition. But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a U.K. educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site. Sometimes they’d save a long article, but there’s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.

There is an increasing number of people who skim and quickly jump between sources without deeply engaging with the content.

In-depth studies on the long-term effects of internet use on cognition will provide conclusive evidence on how it impacts only our thinking processes.

People tend to thoroughly scan through brief excerpts of text from various online sources.

Although individuals might bookmark or save lengthy articles, there is no evidence to suggest that they revisit and read them later.

People are experiencing a transformative change in the way they read and think due to their online research habits, skimming and quickly jumping between sources.

가장 적절한 요지는 “People are experiencing a transformative change in the way they read and think…”로 시작하는 진술이다.
Friedman의 사례와 University College London 연구를 통해 “we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think”(읽고 생각하는 방식에 큰 변화가 일어나고 있다)라고 말한다. 그 변화의 내용이 훑어 읽기와 출처 사이를 건너뛰는 습관이다.
“There is an increasing number of people who skim…”: 훑어 읽기는 다루지만, 사람 수의 증가를 말하지 않고 사고방식의 변화라는 핵심도 빠져 있다.
“In-depth studies on the long-term effects…”: 장기 연구는 아직 기다리는 중이라는 부수 내용이고, “only our thinking processes”도 지문에 없다.
“People tend to thoroughly scan through brief excerpts…”: 지문은 “quickly scans”라고 하며, “thoroughly”(철저히)는 내용과 어긋난다.
“Although individuals might bookmark or save lengthy articles…”: 긴 글을 저장만 한다는 세부 사항일 뿐 전체 요지가 아니다.

Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage?
Morphology of plants also may be influenced by UV.

The most destructive effect of UV radiation on plants involves damage to DNA that results in mutations. Physiological effects also can occur, such as reductions in biomass production and non-stomatal aspects of photosynthesis. The damage to DNA and photosynthesis caused by UV radiation can be partially repaired by plants during both the day and the night. (A) Studies have been conducted with a specific cultivar of rice that is more UV-sensitive in that it exhibits greater growth inhibition and leaf browning than another cultivar of rice when subjected to UV-B radiation. (B) The UV-sensitive cultivar was deficient in both photo-repair during the day and excision repair of DNA during the night compared with the UV-tolerant cultivar. (C) Orange trees growing at very high altitudes in the Andes Mountains near Quito in Ecuador have a more branched appearance than the same scion growing at low elevations in a Mediterranean climatic zone at Riverside, California. (D) The effect was eliminated by installing UV-absorbing screens above the orange trees, indicating the excessive branching may be due to an effect of the high UV in the Andes on the meristems of the branches. (E) Protection against high UV may occur in plants by epidermal cells or leaf hairs that contain phenolic compounds.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은 (C)이다.
“Morphology of plants also may be influenced by UV.”(식물의 형태도 자외선의 영향을 받을 수 있다)는 “also”로 앞의 DNA·광합성 손상과 벼 품종 연구에 새 주제를 더한다. (C) 뒤의 오렌지 나무가 “more branched appearance”(가지가 더 많은 모습)를 보인다는 내용이 형태 변화의 구체적 예다.
(A): 뒤의 벼 품종 연구는 앞 문장의 DNA·광합성 손상과 회복 내용을 잇는 것으로 형태 이야기가 아니다.
(B): 같은 벼 품종의 내성 차이를 설명하는 중간이라 흐름이 끊긴다.
(D): 앞 문장은 이미 형태 차이의 예이고, 뒤의 “The effect”가 그 차이를 바로 받아야 한다.
(E): 뒤 문장은 자외선 방어로 화제가 옮겨 가므로 형태의 도입 문장이 놓일 수 없다.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
Over the years, countless numbers of men and women have paid large sums of money for a treatment commonly known as cell therapy. Their reason was simple: They believed lamb-cell injections could help them maintain their youth. Such people apparently don’t know that animal cells, when injected into the human body, are destroyed by the immune system. Others in a similar pursuit of youth have tried chelation therapy, which is supposed to pull heavy metals like lead and mercury from the body. Proponents claim that the treatments improve cell function, inhibit the aging process, and prevent heart disease, all by eliminating poison from the body, yet research shows no such effect. In fact, critics question the idea of there being poisons in the body to begin with, suggesting that the therapy has nothing to treat. Other seekers of the fountain of youth use Human Growth Hormone (HGH) tablets or sprays. These sprays and tablets can allegedly accomplish everything from eliminating wrinkles to improving memory and concentration. Yet such treatments have no research backing up these claims. There is, however, evidence that HGH in any form may produce side effects like an increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Therapies designed to keep people young are generally ineffective.

It is better to rely on cell therapy more than chelation therapy.

HGH tablets are appealing to seekers of youth because of their fewer side effects.

Therapies for staying younger should be available for everyone, not just for those rich enough to afford them.

Treatments designed to help people maintain youth invariably do more harm than good.

추론할 수 있는 것은 “Therapies designed to keep people young are generally ineffective.”이다.
지문은 양 세포 주사는 면역계에 파괴되고, 킬레이션은 “research shows no such effect”(연구상 효과가 없으며), HGH는 주장을 뒷받침할 연구가 없다고 한다. 세 가지 사례 모두 젊음을 유지한다는 효과가 입증되지 않았다.
“It is better to rely on cell therapy more than chelation therapy.”: 두 요법을 비교해 어느 쪽을 권하지 않으며, 둘 다 비판한다.
“HGH tablets are appealing… because of their fewer side effects.”: 지문은 HGH의 암·심혈관 질환 위험을 경고한다.
“Therapies for staying younger should be available for everyone…”: 접근성의 형평은 논의되지 않는다.
“Treatments designed to help people maintain youth invariably do more harm than good.”: 부작용 증거는 HGH에만 언급되므로 “invariably”(언제나)는 지나친 일반화다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
It’s accepted wisdom that oil and water don’t mix. The water and oil molecules have distinct chemical properties that don’t interact well together. You may have seen this if you've attempted to make a salad dressing by shaking together oil and vinegar (which is mostly water), which gives a temporary suspension that quickly separates. There is a large energy cost to breaking apart and mixing the water and oil layers. The secret to blending them together is to add an extra ingredient known as a “surfactant” or emulsifier. The name surfactant is derived from “surface active.” It highlights that these molecules work at the surface or interface to bridge the interactions between oil and water. This is similar to how detergents are able to remove grease from your dishes. Many vinaigrette recipes call for emulsifiers without specifically mentioning their crucial emulsifying role. Key examples are mustard and garlic, which contain “mucilage” ― a mix of carbohydrates ― that can act as emulsifiers. So if your vinegar/oil salad dressings are separating, make sure you’re adding enough of these ingredients (which also contain wonderful flavor chemicals). Commercial salad dressings also contain naturally sourced emulsifying carbohydrates. These will often be listed on the ingredients as generic “vegetable gum” or similar, and you may need to read the label and delve a little deeper into the food additive number to find out the source. Researchers have raised questions about synthetic emulsifiers used in processed food, as studies in mice suggest they have health risks. It’s too early to say exactly what this means for humans.

Water and oil molecules have identical chemical properties.

Shaking is an essential method for the formation of permanent mixing of oil and vinegar.

Mustard and garlic contain molecules that act as a bridge between oil and water.

Salad dressings on the market only contain artificial food additives.

The effects of chemical additives on the human body have been verified.

지문과 일치하는 것은 “Mustard and garlic contain molecules that act as a bridge between oil and water.”이다.
겨자와 마늘의 “mucilage”(점액질)는 “can act as emulsifiers”(유화제 역할을 할 수 있고), 유화제는 “bridge the interactions between oil and water”(기름과 물의 상호작용을 잇는다). 따라서 두 재료에 기름과 물을 잇는 분자가 들어 있다는 진술이 맞다.
“Water and oil molecules have identical chemical properties.”: 지문은 “distinct chemical properties”(서로 다른 화학적 성질)라고 한다.
“Shaking is an essential method for the formation of permanent mixing…”: 흔들면 “a temporary suspension that quickly separates”(금방 분리되는 일시적 현탁액)가 될 뿐이다.
“Salad dressings on the market only contain artificial food additives.”: 시판 드레싱에도 “naturally sourced emulsifying carbohydrates”가 들어 있다.
“The effects of chemical additives on the human body have been verified.”: 지문은 “It’s too early to say”(아직 단정하기 이르다)라고 한다.