[국회직 8급 영어] 21년 1회차 기출문제 정답·해설 페이지

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Jack Nicklaus’s success on the golf course, and the ________ increase in the size of his bank account, had made him the envy of all professional golfers.

concomitant

oscillating

festering

fledgling

vignette

빈칸에는 “concomitant”(수반되는, 동반하는)가 알맞다.
골프 코스에서의 성공 “and the ___ increase in the size of his bank account”는 성공에 뒤따라 함께 일어난 재산 증가를 뜻하고, 이 둘이 합쳐져 “the envy of all professional golfers”(모든 프로 골퍼의 선망)가 된다.
“oscillating”(오르내리는, 진동하는): 선망의 대상이 될 꾸준한 재산 증가와 맞지 않는다.
“festering”(곪아 가는): 부정적 상태를 나타내어 성공과 부의 문맥에 어긋난다.
“fledgling”(갓 시작한, 신출내기의): 성공에 따른 재산 증가를 수식하기에 의미가 맞지 않는다.
“vignette”(삽화, 짧은 묘사): 명사이므로 “increase”를 수식하는 형용사 자리에 올 수 없다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Draconian laws are the first written code of laws drawn up at Athens, believed to have been introduced in 621 or 620 B.C. by a statesman named Draco. Although their details are obscure, they apparently covered a number of offences. The modern adjective “Draconian,” meaning excessively ________, reflects the fact that penalties laid down in the code were extremely severe: pilfering received the same punishment as murder―death. A 4th-century B.C. politician quipped that Draco wrote his laws not in ink, but in blood.

benign

vigilant

harsh

auspicious

propitious

빈칸에는 “harsh”(가혹한)가 알맞다.
“penalties laid down in the code were extremely severe”(법전의 처벌이 극도로 가혹했다)와 “pilfering received the same punishment as murder―death”(좀도둑질도 살인과 같이 사형)가 빈칸의 직접 근거이다. “Draconian”은 지나치게 가혹하다는 뜻이다.
“benign”(온화한): 극도로 엄한 처벌과 정반대이다.
“vigilant”(경계하는): 처벌의 가혹함과 무관하다.
“auspicious”(길조의): 긍정적 전조를 뜻해 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
“propitious”(상서로운, 유리한): 역시 긍정적 의미라 가혹한 법을 설명할 수 없다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
A renaissance man is a person who ①is skilled in many fields and has a broad range of learning in many subjects. The term, renaissance man, ②originates from the artists and scholars of European Renaissance, ③such as Leonardo Da Vinci or Michelangelo. In Renaissance period, educated men ④aspired becoming a multi-talented man. They ⑤were expected to speak several languages, to appreciate literature and art, and to be good sportsmen as well.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “aspired becoming”이다.
aspire는 자동사로 aspire to + 동사원형(~하기를 열망하다) 형태를 쓴다. 따라서 “aspired to become”으로 고쳐야 한다.
“is skilled in”: be skilled in(~에 능숙하다)의 올바른 표현이다.
“originates from”: originate from(~에서 유래하다)의 자동사 용법이 맞다.
“such as”: 뒤의 명사 Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo로 예를 드는 올바른 용법이다.
“were expected to”: 교육받은 사람들이 기대를 받는 대상이므로 수동태가 맞고, to speak·to appreciate·to be로 병렬된다.

Which of the following is grammatically correct?

The 3rd International Geography Conference will held in Seoul.

I was so hurted when Susan left me.

If the weather had been better, I would have been sitting in the garden when he arrived.

It is very kind with him to invite me over for his 80th birthday party.

She has came up with some amazing scheme to double her income.

어법상 옳은 문장은 “If the weather had been better, I would have been sitting in the garden when he arrived.”이다.
가정법 과거완료(If + had p.p., 주어 + would have p.p.)의 주절에 진행형을 결합한 would have been sitting이 쓰여, “날씨가 더 좋았다면 그가 도착했을 때 정원에 앉아 있었을 것이다”라는 뜻이 된다.
“will held”: 조동사 뒤의 수동태이므로 will be held로 고쳐야 한다.
“so hurted”: hurt는 hurt-hurt-hurt로 변하는 불규칙 동사이므로 hurt로 고쳐야 한다.
“very kind with him”: kind처럼 사람의 성품을 나타내는 형용사 뒤 의미상 주어는 of를 써서 kind of him으로 고쳐야 한다.
“has came up with”: 현재완료에는 과거분사가 와야 하므로 has come up with로 고쳐야 한다.

Choose the pair of words that are closest in meaning to the underlined words.
“In one picture, I could read my non-existence in the clothes my mother had worn before I can remember her. There is a kind of (A)stupefaction in seeing a familiar being dressed differently,” writes Roland Barthes in Camera Lucida as he searches through family photographs from before his birth. In that single picture, Barthes tells us, the young child rejoins the frail old woman he nursed through her last illness: “She had become my little girl, uniting for me with that essential child she was in her first photograph.” There he finds his mother’s assertive gentleness, her kindness. There he finds not only his mother but the qualities of their relationship, a (B)congruence between “my mother’s being and my grief at her death.”

amazement / - / discrepancy

wonder / - / distinctiveness

happiness / - / harmony

astonishment / - / accordance

contentment / - / conformance

밑줄 친 두 단어와 뜻이 가장 가까운 짝은 “astonishment”(깜짝 놀람)와 “accordance”(일치)이다.
“stupefaction”은 멍할 정도의 놀람으로, 익숙한 사람이 다른 옷차림을 한 것을 볼 때의 감정이다. “congruence”는 일치·조화로, 어머니의 존재와 그 죽음에 대한 슬픔이 맞아떨어짐을 뜻한다.
“amazement”(놀람) 짝: “amazement”는 맞지만 “discrepancy”(불일치)는 “congruence”의 반대말이다.
“wonder”(경이) 짝: “distinctiveness”(독특함)가 일치의 뜻이 아니다.
“happiness”(행복) 짝: “harmony”(조화)는 가깝지만 “happiness”가 놀람의 뜻이 아니다.
“contentment”(만족) 짝: “conformance”(부합)는 가깝지만 “contentment”가 놀람의 뜻이 아니다.

Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage?
It eventually turned out that the signal was indeed a false alarm due to human error: a computer operator had by mistake inserted into the U.S. warning system computer a training tape simulating the launch of 200 Soviet ICBMs.

Missile detection systems, like all complex technologies, are subject to malfunctions and to ambiguities of interpretation. (A) We know of at least three false alarms given by the American detection system. (B) For example, on November 9, 1979 the U.S. army general serving as watch officer for the U.S. system phoned then-Under-Secretary of Defense William Perry in the middle of the night to say, “My warning computer is showing 200 ICBMs in flight from the Soviet Union to the United States.” (C) But the general concluded that the signal was probably a false alarm, Perry did not awaken President Carter, and Carter did not push the button and needlessly kill a hundred million Soviets. (D) We also know of at least one false alarm given by the Russian detection system: a single non-military rocket launched in 1995 from an island off Norway towards the North Pole was misidentified by the automatic tracking algorithm of Russian radar as a missile launched from an American submarine. (E) These incidents illustrate an important point: A warning signal is not unambiguous.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은 (D)이다.
주어진 문장의 “indeed a false alarm”(실제로 오경보였다)은 장군의 판단인 “the signal was probably a false alarm”(아마 오경보일 것)을 확인해 주는 결말이다. 따라서 그 판단이 나온 문장 바로 뒤, 러시아 사례를 여는 “We also know” 앞에 와야 한다.
(A): 아직 구체적 경보가 제시되지 않아 “the signal”이 가리킬 대상이 없다.
(B): “For example”로 시작하는 1979년 사례가 나오기도 전이라 결말이 먼저 나오게 된다.
(C): 결과가 먼저 밝혀지면 뒤의 “But the general concluded”(추정)와 시간 순서가 뒤바뀐다.
(E): 이미 러시아 사례로 넘어간 뒤라 미국 경보 시스템의 원인 설명이 흐름에서 떨어진다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
Job satisfaction is not universal in middle adulthood. ①For some people, work becomes increasingly stressful as dissatisfaction with working conditions or with the nature of the job mount. ②In some cases, conditions become so bad that the result is burnout or a decision to change jobs. Burnout occurs when workers experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from their jobs. It occurs most often in jobs that involve helping others, and ③it often strikes those who initially were the most idealistic and driven. In some ways, such workers may be overcommitted to their jobs, and ④the realization that they can make only minor dents in huge societal problems such as poverty and medical care can be disappointing and demoralizing. Thus, ⑤the idealism with which they may have entered a profession is replaced by pessimism and the attitude that it is impossible to provide any kind of meaningful solution to a problem.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “dissatisfaction with working conditions or with the nature of the job mount”가 포함된 부분이다.
as절의 주어는 단수 명사 dissatisfaction이고 with 이하는 수식어구이므로, 주어-동사 수일치에 따라 mount를 “mounts”로 고쳐야 한다.
“conditions become so bad that the result is burnout…”: so + 형용사 + that 구문이 바르게 쓰였다.
“it often strikes those who initially were…”: it은 burnout을 받고, those who는 “~한 사람들”로 바르다.
“the realization that they can make only minor dents…”: that은 동격절을 이끌고, 단수 주어 realization에 can be가 호응한다.
“the idealism with which they may have entered…”: 전치사 + 관계대명사가 맞고, 주어 idealism이 대체되는 대상이므로 is replaced by의 수동태도 맞다.

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
There is a mode of vital experience―experience of space and time, of the self and others, of life’s possibilities and perils―that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this body of experience “modernity.” To be modern is to find ourselves in an environment that promises us adventure, power, joy, growth, transformation of ourselves and the world―and, at the same time, that threatens to destroy everything we have, everything we know, everything we are. Modern environments and experiences cut across all boundaries of geography and ethnicity, of class and nationality, of religion and ideology: in this sense, modernity can be said to unite all mankind. But it is a paradoxical unity, a unity of disunity: it pours us all into a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration and renewal, of struggle and contradiction, of ambiguity and anguish.

Modernity refers to a mode of experience that is shared by people in the world.

Modernity finds us in an environment that threatens to destroy everything we have.

Modernity separates mankind according to the different geographical locations.

Modernity is a mode of experience that encompasses life’s possibilities and perils.

Modernity traverses boundaries of ethnicity, nationality, and ideology.

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 “Modernity separates mankind according to the different geographical locations.”이다.
지문은 현대의 경험이 “cut across all boundaries of geography”(지리의 모든 경계를 가로지른다)고 하며 “modernity can be said to unite all mankind”(현대성이 인류를 통합한다)고 밝힌다. 지리에 따라 분리한다는 설명은 반대이다.
“shared by people in the world”: “shared by men and women all over the world today”와 일치한다.
“threatens to destroy everything we have”: 지문의 같은 구절과 일치한다.
“encompasses life’s possibilities and perils”: “experience … of life’s possibilities and perils”와 일치한다.
“traverses boundaries of ethnicity, nationality, and ideology”: “cut across all boundaries of geography and ethnicity, of class and nationality, of religion and ideology”와 일치한다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The slogan “Global Britain” first gained currency in the months after the country’s vote to leave the European Union in 2016. Theresa May deployed the phrase five times when she addressed the Conservative Party conference for the first time as prime minister. Days later it was the title of Boris Johnson’s first policy speech as Mrs May’s foreign secretary. What it meant in practice, beyond an attempt to reassure Britons that Brexit would not mean autarky, remained hazy. The idea is finally being fleshed out. On March 16th Mr Johnson’s government published “Global Britain in a Competitive Age”, a 114-page “integrated review” of the country’s foreign, security, defence and aid policy, billed as the most radical such review since the end of the cold war. In many ways, _____________________. The text is free of the ebullient jingoism beloved of Mr Johnson and his cabinet. Many observers had anticipated a pivot away from Europe, where Britain is locked in diplomatic trench warfare with the EU, towards the rising powers of Asia.

it defies expectations

it gains popularity

it conforms to Brexit

this subscribes to the party’s recommendations

this overlooks the country’s economical situations

빈칸에는 “it defies expectations”(예상을 벗어난다)가 알맞다.
빈칸 뒤에서 보고서는 “free of the ebullient jingoism”(들뜬 호전적 애국주의가 없다)이고, “Many observers had anticipated a pivot away from Europe”(많은 관측자가 유럽에서 벗어난 선회를 예상했다)라며 예상과 다른 면을 이어 간다.
“it gains popularity”: 대중적 인기를 뒷받침하는 내용이 없다.
“it conforms to Brexit”: 빈칸 뒤 내용은 브렉시트에 부합하는지가 아니라 예상과의 차이를 다룬다.
“this subscribes to the party’s recommendations”: 당의 권고에 대한 언급이 없다.
“this overlooks the country’s economical situations”: 경제 상황을 간과했다는 내용이 없다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the four parts to complete the passage?
According to the theories of physics, if we were to look at the Universe one second after the Big Bang, what we would see is a 10-billion degree sea of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electrons (positrons), photons, and neutrinos.
(A)As it continued to cool, it would eventually reach the temperature where electrons combined with nuclei to form neutral atoms.
(B)But when the free electrons were absorbed to form neutral atoms, the Universe suddenly became transparent.
(C)Then, as time went on, we would see the Universe cool, the neutrons either decaying into protons and electrons or combining with protons to make deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen).
(D)Before this "recombination" occurred, the Universe would have been opaque because the free electrons would have caused light (photons) to scatter the way sunlight scatters from the water droplets in clouds.
Those same photons―the afterglow of the Big Bang known as cosmic background radiation―can be observed today.

(A) - (B) - (C) - (D)

(A) - (C) - (B) - (D)

(B) - (A) - (D) - (C)

(C) - (A) - (D) - (B)

(C) - (D) - (B) - (A)

올바른 순서는 (C) - (A) - (D) - (B)이다.
빅뱅 1초 후의 모습 다음에는 “Then, as time went on”으로 냉각을 시작하는 (C)가 온다. 이어 “As it continued to cool”로 중성 원자 형성을 말하는 (A), 이를 “this "recombination"”으로 받아 불투명했다고 설명하는 (D), “But”으로 투명해진 변화를 말하는 (B) 순서이다. 이때 산란에서 풀려난 (D)의 빛(photons)이 마지막 문장의 “Those same photons”로 이어진다.
(A) - (B) - (C) - (D): “continued to cool”이 첫 냉각 언급인 (C)보다 앞설 수 없다.
(A) - (C) - (B) - (D): 역시 (A)가 (C)보다 앞서 냉각의 흐름이 뒤집힌다.
(B) - (A) - (D) - (C): (B)의 “But”이 대조할 불투명 상태 설명 없이 먼저 나올 수 없다.
(C) - (D) - (B) - (A): (D)의 “this recombination”이 가리킬 (A)의 원자 결합보다 앞서 나온다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
Human population growth, rising incomes and preference shifts will considerably increase global demand for nutritious food in the coming decades. Malnutrition and hunger still plague many countries, and projections of population and income by 2050 suggest a future need for more than 500 megatonnes (Mt) of meat per year for human consumption. Scaling up the production of land-derived food crops is challenging, because of declining yield rates and competition for scarce land and water resources. Land-derived seafood (freshwater aquaculture and inland capture fisheries; we use seafood to denote any aquatic food resource, and food from the sea for marine resources specifically) has an important role in food security and global supply, but its expansion is also constrained. Similar to other land-based production, the expansion of land-based aquaculture has resulted in substantial environmental externalities that affect water, soil, biodiversity and climate, and which compromise the ability of the environment to produce food. Despite the importance of terrestrial aquaculture in seafood production, many countries―notably China, the largest inland-aquaculture producer―have restricted the use of land and public waters for this purpose, which constrains expansion. Although inland capture fisheries are important for food security, their contribution to total global seafood production is limited and expansion is hampered by ecosystem constraints. Thus, to meet future needs (and recognizing that land-based sources of fish and other foods are also part of the solution), we ask whether the sustainable production of food from the sea has an important role in future supply.

The Rise of Global Food Demand

The Future of Food from the Sea

Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss

Food-producing Sectors in the Ocean

Edible Food from the Sea and Marine Culture

지문의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “The Future of Food from the Sea”이다.
지문은 식량 수요 증가와 육상 식량·내수면 수산물의 한계를 차례로 짚은 뒤, 마지막에 “whether the sustainable production of food from the sea has an important role in future supply”(바다 식량의 지속 가능한 생산이 미래 공급에 중요한 역할을 하는가)를 묻는다.
“The Rise of Global Food Demand”: 수요 증가는 도입부의 배경일 뿐이다.
“Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss”: 육상 양식의 환경 영향으로 잠깐 언급될 뿐이다.
“Food-producing Sectors in the Ocean”: 해양 식량 부문을 나누어 설명하는 글이 아니다.
“Edible Food from the Sea and Marine Culture”: 식용 수산물의 종류나 해양 문화를 다루지 않는다.

Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A), (B) and (C)?
Congress is considering a series of bills that, if passed into law, would (A)________ changes to the Endangered Species Act that could shift control of conservation measures to state and local governments, accelerate decisions about whether species need protecting, and (B)________ courts’ power to overturn decisions to lift or loosen species protections, the Associated Press (AP) reports. Many Democrats and wildlife advocates argue that the proposed changes will put the world’s biodiversity at risk. “The wildlife extinction package is an extreme and all-encompassing assault on the Endangered Species Act,” Bob Dreher, senior vice president of conservation programs at the nonprofit conservation organization Defenders of Wildlife, says in a statement posted by YubaNet.com. “These bills discard science, increasing the likelihood of harm to species and habitat, create hurdles to protecting species, and (C)________ citizen’s ability to enforce the law in court, while delegating authority for species management to states―or even corporations and individuals―that are ill-equipped to assume it.”

initiate / - / hinder / - / rectify

bolster / - / indulge / - / remedy

nullify / - / expand / - / ruin

instruct / - / widen / - / block

institute / - / limit / - / undermine

빈칸에 알맞은 조합은 “institute”(시행하다), “limit”(제한하다), “undermine”(약화시키다)이다.
(A)는 changes를 목적어로 받아 법 개정을 도입한다는 뜻이다. (B)는 “put the world’s biodiversity at risk”(세계 생물다양성을 위험에 빠뜨린다)는 비판을 받는 법안이 보호 해제 결정을 뒤집는 법원의 권한을 줄인다는 뜻이고, (C)는 “create hurdles”(장애물을 만든다)와 나란히 시민의 소송 능력을 해친다는 뜻이다.
“initiate / hinder / rectify”: “rectify”(바로잡다)는 시민의 권리를 해친다는 비판과 맞지 않는다.
“bolster / indulge / remedy”: “indulge”(마음껏 하게 하다)와 “remedy”(개선하다)가 (B)·(C)에 맞지 않는다.
“nullify / expand / ruin”: “nullify”(무효화하다)는 changes와 맞지 않고, “expand”(확대하다)는 (B)와 반대이다.
“instruct / widen / block”: “instruct”(지시하다)는 changes와 호응하지 않고, “widen”(넓히다)은 (B)와 반대이다.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
In the first week of May 2000, unseasonably heavy rain drenched the rural town of Walkerton, Canada. As the rainstorms passed, Walkerton’s residents began to fall ill in their hundreds. With ever more people developing gastroenteritis and bloody diarrhoea, the authorities tested the water supply. They discovered what the water company had been keeping quiet for days: the town’s drinking water was contaminated with a deadly strain of E. coli. It transpired that bosses at the water company had known for weeks that the chlorination system on one of the town’s wells was broken. During the rain, their negligence had meant that run-off from farmland had carried residues from manure straight into the water supply. A day after the contamination was revealed, three adults and a baby died from their illnesses. Over the next few weeks, three more people succumbed. In total, half of Walkerton’s 5,000-strong population were infected in just a couple of weeks.

when and where the incident happened

main causes of the disease outbreak

compensation for damage by the water company

the number of deaths in the town

the population size of the town

지문에 언급되지 않은 것은 “compensation for damage by the water company”(수도 회사의 피해 보상)이다.
지문은 수도 회사의 은폐와 과실까지만 서술할 뿐, 보상에 관한 내용은 전혀 없다.
“when and where the incident happened”: “In the first week of May 2000 … Walkerton, Canada”로 언급된다.
“main causes of the disease outbreak”: 염소 소독 장치 고장과 “run-off from farmland”(농지 유출수)가 원인으로 제시된다.
“the number of deaths in the town”: “three adults and a baby died”에 이어 “three more people succumbed”로 언급된다.
“the population size of the town”: “Walkerton’s 5,000-strong population”으로 언급된다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
In most instances, it is illegal for representatives of two or more companies to secretly set similar prices for their products. This practice, known as price fixing, is generally held to be an anticompetitive act. Companies that ________ in this manner are generally trying to ensure higher prices for their products than would be generally available if markets are functioning freely.

flout

scalp

endue

collude

censure

빈칸에는 “collude”(공모하다, 담합하다)가 알맞다.
“secretly set similar prices”(비밀리에 비슷한 가격을 정한다)와 “price fixing”(가격 담합)을 “in this manner”가 받으므로, 기업들이 은밀히 공모한다는 동사가 와야 한다.
“flout”(법 등을 무시하다): 목적어가 필요한 타동사이며 뒤에 무시할 대상이 없다.
“scalp”(암표를 팔다, 머리 가죽을 벗기다): 기업 간 가격 합의와 무관하다.
“endue”(부여하다): 문맥과 무관하다.
“censure”(비난하다): 담합 행위의 설명이 될 수 없다.

Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined expression.
There is serious concern the poison may have been moved somewhere that we don't know about by other people who are at large and determined to carry out an attack.

not disengaged

not yet confined

disguised in group

vanished with people

secretly camouflaged

“at large”와 뜻이 가장 가까운 것은 “not yet confined”(아직 붙잡히지 않은)이다.
“at large”는 잡히지 않고 활보하는 상태를 뜻한다. 독을 옮겼을 수 있고 공격을 저지르려는 사람들이 아직 잡히지 않았다는 문맥에 맞는다.
“not disengaged”(관여를 끊지 않은): 구금 여부의 뜻이 없다.
“disguised in group”(무리 속에 변장한): 변장의 뜻이 없다.
“vanished with people”(사람들과 함께 사라진): 잡히지 않음이 아니라 사라짐의 뜻이다.
“secretly camouflaged”(몰래 위장한): 위장의 뜻은 “at large”에 없다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
In Europe, rules on positive discrimination ①are being discussed in each country. The rules state that ②companies should give women ③preference for non-executive posts where there is no better-qualified male candidate, until women reach a total of 40% in the boardroom. The draft law ④made it possible to fine the companies which ignore the rules. ⑤If endorsing, the rules will take seven years to come into force.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “If endorsing”이다.
주절의 주어 the rules는 승인을 받는 대상이므로, 분사구문의 태에 따라 수동인 “If endorsed”(승인된다면)로 고쳐야 한다.
“are being discussed”: 규정이 논의되는 대상이므로 현재진행 수동태가 맞다.
“companies should give”: 주어 companies 뒤에 give + 간접목적어 + 직접목적어 구조가 바르게 쓰였다.
“preference for”: preference for(~에 대한 우선권)의 올바른 전치사이다.
“made it possible to”: 가목적어 it과 진목적어 to fine이 바르게 쓰였다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
The distance to the stars can seem unfathomably immense. Physicist Freeman Dyson at Princeton suggests that, ①to reach them, we might learn something from the voyages of the Polynesians thousands of years ago. Instead of trying to make one extended journey across the Pacific, which ②would likely to have ended in disaster, they went island hopping, spreading across the ocean’s landmasses one at a time. ③Each time they reached an island, they would create a permanent settlement and then move on to the next island. He posits ④that we might create intermediate colonies in deep space in the same way. The key to this strategy would be the comets, which, along with rogue planets that have somehow ⑤been ejected from their solar systems, might litter the path to the stars.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 “would likely to”이다.
조동사 would 뒤에는 동사원형이 와야 하므로 부사 likely를 살려 “would likely have ended”로 고쳐야 한다. likely를 형용사로 쓰려면 was likely to have ended처럼 be동사가 필요하다.
“to reach them”: 목적을 나타내는 to부정사로 바르고, them은 the stars를 받는다.
“Each time they”: Each time이 접속사처럼 쓰여 절을 이끈다.
“that we might”: posits의 목적어가 되는 명사절로 바르다.
“been ejected from”: 행성이 내쫓기는 대상이므로 have been p.p.의 수동태가 맞다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
In the early years of Christianity, Easter was the main holiday; the birth of Jesus was not celebrated. In the fourth century, church officials decided to declare the birth of Jesus as a holiday. Unfortunately, the Bible does not mention date for his birth (a fact Puritans later pointed out in order to deny the legitimacy of the celebration). Although some evidence suggests that his birth _______________ in the spring (why would shepherds be herding in the middle of winter?), Pope Julius I chose December 25. It is commonly believed that the church chose this date in an effort to adopt and absorb the traditions of the pagan Saturnalia festival.

may have occurred

might not occur

should occur

ought not occur

could not have occurred

빈칸에는 “may have occurred”(일어났을지도 모른다)가 알맞다.
“some evidence suggests”는 과거 사건인 예수의 탄생에 대한 추측을 나타내므로 may have p.p.가 맞는다. 봄이었을 가능성과 교황이 정한 12월 25일이 “Although”로 대비된다.
“might not occur”: 과거 사건을 나타내지 못하고, 봄 출생 가능성을 제시하는 문맥과도 어긋난다.
“should occur”: 당위나 현재·미래의 일을 나타내 과거 사건 추측에 맞지 않는다.
“ought not occur”: 금지·당위의 뜻이라 문맥에 맞지 않고, ought not to 형태여야 한다.
“could not have occurred”: “일어났을 리 없다”는 뜻으로, 근거가 봄 출생을 시사한다는 내용과 모순된다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Power is something we are often uncomfortable naming and talking about explicitly. In our everyday talk, power has a negative moral vibe: “power-mad”, “power-hungry”, “power trip”. But power is no more inherently good or evil than fire or physics. It just is. The only question is whether we will try to understand and harness it. In the culture and mythology of democracy, power is supposed to reside with the people. Here’s my simple definition of power―it’s the capacity to ensure that others do as you would want them to do. Civic power is that capacity exercised by citizens in public, whether in elections or government or in social and economic arenas. Power in civic life takes many forms: force, wealth, state action, ideas, social norms, numbers. And it flows through many conduits: institutions, organizations, networks, laws and rules, narratives and ideologies. Map these forms and conduits against each other, and you get what we think of as “the power structure.” The problem today is that too many people aren’t able to draw, read or follow such a map. Too many people are profoundly illiterate in power. As a result, it has become ever easier for those who do understand how power operates in civic life to wield a disproportionate influence and fill the void created by the ignorance of the majority.

Power is the word that is widely welcomed and comfortably discussed.

We citizens do not have the right to discuss and harness the logic of power.

Civic power is the capacity mainly exercised by officials in the government.

In everyday life, the majority of people tend to skillfully map the civic power.

Relations between the forms and conduits of power help identify its structure.

지문과 일치하는 것은 “Relations between the forms and conduits of power help identify its structure.”이다.
“Map these forms and conduits against each other, and you get what we think of as ‘the power structure.’”(이 형태와 통로를 서로 대응시키면 권력 구조를 얻는다)와 내용이 같다.
“widely welcomed and comfortably discussed”: “something we are often uncomfortable naming”과 반대이다.
“do not have the right to discuss and harness”: 지문은 권력을 이해하고 “harness”(활용)할지를 묻고 있으며 권리가 없다고 하지 않는다.
“mainly exercised by officials in the government”: “exercised by citizens in public”이라 했으므로 틀리다.
“skillfully map the civic power”: “too many people aren’t able to draw, read or follow such a map”과 반대이다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the three parts to complete the passage?
In contrast to a growing number of scholars in other fields, economists have contributed relatively little to recent critiques of consumer society. With a few notable exceptions, contemporary economists have been hesitant to entertain questions about the relationship of consumption to quality of life.
(A)Economists, moreover, are typically unwilling to engage in critical discussion of values and preferences. In the absence of such discussion, it is easily assumed that the existing configuration of consumer choice is optimal.
(B)Otherwise, it would not be occurring. Actually the implications of the model are even stronger, as we shall see.
(C)Their reluctance is not difficult to explain. Most economists subscribe to a model that holds that as long as standard assumptions are satisfied, consumption must be yielding welfare.

(A) - (B) - (C)

(B) - (A) - (C)

(B) - (C) - (A)

(C) - (A) - (B)

(C) - (B) - (A)

올바른 순서는 (C) - (B) - (A)이다.
제시문의 “hesitant”를 (C)의 “Their reluctance”가 받아 그 이유인 모형을 제시한다. (B)의 “Otherwise, it would not be occurring”은 (C)의 “consumption must be yielding welfare”를 이어받는다. 마지막으로 (A)가 “moreover”로 추가 이유를 덧붙인다.
(A) - (B) - (C): “moreover”가 첫 이유 없이 처음에 나올 수 없다.
(B) - (A) - (C): (B)의 “Otherwise”가 받을 내용이 앞에 없다.
(B) - (C) - (A): 역시 “Otherwise”가 (C)보다 앞서 지칭이 성립하지 않는다.
(C) - (A) - (B): (C)의 “consumption must be yielding welfare”와 이를 받는 (B)가 끊어진다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Black Death, pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, took a proportionately greater toll of life than any other known epidemic or war up to that time. The consequences of this violent catastrophe were many. A cessation of wars and a sudden slump in trade immediately followed but were only of short duration. A more lasting and serious consequence was the drastic reduction of the amount of land under cultivation, due to the deaths of so many labourers. This proved to be the ruin of many landowners. The shortage of labour compelled them to substitute wages or money rents in place of labour services in an effort to keep their tenants. There was also a general rise in wages for artisans and peasants. These changes brought a new __________ to the hitherto rigid stratification of society.

fluidity

violence

medicine

boundary

monarchy

빈칸에는 “fluidity”(유동성)가 알맞다.
“hitherto rigid stratification of society”(지금까지 경직되어 있던 사회 계층)와 대비되며, 노동력 부족으로 지주가 임금·지대를 도입하고 임금이 오른 변화가 계층의 유동성을 가져왔다는 흐름이다.
“violence”(폭력): 임금 상승 등 사회경제적 변화의 결과로 제시되지 않았다.
“medicine”(의학): 지문에서 다루지 않는다.
“boundary”(경계): 경직된 계층에 새 경계가 생긴다는 뜻이 되어 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
“monarchy”(군주제): 지문에서 다루지 않는다.

Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A), (B) and (C)?
Modern online disinformation exploits the attention-driven business model that powers most of the internet as we currently know it. Platforms like Google and Facebook make (A)________ amounts of money grabbing and capturing our attention so they can show us paid advertisements. That attention is gamed using algorithms that measure what content we engage with and automatically show us more content like it. The problem, of course, emerges when these algorithms automatically recommend and (B)________ our worst tendencies. As humans, we evolved to respond more strongly to negative stimuli than positive ones. These algorithms detect that and (C)________ it, selecting content that sends us down increasingly negative rabbit holes.

staggering / - / abridge / - / underestimate

astounding / - / compress / - / enunciate

staggering / - / amplify / - / reinforce

astounding / - / enlarge / - / revamp

awesome / - / compress / - / underpin

빈칸에 알맞은 조합은 “staggering”(엄청난), “amplify”(증폭하다), “reinforce”(강화하다)이다.
(A)는 플랫폼이 버는 막대한 돈이고, (B)는 “recommend”와 나란히 “our worst tendencies”를 키운다는 뜻이다. (C)는 부정적 자극에 끌리는 성향을 감지해 강화하고 “increasingly negative rabbit holes”로 이끈다는 뜻이다.
“staggering / abridge / underestimate”: “abridge”(축약하다)와 “underestimate”(과소평가하다)는 강화의 흐름과 반대이다.
“astounding / compress / enunciate”: “compress”(압축하다)와 “enunciate”(또렷이 말하다)가 (B)·(C)에 맞지 않는다.
“astounding / enlarge / revamp”: “revamp”(개조하다)는 성향을 강화한다는 (C)의 뜻이 아니다.
“awesome / compress / underpin”: “compress”가 (B)의 증폭과 반대이다.

Which of the following does NOT fit in the passage?
①For at least 3,000 years, a fluctuating proportion of the world’s population has believed that the end of the world is imminent. Scholars dispute its origins, but it seems likely that the distinctive construction of apocalyptic narratives that inflects much environmentalism today began around 1200 B.C., in the thought of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster, or Zarathustra. ②Notions of the world’s gradual decline were widespread in ancient civilizations. ③But Zoroaster bequeathed to Jewish, Christian and later secular models of history a sense of urgency about the demise of the world. From Zealots of Roman Judaea to the Branch Davidians, so many believers have fought and died in fear and hope of impending apocalypse, while some others including Nazis and communists have adopted apocalyptic rhetoric, again with catastrophic results as prophecies of crisis and conflict inexorably fulfil themselves. ④Yet arguably similar rhetoric strategies have provided the green movement with some of its most striking successes. ⑤Eurasians have not always believed that their world will end someday. With this in mind, it is crucial that we consider the past and future role of the apocalyptic narrative in environmental and radical ecological discourse.

①

②

③

④

⑤

글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 문장은 “Eurasians have not always believed that their world will end someday.”이다.
지문은 종말론 서사의 역사가 환경 운동의 수사로 이어진다는 흐름이다. 이 문장은 그 흐름을 끊고, 바로 뒤 “With this in mind”는 앞 문장의 녹색 운동의 성공을 받아야 자연스럽다.
“For at least 3,000 years … the end of the world is imminent”: 종말 믿음의 오랜 역사를 여는 주제문이다.
“Notions of the world’s gradual decline were widespread”: 고대의 점진적 쇠퇴 관념을 제시한다.
“But Zoroaster bequeathed … a sense of urgency”: “But”으로 쇠퇴 관념과 대비되는 긴박감을 제시한다.
“Yet arguably similar rhetoric strategies…”: 앞의 파국적 결과와 대비해 환경 운동으로 논의를 연결한다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Cells are considered the foundation of life, but viruses―with all their genetic diversity―may share in that role. Our planet’s earliest viruses and cells likely evolved in an intertwined and often symbiotic relationship of predator and prey. Evidence even suggests that viruses may have started out as cells but ________________________. This dependent relationship began a long history of coevolution. Viruses living in cells cause their hosts to adapt, and those changes then cause viruses to adapt in a never ending cycle of one-upmanship.

injected many primitive characteristics into early cellular ancestors

lost their autonomy as they evolved to thrive as parasites on other cells

transmitted to humans via saliva in a mosquito’s bite and gotten independent from them

handed over through a cell’s membrane by using receptors and continually modified

exposed to a weakened virus and recognized that specific invader

빈칸에는 “lost their autonomy as they evolved to thrive as parasites on other cells”(다른 세포의 기생체로 살아가도록 진화하며 자율성을 잃었다)가 알맞다.
빈칸 다음 문장의 “This dependent relationship”(이 의존 관계)이 받을 내용이 빈칸에 필요하고, “started out as cells but”는 세포였다가 달라졌다는 변화를 예고한다.
“injected many primitive characteristics into early cellular ancestors”: 의존 관계로의 변화를 설명하지 못한다.
“transmitted to humans via saliva in a mosquito’s bite and gotten independent from them”: 독립을 말해 “dependent relationship”과 어긋난다.
“handed over through a cell’s membrane by using receptors and continually modified”: 세포막 통과 과정일 뿐 세포에서 바이러스로의 변화와 무관하다.
“exposed to a weakened virus and recognized that specific invader”: 면역 반응에 관한 내용으로 문맥과 무관하다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
Variation in a characteristic that is a result of genetic information from the parents is called inherited variation. Children usually look a little like their father, and a little like their mother, but they will not be identical to either of their parents. This is because they get half of their DNA and inherited features from each parent. Each egg cell and each sperm cell contains half of the genetic information needed for an individual. When these join at fertilization a new cell is formed with all the genetic information needed for an individual. Here are some examples of inherited variation in humans: eye colour, hair colour, skin colour, lobed or lobeless ears, ability to roll your tongue. Gender is inherited variation too, because whether you are male or female is a result of the genes you inherited from your parents.

The Causes of Gender Difference

Child and Parent Identification

Genetic Identification and DNA

Inherited Causes of Variation

Cause and Effect of Social Inheritance

지문의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Inherited Causes of Variation”이다.
지문은 첫 문장에서 “inherited variation”(유전적 변이)을 정의하고, 자녀가 부모에게서 DNA를 반씩 받기 때문이라는 변이의 원인과 눈 색 등 사례를 설명한다.
“The Causes of Gender Difference”: 성별은 마지막에 나오는 예시 중 하나일 뿐이다.
“Child and Parent Identification”: 친자 확인을 다루는 글이 아니다.
“Genetic Identification and DNA”: DNA로 개인을 식별하는 내용이 아니다.
“Cause and Effect of Social Inheritance”: 사회적 상속이 아니라 생물학적 유전을 다룬다.