[국회직 8급 영어] 23년 1회차 기출문제 정답·해설 페이지

Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Efforts by European governments to shield households and businesses from higher energy costs have obvious benefits, not least mitigating inflationary pressures. But they carry much larger costs, which the European Commission should be highlighting, rather than ignoring.

worsening

increasing

alleviating

enhancing

aggravating

밑줄 친 "mitigating"과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 "alleviating"(완화하다)이다.
"mitigate"는 '누그러뜨리다'라는 뜻으로, 지문은 에너지 비용 지원의 "obvious benefits"(명백한 이점) 중 하나로 "inflationary pressures"(인플레이션 압력)를 완화하는 효과를 든다.
"worsening"은 '악화시키다'로, 이점을 설명하는 문맥과 반대다.
"increasing"은 '증가시키다'로, 압력을 키운다는 뜻이 되어 맞지 않는다.
"enhancing"은 '강화하다'로, 압력을 더 세게 만든다는 뜻이 된다.
"aggravating"은 '악화시키다'로, 완화와 반대되는 뜻이다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
A food desert is an area or neighborhood where people, for various reasons, have        to fresh, whole, and healthy foods. A lot of people tend to use the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) definition: “in urban food deserts, a significant percentage of the neighborhood’s residents live more than one mile away from a fresh food provider such as a supermarket or farmers’ market; in rural areas, a food desert must be at least ten miles away from a fresh food source.”

limited access

uneasy moments

complicating emotions

limited distribution

uneasy preference

빈칸에는 "limited access"(제한된 접근성)가 들어가야 한다.
"food desert"(식품 사막)는 신선 식품을 구하기 어려운 지역이다. 뒤의 정의도 주민이 "more than one mile away from a fresh food provider"(신선 식품 판매처에서 1마일 넘게 떨어진 곳)에 산다고 하므로, 핵심은 식품에 닿기 어렵다는 점이다.
"uneasy moments"(불편한 순간)는 지문의 거리·접근 문제와 무관하다.
"complicating emotions"(복잡하게 만드는 감정)는 감정을 다루지 않는 지문과 맞지 않는다.
"limited distribution"(제한된 유통)은 공급 측 표현이라, 주민이 주어로 겪는 사정을 나타내는 "have ___ to" 구조에 맞지 않는다.
"uneasy preference"(불편한 선호)는 선호가 아니라 거리를 말하는 정의와 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
We should think of Cultural Intelligence as being something ①that we can continuously improve and ②develop over the duration of our lives. The difficulty is in acquiring it. We do this ③through our experiences, but also with knowledge ④impart by other people whom we trust—and who trust us ⑤enough to give us their knowledge.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 "impart"이며, 과거분사 "imparted"로 고쳐야 한다.
이 자리는 명사 "knowledge"를 뒤에서 수식하는 분사 자리다. 지식은 '전달되는' 대상이므로 "knowledge imparted by other people"(다른 사람들이 전해 준 지식)처럼 수동의 과거분사를 쓴다.
"that"은 "something"을 선행사로 하는 목적격 관계대명사로, 뒤의 "improve and develop"의 목적어가 빠져 있어 옳다.
"develop"은 조동사 "can"에 이어지는 동사원형으로, "improve"와 병렬을 이루어 옳다.
"through"는 뒤에 명사구 "our experiences"를 받는 전치사로 옳다.
"enough"는 동사 뒤에서 "to give"를 이끄는 부사로, "enough to부정사" 구문이라 옳다.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
Obesity represents the most serious health problem in the United States today. Almost 60 percent of adults in the US are either overweight or obese. This is not just a problem of appearance. Obesity often leads to serious health problems such as diabetes, heart attacks, high blood pressure, and even some forms of cancer.
Medical professionals typically define obesity using the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI can easily be calculated through dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of the person’s height in meters. A normal or healthy BMI would be less than 25. A person with BMI between 25 and 29.9 would be considered overweight. A BMI of 30 to 34.9 is mildly obese, while 35 to 39.9 is substantially obese. People with BMI measures of 40 and over are considered extremely obese.

More than half of Americans have a BMI over 30.

Anyone with a BMI over 30 will develop cancer.

More than 60 percent of Americans do not know their BMI.

Few Americans have a BMI over 35.

A person is usually considered obese if his or her BMI is 30.

지문에서 추론할 수 있는 것은 BMI가 30이면 대체로 비만으로 분류된다는 내용이다.
지문은 "A BMI of 30 to 34.9 is mildly obese"(BMI 30~34.9는 경도 비만)라고 하므로, 30은 비만 구간의 시작에 해당한다.
"More than half of Americans have a BMI over 30."은 틀리다. 약 60%는 과체중과 비만을 합친 수치여서 BMI 30 초과 비율로 볼 수 없다.
"Anyone with a BMI over 30 will develop cancer."는 틀리다. 지문은 "often"(흔히)과 "some forms of cancer"(일부 암)라고만 한다.
"More than 60 percent of Americans do not know their BMI."는 지문에 근거가 없다.
"Few Americans have a BMI over 35."는 BMI 구간별 인구 비율을 밝히지 않은 지문에서 끌어낼 수 없다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Most people think cockroaches are disgusting. And if you’ve ever turned on a kitchen light, to find them skittering for dark corners, you probably agree. But of the thousands of species out there, only a few can be considered pests. There are well over 4,000 described species of cockroach around the world, with some experts estimating that there are another 5,000 species that have yet to be classified by taxonomists. Their classification is actually a point of contention—and I won’t take a position on which suborder they’re in, or how many families they consist of. An estimated 60 to 70 species can be found in the continental United States, but most people are likely to interact with no more than a dozen of them—depending on where they live.

All cockroaches are harmful.

There might be around 9,000 species of cockroach in the world according to some experts.

There is consensus about what sub-type 5,000 unclassified species of cockroach are in.

Most Americans can encounter about 24 different kinds of cockroach in their homes.

It is easy to figure out how many families cockroaches live in in the United States.

지문과 일치하는 것은 일부 전문가 추정으로 바퀴벌레가 약 9,000종일 수 있다는 내용이다.
지문은 기록된 종이 "well over 4,000"(4,000종을 훌쩍 넘음)이고 미분류 종이 "another 5,000"(추가로 5,000종)이라는 전문가 추정을 함께 제시하므로, 합치면 약 9,000종이 된다.
"All cockroaches are harmful."은 틀리다. "only a few can be considered pests"(극소수만 해충)라고 한다.
"There is consensus ..."는 틀리다. 분류는 "a point of contention"(논쟁거리)이다.
"about 24 different kinds"는 틀리다. 대부분의 사람이 접하는 종은 "no more than a dozen"(12종 이하)이다.
"It is easy to figure out ..."은 틀리다. 몇 개의 과로 나뉘는지 자체가 논쟁거리로 소개되어 있다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
In some cases, a state may be externally sovereign in the sense of being independent and of not belonging to another state. However, its national tasks may be controlled from the outside, for example by a dominant neighboring state. International cooperation and integration between states make it increasingly difficult to argue that all public power in a state comes from the people or another internal source of sovereignty. International cooperation, and the creation of permanent international organizations that comprise several states, is increasingly necessary. Technological progress in the area of transportation and communication has made it more and more irrelevant where goods and services are produced, a trend captured by the term globalization. As people and economies become interconnected, decisions taken in one state may have an impact on the people in another state.

A State and its National Tasks

Public Power and Sovereignty

Global Technological Progress

International Relationship and Independence

Globalization and International Cooperation

가장 적절한 제목은 "Globalization and International Cooperation"(세계화와 국제 협력)이다.
지문은 "International cooperation"이 점점 필요해지고, "As people and economies become interconnected"(사람과 경제가 서로 연결되면서) 한 국가의 결정이 다른 국가에 영향을 준다고 말한다. 곧 세계화가 국제 협력을 요구한다는 흐름이다.
"A State and its National Tasks"는 도입부의 예시만 다룬다.
"Public Power and Sovereignty"는 주권 논의를 꺼내는 부분에 그쳐 글 전체를 담지 못한다.
"Global Technological Progress"는 세계화의 배경으로 언급된 요소일 뿐이다.
"International Relationship and Independence"는 초점이 독립이 되어, 상호 연결을 강조하는 글의 흐름과 어긋난다.

Which of the following is true about Hendra according to the passage?
In Sept. 1994, a violent disease began among a group of racehorses in a small town in Australia. The first victim was a female horse that was last seen eating grass beneath a fruit tree. Within hours, the horse’s health declined rapidly. Three people worked to save the animal—the horse’s trainer, an assistant, and a veterinarian. Nevertheless, the horse died two days later, leaving the cause of her death uncertain.
Within two weeks, most of the other horses in the stable became ill as well. All had high fevers, difficulty breathing, facial swelling, and blood coming from their noses and mouths. Meanwhile, the trainer and his assistant also became ill, and within days, the trainer was dead, too. Laboratory analysis finally discovered the root of the problem: The horses and men had been infected by a virus, Hendra. This virus had originated in bats that lived in the tree where the first horse had been eating grass. The virus passed from the bats to the horse, then to other horses and to people—with disastrous results.

Its symptoms in humans include high fevers, difficulty breathing, and facial swelling.

It can be fatal to both humans and horses.

Horses got infected after eating the contaminated grass near the stable.

It can be transmitted from humans to animals.

Humans got infected directly from bats.

Hendra에 관해 옳은 것은 사람과 말 모두에게 치명적일 수 있다는 내용이다.
첫 감염 말이 죽었고 "the trainer was dead, too"(조련사도 사망했다)라고 하므로, 말과 사람 모두 사망 사례가 확인된다.
"Its symptoms in humans include ..."는 근거가 없다. 고열·호흡곤란·안면 부종은 말들의 증상으로 서술되어 있다.
"Horses got infected after eating the contaminated grass near the stable."은 틀리다. 지문은 바이러스가 박쥐에서 말로 옮겨 갔다고만 하고, 오염된 풀이 감염 경로라고 말하지 않는다.
"It can be transmitted from humans to animals."는 근거가 없다. 지문이 밝힌 전파 방향은 말에서 사람으로("to other horses and to people")뿐이다.
"Humans got infected directly from bats."는 틀리다. 박쥐에서 말을 거쳐 사람으로 옮겨 갔다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage?
We often worry about what others will think of us because of our clothes. But researchers are beginning to think that our clothing has an equally powerful effect on how we see ourselves. Researchers report that there is science behind our style.
(A) The scientists also believe that other kinds of symbolic clothes can influence the behavior of the people wearing them. A police officer’s uniform or a judge’s robe, for example, increases the wearer’s feeling of power or confidence.
(B)In their research, researchers had some participants wear white lab coats similar to the ones scientists or doctors wear. Other participants wore their normal clothes. The participants took a test that measured their ability to pay attention.
(C)The people wearing the white coats performed better than the people in regular clothes. Researchers think that the white coats made the participants feel more confident and careful.

(A) - (B) - (C)

(A) - (C) - (B)

(B) - (A) - (C)

(B) - (C) - (A)

(C) - (A) - (B)

글의 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)가 알맞다.
제시문이 옷의 영향에 관한 연구를 소개하므로 "In their research"로 실험을 설명하는 (B)가 먼저 온다. 이어 "The people wearing the white coats"로 그 결과를 밝히는 (C)가 오고, "also"로 다른 상징적 복장에 확대하는 (A)가 마지막이다.
"(A) - (B) - (C)"는 실험 설명 전에 "also"로 결론을 확장하게 되어 어색하다.
"(A) - (C) - (B)"는 확장과 결과가 실험 설명보다 앞서 어색하다.
"(B) - (A) - (C)"는 실험 결과가 나오기 전에 확대 논의가 끼어든다.
"(C) - (A) - (B)"는 "the white coats"가 처음 등장하기도 전에 결과부터 말하게 된다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Nine judges, called Justices, work for the Supreme Court, and they all listen to every case presented to them. The President chooses the people that he wants to serve on the Court, and the Senate confirms or rejects each of the President’s choices. He or she will remain on the Supreme Court for life. It is a great honor to be selected to serve on the Supreme Court, because it shows that the President and the Senate trust you to interpret the Constitution fairly. The Supreme Court has the power of       . This means they have the power to determine if a law is constitutional. If the Justices decide the law does not line up with the Constitution, the law is invalid forever. It is a very difficult job, and often the Court is split 5-4 on tough decisions because everyone reads the Constitution differently.

judicial review

social discourse

legislative action

legal organization

extrajudicial opinion

빈칸에는 "judicial review"(사법 심사)가 들어가야 한다.
바로 뒤 문장이 "they have the power to determine if a law is constitutional"(법률의 합헌 여부를 판단할 권한)이라고 풀이하므로, 법률의 합헌성을 심사하는 권한을 가리키는 말이 맞다.
"social discourse"(사회적 담론)는 법률의 합헌 판단과 무관하다.
"legislative action"(입법 행위)은 법을 만드는 일로, 법을 심사하는 법원의 권한이 아니다.
"legal organization"(법률 조직)은 권한이 아니라 조직을 뜻한다.
"extrajudicial opinion"(사법 절차 밖의 의견)은 법률을 무효로 만드는 권한과 맞지 않는다.

Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage?
This piece of evidence leads experts to believe that the underground city was built to protect the city’s residents from enemies.

In 1963, a resident of the Cappadocia region of Turkey was doing some renovations on his house. When he knocked down one of his walls, he was surprised to find a hidden room carved into the stone. He explored the room, and found that it led to an underground city. (A) The underground city is over 60 meters deep—deep enough for 20-story building. (B) It contains massive stone doors that could only be opened or closed from the inside. (C) More than 20,000 people could hide inside it. Over 600 doors lead to the city, hidden under and around existing homes. The hidden city had its own religious centers, livestock stables, kitchens, and even schools. (D) However, experts are not sure exactly how old the underground city is, because any records of its construction and use have disappeared. (E)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

주어진 문장은 (C) 자리에 들어가야 한다.
"This piece of evidence"(이 증거)는 적에게서 주민을 보호하려 했다는 판단의 근거를 앞에서 받아야 한다. 바로 앞의 "massive stone doors that could only be opened or closed from the inside"(안에서만 여닫을 수 있는 거대한 돌문)가 방어 목적을 보여 주는 증거다.
(A) 자리는 앞에 지하 도시의 발견 이야기만 있어 증거가 없다.
(B) 자리는 앞 문장이 깊이를 설명할 뿐이고, 깊이는 적을 막는 용도의 증거가 되기 어렵다.
(D) 자리는 앞 내용이 종교 시설·축사·부엌·학교 같은 생활 시설이라 방어 증거와 이어지지 않는다.
(E) 자리는 건설 시기를 알 수 없다는 내용 뒤라 흐름이 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
      . The Portion Cap Ruling, commonly known as the soda ban, was to restrict the sale of sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces in restaurants, movie theaters, sports arenas and delis. The New York State Court of Appeals issued its final decision on the Portion Cap Ruling. The New York City Board of Health, in adopting the ‘Sugary Drinks Portion Cap Rule’, exceeded the scope of its regulatory authority. Without any legislative delegation or guidance, the Board engaged in law-making and thus violated the legislative jurisdiction of the City Council of New York.

New York City lost its final appeal to limit the sale of sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces.

Portion sizes have grown exponentially over the years and rates of obesity have skyrocketed.

We need to change our food environment if we want to reduce obesity rates.

The negative effects of sugary drink over-consumption on New Yorkers’ health are evident.

We hope that we can all work together to promote a healthier food environment for our children to grow up in.

빈칸에는 뉴욕시가 16온스 초과 가당 음료 판매 제한을 위한 최종 항소에서 졌다는 문장이 들어가야 한다.
지문은 뉴욕주 항소법원의 "final decision"(최종 판결)을 전하며, 보건위원회가 "exceeded the scope of its regulatory authority"(규제 권한의 범위를 넘었다)고 설명한다. 빈칸은 이 판결 결과를 요약하는 첫 문장이다.
"Portion sizes have grown exponentially ..."는 비만 추세를 말할 뿐 판결 내용이 없다.
"We need to change our food environment ..."는 지문이 다루지 않는 정책 주장이다.
"The negative effects of sugary drink over-consumption ..."은 건강 문제여서 권한 범위를 따지는 지문과 어긋난다.
"We hope that we can all work together ..."는 소망의 표현으로, 사실을 전하는 지문의 첫 문장으로 맞지 않는다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
The Titanic was the most magnificent ship. It had luxuries and all comforts. It had electric light and heat, electric elevators, a swimming pool, a Turkish bath, libraries, etc. Most of the passengers were emigrants ①who were coming to America with hopes of a better life. The Titanic began to cross the Atlantic ocean on April 10. Nobody on the ship realized how much danger the ship was in. On April 14, at 11:40 p.m., an iceberg ②was spotted straight ahead. The captain tried to reverse the direction of his ship, but he couldn’t because the Titanic was traveling too fast and it was too big. It hit the iceberg and started to sink. The Titanic originally had had 32 lifeboats, but 12 of them ③had been removed to make the ship look better. While the ship was sinking, rich people ④had put on the lifeboats. By the time the third-class were allowed to come up from their cabins, most of the lifeboats ⑤had already left.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 "had put"이며, 수동태 "were put"으로 고쳐야 한다.
주어 "rich people"은 구명정에 태우는 쪽이 아니라 태워지는 대상이고 목적어도 없으므로 수동태를 쓴다. 시제도 "While the ship was sinking"에 맞춰 단순 과거면 된다.
"who were coming"은 선행사 "emigrants"를 받는 주격 관계대명사절의 복수 동사로 옳다.
"was spotted"는 빙산이 '발견된' 것이므로 수동태가 옳다.
"had been removed"는 구명정이 치워진 일이 침몰보다 앞선 일이므로 과거완료 수동태가 옳다.
"had already left"는 "By the time" 과거절보다 앞서 끝난 일이므로 과거완료가 옳다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Early movie star Anna May Wong, who broke into Hollywood during the silent film era, will become the first Asian American to appear on US currency, a century after she landed her first leading role. Wong’s image, with her trademark blunt bangs and pencil-thin eyebrows, will feature on the back of new quarters from Monday. The design is the fifth to emerge from the American Women Quarters Program, which highlights pioneering women in their respective fields. The other four quarters, all put into production this year, feature poet and activist Maya Angelou; the first American woman in space, Sally Ride; Cherokee Nation leader Wilma Mankiller; and suffragist Nina Otero-Warren. The latter two were, along with Wong, selected with input from the public.

Maya Angelou and Sally Ride were chosen by public supports.

Wong’s honor signifies a shift in the Hollywood’s representation of women.

Anna May Wong was never recognized for her achievements during her lifetime.

Wong was the only woman considered for the American Women Quarters Program.

Five new quarters are produced to recognize pioneering women from various fields in the US.

지문과 일치하는 것은 여러 분야의 선구적 여성을 기리는 새 쿼터 동전 5종이 만들어진다는 내용이다.
Wong의 도안이 "the fifth to emerge"(다섯 번째)이고, 프로그램은 "pioneering women in their respective fields"(각 분야의 선구적 여성)를 조명한다. 다른 네 동전도 소개되므로 모두 5종이다.
"Maya Angelou and Sally Ride were chosen by public supports."는 틀리다. 대중 의견으로 뽑힌 인물은 "The latter two"(Mankiller와 Otero-Warren)와 Wong이다.
"Wong's honor signifies a shift ..."는 할리우드의 여성 재현 변화를 말하지 않는 지문에 근거가 없다.
"Anna May Wong was never recognized ..."는 생전 평가를 언급하지 않는 지문에 근거가 없다.
"Wong was the only woman considered ..."는 틀리다. 다른 여성 네 명이 함께 나온다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Have you ever been told not to say something? It is very common for families to have rules about what can or cannot be said at home, but governments do the very same thing. When a government passes a law restricting what people or organizations can say, it is called       .

detention

oppression

censorship

persecution

crackdown

빈칸에는 "censorship"(검열)이 들어가야 한다.
빈칸은 "a law restricting what people or organizations can say"(사람이나 단체가 말할 수 있는 것을 제한하는 법)를 정의하는 자리이므로, 표현을 통제한다는 뜻의 단어가 맞다.
"detention"은 '구금'으로, 말이 아니라 신체를 구속하는 일이다.
"oppression"은 '억압'으로, 표현 제한만을 가리키기에는 범위가 넓다.
"persecution"은 '박해'로, 특정 집단을 괴롭히는 일을 뜻한다.
"crackdown"은 '강력 단속'으로, 표현을 제한하는 법을 가리키는 말이 아니다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
When most people think of the Civil Rights Movement and the people who led it, they think of Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, and other men. But in reality, women were very important participants in the movement. Though women at the time were expected to             , many women became leaders of organizations and protests. However, they are often forgotten in history. Rosa Parks is the most well-known woman in the Civil Rights Movement, but the way her story is told makes her seem like more of a symbol than the important leader that she really was.

implement the rules

activate their thoughts

rebel against society

participate more actively

play a background role

빈칸에는 "play a background role"(뒤에서 보조적 역할을 하다)이 들어가야 한다.
"Though"(비록 ~지만)로 시작하는 절이므로 뒤의 "many women became leaders"(많은 여성이 지도자가 되었다)와 반대되는 내용이 와야 한다. 당시 여성에게 기대된 것은 전면에 나서지 않는 역할이다.
"implement the rules"(규칙을 시행하다)는 지도자가 되는 것과 대조되지 않는다.
"activate their thoughts"(생각을 활성화하다)는 문맥과 무관하다.
"rebel against society"(사회에 저항하다)는 당시 여성에게 기대된 모습이 될 수 없다.
"participate more actively"(더 적극적으로 참여하다)는 뒤 절과 같은 방향이라 역접이 성립하지 않는다.

Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
Marine debris which is known to cause entanglement ①includes derelict fishing gear such as nets and mono-filament line and also six-pack rings and fishing bait box strapping bands. This debris can cause death by drowning, suffocation, strangulation, starvation through reduced ②feeding efficiency, and injuries. Particularly affected ③is seals and sea lions, probably due to their very inquisitive nature of investigating objects in their environment. Entanglement rates in these animals of up to 7.9% of a population ④have been recorded. Furthermore, in some instances entanglement is a threat to the recovery of already ⑤reduced population sizes. An estimated 58% of seal and sea lion species are known to have been affected by entanglement including the Hawaiian monk seal, Australian sea lions, New Zealand fur seals and species in the Southern Ocean.

①

②

③

④

⑤

어법상 틀린 것은 "is"이며, 복수 동사 "are"로 고쳐야 한다.
이 문장은 보어 "Particularly affected"가 앞으로 나간 도치 구문으로, 진짜 주어는 뒤의 "seals and sea lions"이다. 주어-동사 수일치에 따라 복수 동사를 쓴다.
"includes"는 관계절 앞의 단수 주어 "Marine debris"에 맞춘 단수 동사로 옳다.
"feeding"은 "efficiency"와 함께 '섭식 효율'을 이루는 동명사로 옳다.
"have been recorded"는 복수 주어 "Entanglement rates"에 맞고, 비율이 '기록된' 것이므로 수동태도 옳다.
"reduced"는 "population sizes"를 수식하는 과거분사로, 개체 수가 '줄어든' 상태를 나타내어 옳다.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
When it comes to making a cup of coffee, capsules have a reputation for being environmentally unfriendly, as they are often hard to recycle. While coffee is prepared in a variety of ways, coffee capsules have risen in popularity. Despite their popularity, capsules have long divided coffee drinkers who are conscious of the effect their caffeine habit has on the environment. The small plastic or aluminum pods have been criticized for being energy-intensive to produce and for causing unnecessary waste. But new research by the University of Quebec in Canada suggests that pods may not be as wasteful as preparing coffee using a traditional coffee maker, looking at the broader life cycle of a single cup from production to the amount of waste that ends up in a landfill.

Capsules are wasteful and should be banned.

New research suggests how to reduce the amount of waste from making coffee.

All coffee drinkers look for environmentally friendly products.

Capsules may not be as wasteful as other coffee-making methods.

Capsules are the most popular way of making coffee in the world.

지문에서 추론할 수 있는 것은 캡슐이 다른 커피 추출 방식만큼 낭비가 심하지 않을 수 있다는 내용이다.
지문 끝에서 퀘벡 대학 연구는 "pods may not be as wasteful as preparing coffee using a traditional coffee maker"(캡슐이 전통 커피메이커보다 덜 낭비적일 수 있다)라고 하여, 기존 평판과 다른 가능성을 제시한다.
"Capsules are wasteful and should be banned."는 금지를 주장하지 않는 지문에 근거가 없고, 결론과도 반대다.
"New research suggests how to reduce ..."는 틀리다. 연구는 낭비 정도를 비교했을 뿐 감축 방법을 제시하지 않는다.
"All coffee drinkers look for environmentally friendly products."는 틀리다. 지문은 환경을 의식하는 일부 소비자만 언급한다.
"Capsules are the most popular way ..."는 틀리다. 지문은 "risen in popularity"(인기가 높아졌다)고만 한다.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
When cases increase and transmission accelerates, it’s more likely that new dangerous and more transmissible variants emerge, which can spread more easily or cause more severe illness. Based on what we know so far, vaccines are proving effective against existing variants, especially at preventing severe disease, hospitalization and death. However, some variants are having a slight impact on the ability of vaccines to guard against mild disease and infection. Vaccines are likely to stay effective against variants because of the broad immune response they cause. It means that virus changes or mutations are unlikely to make vaccines completely ineffective. WHO continues to constantly review the evidence and will update its guidance as we find out more.

when variants show up

the effectiveness of vaccines

how vaccines respond to variants

what makes vaccines always work

the role of WHO

지문에 언급되지 않은 것은 "what makes vaccines always work"(백신이 항상 듣게 하는 요인)이다.
지문은 변이가 백신을 "completely ineffective"(완전히 무력하게) 만들 가능성은 낮다고 할 뿐이다. 경증과 감염 예방에는 "a slight impact"(약간의 영향)가 있다고 하므로 항상 효과가 있다는 내용은 없다.
"when variants show up"은 언급된다. "When cases increase and transmission accelerates"(환자가 늘고 전파가 빨라질 때)에 나타나기 쉽다고 한다.
"the effectiveness of vaccines"는 언급된다. 중증·입원·사망 예방에 효과적이라고 한다.
"how vaccines respond to variants"는 언급된다. "broad immune response"(폭넓은 면역 반응) 덕분에 변이에도 효과가 유지될 것이라고 한다.
"the role of WHO"는 언급된다. 근거를 지속적으로 검토하고 지침을 갱신한다고 한다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
The James Webb Space Telescope can add another cosmic accomplishment to its list: The space observatory has been used to confirm the existence of an exoplanet for the first time. The celestial body is almost exactly the same size as the Earth. The rocky world is 41 light-years away in the Octans constellation. Previous data collected by NASA had suggested the planet might exist. A team of researchers, led by staff astronomers Kevin Stevenson and Jacob Lustig-Yaeger observed the target using Webb. “There is no question that the planet is there. Webb’s pristine data validate it,” Lustig-Yaeger said in a statement. The planet’s discovery was announced Wednesday at the 241st meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle.

The Indispensable Role of NASA in Astronomy

The James Webb Space Telescope’s Discovery of a Planet

How to Use Space Exploration for Scientific Research

How Many Exoplanets the James Webb Space Telescope Has Found

The Controversy over the James Webb Space Telescope’s Capability

가장 적절한 제목은 "The James Webb Space Telescope's Discovery of a Planet"(제임스 웹 우주망원경의 행성 발견)이다.
지문은 이 망원경이 "to confirm the existence of an exoplanet for the first time"(처음으로 외계 행성의 존재를 확인하는 데) 쓰였다는 소식과 그 행성의 특징·발표 경위를 전한다.
"The Indispensable Role of NASA in Astronomy"는 틀리다. NASA는 이전 자료의 출처로만 언급된다.
"How to Use Space Exploration for Scientific Research"는 활용 방법을 다루지 않는 지문과 맞지 않는다.
"How Many Exoplanets ... Has Found"는 틀리다. 발견 개수가 아니라 한 행성의 확인이 주제다.
"The Controversy over ..."는 틀리다. 지문은 논란이 아니라 "There is no question"(의심의 여지가 없다)이라는 확신을 전한다.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Something was happening to books in 2020 that questions about human existence really were encouraging reading. Certainly, as the first reports came in of pandemic book sales, it did seem that people were at least buying more books. In the UK, physical book sales rose by 6 percent in the week prior to the first national lockdown, paperback fiction sales increased by 35 percent week on week, and Waterstones reported a 400 percent increase of online sales week on week. Physically closed, libraries reported significant growth in new digital users, with Hampshire County Council, for example, seeing an increase in loans of 770 percent. In Denmark, statistics showed that book sales increased by 5.6 percent in 2020 despite shops being closed. In addition, more people than ever subscribed to book streaming services in 2020.

In 2020 people had less interest in questions about human existence.

The pandemic created a moment for boosting sales of books.

More books were sold in Denmark than in the UK.

More people than ever visited libraries in 2020.

The pandemic has stimulated Denmark’s economy.

지문과 일치하는 것은 팬데믹이 도서 판매를 늘리는 계기가 되었다는 내용이다.
지문은 "it did seem that people were at least buying more books"(사람들이 적어도 책을 더 사는 것 같았다)라고 하며, 영국·덴마크의 판매 증가 사례를 든다.
"In 2020 people had less interest ..."는 틀리다. 인간 존재에 대한 질문이 독서를 "encouraging"(장려했다)고 한다.
"More books were sold in Denmark than in the UK."는 근거가 없다. 두 나라의 증가율이 나올 뿐 판매량 비교는 없다.
"More people than ever visited libraries in 2020."은 틀리다. 도서관은 "Physically closed"(물리적으로 닫혔고) 늘어난 것은 디지털 이용자다.
"The pandemic has stimulated Denmark's economy."는 근거가 없다. 지문은 도서 판매만 언급한다.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
While relationships impact the bottom line in any organization, in the not-for-profit world relationships take on even greater importance. Whether you run the local soup kitchen or a membership organization for civil engineers, maintaining good relationships with your members, volunteers, and donors is critical to your success.
In part, this comes from the fact that nonprofits are often seen as not really being businesses, even though many of them have multibillion dollar budgets. But the biggest reason that relationships matter to nonprofits is that the very nature of the operation relies on goodwill and volunteerism. Relationships are the foundation of the reputation and awareness that your public relationships and other marketing efforts have built. And without those relationships chances are no one would be donating or volunteering for anything. So if you don’t have strong communal relationships with your constituencies, your organization will soon cease to survive. This is why it is critical to continuously measure the nature and efficacy of your relations.

The success of a non-profit organization depends on the strength of its relationships with key stakeholders.

The role of non-profit organizations is important for the survival and success of society.

People can make a lot of money based on the public relationships with major organizations.

Non-profit organizations do not necessarily focus on marketing for publicity.

People tend to donate and volunteer for the sake of enhancement of their own self-efficacy.

지문에서 추론할 수 있는 것은 비영리 단체의 성공이 핵심 이해관계자와의 관계에 달려 있다는 내용이다.
지문은 회원·자원봉사자·기부자와의 좋은 관계가 "critical to your success"(성공에 결정적)라고 하고, 관계가 없으면 단체가 "cease to survive"(존속하지 못하게 된다)고 하여 관계가 생존의 기반임을 강조한다.
"The role of non-profit organizations is important for ... society."는 틀리다. 지문의 초점은 사회가 아니라 단체 자신의 생존이다.
"People can make a lot of money ..."는 개인의 수익을 말하지 않는 지문에 근거가 없다.
"Non-profit organizations do not necessarily focus on marketing ..."은 근거가 없다. 지문은 마케팅의 비중을 평가하지 않는다.
"People tend to donate and volunteer ... self-efficacy."는 틀리다. 지문의 "efficacy"는 개인이 아니라 관계의 효능을 가리킨다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
The majestic structures of ancient Rome have survived for millennia. But how did their construction materials help to keep giant buildings like the Pantheon and the Colosseum standing for more than 2,000 years? Roman concrete, in many cases, has proven to be longer-lasting than modern concrete, which can deteriorate within decades. Now, scientists behind a new study say they have uncovered the mystery ingredient that allowed the Romans to make their construction material so durable and build elaborate structures in challenging places such as docks, sewers and earthquake zones. A research team analyzed 2,000-year-old concrete samples from a city wall in central Italy. They found that white chunks in the concrete, gave the concrete the ability to heal cracks that formed over time. The white chunks previously had been overlooked as evidence of poor-quality raw material.

The History of Roman Engineering

The Durability of Ancient Roman Concrete

The Use of Concrete in Modern Construction

The Challenge of Building Structures in Earthquake Zones

The Discovery of a New Type of Concrete in Ancient Rome

가장 적절한 제목은 "The Durability of Ancient Roman Concrete"(고대 로마 콘크리트의 내구성)이다.
지문은 로마 건축물이 오래 버틴 이유를 묻고, "white chunks"(흰 덩어리)가 "the ability to heal cracks"(균열을 메우는 능력)를 주었다고 설명한다. 글 전체가 콘크리트가 오래가는 이유를 다룬다.
"The History of Roman Engineering"은 공학사 전체를 뜻해 범위가 너무 넓다.
"The Use of Concrete in Modern Construction"은 틀리다. 현대 콘크리트는 비교 대상일 뿐이다.
"The Challenge of Building Structures in Earthquake Zones"는 지진 지대가 건설 장소의 예로만 나오므로 맞지 않는다.
"The Discovery of a New Type of Concrete in Ancient Rome"은 틀리다. 새 종류의 발견이 아니라 기존 콘크리트의 성분을 밝힌 내용이다.

Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The term “herd behavior” comes from the behavior of animals in groups, particularly when they are in a dangerous situation such as escaping a predator. All of the animals band closely together in a group and, in panic mode, move together as a unit. It is very unusual for a member of the herd to stray from the movement of the unit. The term also applies to human behavior, and it usually describes large numbers of people acting the same way at the same time. It often has a(n)       , as people’s actions are driven by emotion rather than by thinking through a situation. Human herd behavior can be observed at large­scale demonstrations, riots, strikes, religious gatherings, sports events, and outbreaks of mob violence. When herd behavior sets in, an individual person’s judgment and opinion-forming process shut down as he or she automatically follows the group’s movement and behavior.

rational reasoning

difference with animals

feature of objects

demonstrative event

implication of irrationality

빈칸에는 "implication of irrationality"(비합리성의 함의)가 들어가야 한다.
빈칸 뒤에서 이유를 "people's actions are driven by emotion rather than by thinking through a situation"(행동이 숙고보다 감정에 이끌린다)이라고 밝히고, 끝에서도 판단력이 "shut down"(멈춘다)고 한다. 곧 이성이 작동하지 않는다는 뜻이 필요하다.
"rational reasoning"(합리적 추론)은 지문과 정반대다.
"difference with animals"(동물과의 차이)는 틀리다. 지문은 같은 용어가 사람에게도 적용된다는 공통점을 말한다.
"feature of objects"(사물의 특징)는 사람의 행동을 다루는 지문과 무관하다.
"demonstrative event"(감정을 드러내는 행사)는 행사의 종류를 가리킬 뿐, 판단 없이 군중을 따르는 행동의 성격을 설명하지 못한다.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
California has been struck by a final round of storms, bringing more rain and snow to a state. Rain and snow were expected Monday overnight and into early Tuesday morning in parts of the state. Although weather should improve this week, many areas are currently at risk of floods and landslides. Storms have battered California in recent weeks, flooding communities and forcing evacuations. The back-to-back deluges have eroded roads and felled trees, making each successive storm more liable to cause serious damage as soils weaken. One to three feet of snow fell in parts of California’s Sierra Nevada range over the weekend. As of Monday, eight million people remain under flood watch on California’s central coast, and more than 38,600 customers in the state remained without power on Monday.

The Biggest Loser of Californian Weather

How to Prepare for the Unpredictability of Rain and Storm

Devastated California after a Series of Storms

The Causes and Consequences of Floods in California

California’s Self-Inflicted Disaster of Snow Storms

가장 적절한 제목은 "Devastated California after a Series of Storms"(연이은 폭풍 후 큰 피해를 입은 캘리포니아)이다.
지문은 "Storms have battered California"(폭풍이 강타했다)며 침수·대피, 도로 유실, 정전 등 잇단 폭풍의 피해 상황을 전한다.
"The Biggest Loser of Californian Weather"는 가장 큰 피해자를 가려내지 않는 지문과 맞지 않는다.
"How to Prepare for the Unpredictability of Rain and Storm"은 대비 방법이 나오지 않아 틀리다.
"The Causes and Consequences of Floods in California"는 홍수의 원인 분석이 중심이 아니어서 틀리다.
"California's Self-Inflicted Disaster of Snow Storms"는 자초했다는 내용이 없고 눈보라에 한정되어 틀리다.

Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage?
SHANGHAI, June 9 — Tens of thousands of students and others held a protest rally and marched through the streets of this city today in a demonstration of continued defiance of the Communist leadership.
(A)Estimates of the crowd by reporters and diplomats ranged from about 40,000 to more than 100,000. The rally, coming amid reports that security police were making arrests of participants in the democracy movement in Beijing, reflected a contrast between the two cities.
(B)While the atmosphere in Beijing is solemn and fearful, the events of the day in Shanghai indicate a mood of continued anger and defiance in China’s largest and economically most important city.
(C)The demonstrators, led by students from Shanghai’s many universities and technical institutes, marched to recorded funeral songs lamenting the thousands killed in Beijing when troops crushed the protest movement there.

(A) - (C) - (B)

(B) - (A) - (C)

(B) - (C) - (A)

(C) - (A) - (B)

(C) - (B) - (A)

글의 순서는 (C) - (A) - (B)가 알맞다.
제시문의 시위를 "The demonstrators"로 이어받아 행진을 묘사하는 (C)가 먼저다. 이어 군중 규모와 "a contrast between the two cities"(두 도시의 대비)를 말하는 (A)가 오고, 그 대비를 구체화하는 (B)가 마지막이다.
"(A) - (C) - (B)"는 대비를 꺼낸 (A)와 이를 풀이하는 (B) 사이에 행진 묘사가 끼어든다.
"(B) - (A) - (C)"는 대비의 제시보다 구체적 설명이 앞서 어색하다.
"(B) - (C) - (A)"도 대비를 제시하는 (A)가 맨 뒤로 밀려 순서가 뒤집힌다.
"(C) - (B) - (A)"는 (B)의 구체적 대비가 (A)의 대비 언급보다 먼저 나와 어색하다.