[법원직 9급 영어] 19년 1회차 기출문제 정답·해설 페이지

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
Recent research reveals that some individuals are genetically ①predisposed to shyness. In other words, some people are born shy. Researchers say that between 15 and 20 percent of newborn babies show signs of shyness: they are quieter and more vigilant. Researchers have identified physiological differences between sociable and shy babies ②that show up as early as two months. In one study, two-month-olds who were later identified as shy children ③reacting with signs of stress to stimuli such as moving mobiles and tape recordings of human voices: increased heart rates, jerky movements of arms and legs, and excessive crying. Further evidence of the genetic basis of shyness is the fact that parents and grandparents of shy children more often say that they were shy as children ④than parents and grandparents of non-shy children.

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다음 밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
South Korea is one of the only countries in the world that has a dedicated goal to become the world’s leading exporter of popular culture. It is a way for Korea to develop its “soft power.” It refers to the (A)[tangible / intangible] power a country wields through its image, rather than through military power or economic power. Hallyu first spread to China and Japan, later to Southeast Asia and several countries worldwide. In 2000, a 50-year ban on the exchange of popular culture between Korea and Japan was partly lifted, which improved the (B)[surge / decline] of Korean popular culture among the Japanese. South Korea’s broadcast authorities have been sending delegates to promote their TV programs and cultural contents in several countries. Hallyu has been a blessing for Korea, its businesses, culture and country image. Since early 1999, Hallyu has become one of the biggest cultural phenomena across Asia. The Hallyu effect has been tremendous, contributing to 0.2% of Korea’s GDP in 2004, amounting to approximately USD 1.87 billion. More recently in 2014, Hallyu had an estimated USD 11.6 billion (C)[boost / stagnation] on the Korean economy.

(A) (B) (C)

tangible … surge … stagnation

intangible … decline … boost

intangible … surge … boost

tangible … decline … stagnation

다음 글에서 전체의 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
The immortal operatically styled single Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen was released in 1975 and proceeded to the top of the UK charts for 9 weeks. ① A song that was nearly never released due to its length and unusual style but which Freddie insisted would be played became the instantly recognizable hit. ② By this time Freddie’s unique talents were becoming clear, a voice with a remarkable range and a stage presence that gave Queen its colorful, unpredictable and flamboyant personality. ③ The son of Bomi and Jer Bulsara, Freddie spent the bulk of his childhood in India where he attended St. Peter’s boarding school. ④ Very soon Queen’s popularity extended beyond the shores of the UK as they charted and triumphed around Europe, Japan and the USA where in 1979 they topped the charts with Freddie’s song Crazy Little thing Called Love.

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(A), (B), (C)의 각 부분에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Mel Blanc, considered by many industry experts to be the inventor of cartoon voice acting, began his career in 1927 as a voice actor for a local radio show. The producers did not have the funds to hire many actors, so Mel Blanc resorted to (A)[create/creating] different voices and personas for the show as needed. He became a regular on The Jack Benny Program, (B)[where/which] he provided voices for many characters — human, animal, and nonliving objects such as a car in need of a tune-up. The distinctive voice he created for Porky Pig fueled his breakout success at Warner Bros. Soon Blanc was closely associated with many of the studio’s biggest cartoon stars as well as characters from Hanna-Barbera Studios. His longest running voice-over was for the character Daffy Duck — about 52 years. Blanc was extremely protective of his work — screen credits reading “Voice Characterization by Mel Blanc” (C)[was/were] always under the terms of his contracts.
*personas (극·소설 등의) 등장인물

(A) (B) (C)

create … where … was

create … which … were

creating … where … were

creating … which … was

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
With the present plummeting demand market for office buildings, resulting in many vacant properties, we need to develop plans that will enable some future exchange between residential and commercial or office functions. This vacancy has reached a historic level; at present the major towns in the Netherlands have some five million square metres of unoccupied office space, while there is a shortage of 160,000 homes. At least a million of those square metres can be expected to stay vacant, according to the association of Dutch property developers. There is a real threat of ‘ghost towns’ of empty office buildings springing up around the major cities. In spite of this forecast, office building activities are continuing at full tilt, as these were planned during a period of high returns. Therefore, it is now essential that      .

a new design be adopted to reduce costs for the maintenance of buildings

a number of plans for office buildings be redeveloped for housing

residential buildings be converted into commercial buildings

we design and deliver as many shops as possible

다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하는 것은?
Child psychologists concentrate their efforts on the study of the individual from birth through age eleven. Developmental psychologists study behavior and growth patterns from the prenatal period through maturity and old age. Many clinical psychologists specialize in dealing with the behavior problems of children. Research in child psychology sometimes helps shed light on work behavior. For example, one study showed that victims of childhood abuse and neglect may suffer long-term consequences. Among them are lower IQs and reading ability, more suicide attempts, and more unemployment and low-paying jobs. Many people today have become interested in the study of adult phases of human development. The work of developmental psychologists has led to widespread interest in the problems of the middle years, such as the mid-life crisis. A job-related problem of interest to developmental psychologists is why so many executives die earlier than expected after retirement.

아동심리학의 연구대상은 주로 사춘기 이후의 아동이다.

발달심리학자들은 인간의 일생의 행동과 성장을 연구한다.

아동기에 학대 받은 성인의 실업률이 더 낮은 경향이 있다.

임원들의 은퇴 후 조기 사망이 최근 임상심리학의 관심사이다.

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
One presentation factor that can influence decision making is the contrast effect. For example, a $70 sweater may not seem like a very good deal initially, but if you learn that the sweater was reduced from $200, all of a sudden it may seem like a real bargain. It is the contrast that “seals the deal.” Similarly, my family lives in Massachusetts, so we are very used to cold weather. But when we visit Florida to see my aunt and uncle for Thanksgiving, they urge the kids to wear hats when it is 60 degree outside – virtually bathing suit weather from the kids’ perspective! Research even shows that people eat more when they are eating on large plates than when eating from small plates; the same portion simply looks larger on a small plate than a large plate, and we use perceived portion size as a cue that tells us when we are full.
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The contrast effect is the tendency to  (A)  a stimulus in different ways depending on the salient comparison with  (B) .

(A) (B)

perceive … previous experience

provide … predictive future

perceive … unexpected events

provide … initial impressions

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
Most of the fatal accidents happen because of over speeding. It is a natural subconscious mind of humans to excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. But when we are sharing the road with other users we will always remain behind some or other vehicle. ① Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during accident. Faster vehicles are more prone to accident than the slower one and the severity of accident will also be more in case of faster vehicles. ② Higher the speed, greater the risk. At high speed the vehicle needs greater distance to stop─i.e., braking distance. A slower vehicle comes to halt immediately while faster one takes long way to stop and also skids a ③ short distance because of The First Law of Motion. A vehicle moving on high speed will have greater impact during the crash and hence will cause more injuries. The ability to judge the forthcoming events also gets ④ reduced while driving at faster speed which causes error in judgment and finally a crash.
*severity 심함

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다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
It is first necessary to make an endeavor to become interested in whatever it has seemed worth while to read. The student should try earnestly to discover wherein others have found it good. Every reader is at liberty to like or to dislike even a masterpiece; but he is not in a position even to have an opinion of it until he appreciates why it has been admired. He must set himself to realize not what is bad in a book, but what is good. The common theory that the critical faculties are best developed by training the mind to detect shortcoming is as vicious as it is false. Any carper can find the faults in a great work; it is only the enlightened who can discover all its merits. It will seldom happen that a sincere effort to appreciate good book will leave the reader uninterested.

Give attention to a weakness which can damage the reputation of a book.

Try to understand the value of the book while to read before judging it.

Read books in which you are not only interested but also uninterested.

Until the book is finished, keep a critical eye on the theme.

다음 도표의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 문장은? 

Most Americans are buying organic foods because of health concerns. ① More than half of the public says that organic fruits and vegetables are better for one’s health than conventionally grown produce. ② More than forty percent say organic produce is neither better nor worse for one’s health and the least number of people say that organic produce is worse for one’s health. ③ Fewer Americans say organic produce tastes better than conventionally grown fruits and vegetables. ④ About one-third of U.S. adults say that organic produce tastes better, and over two-thirds of people says that organic and conventionally grown produce taste about the same.

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밑줄 친 brush them off가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Much of the communication between doctor and patient is personal. To have a good partnership with your doctor, it is important to talk about sensitive subjects, like sex or memory problems, even if you are embarrassed or uncomfortable. Most doctors are used to talking about personal matters and will try to ease your discomfort. Keep in mind that these topics concern many older people. You can use booklets and other materials to help you bring up sensitive subjects when talking with your doctor. It is important to understand that problems with memory, depression, sexual function, and incontinence are not necessarily normal parts of aging. A good doctor will take your concerns about these topics seriously and not brush them off. If you think your doctor isn’t taking your concerns seriously, talk to him or her about your feelings or consider looking for a new doctor.
*incontinence (대소변)실금

discuss sensitive topics with you

ignore some concerns you have

feel comfortable with something you say

deal with uncomfortable subjects seriously

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Although we all possess the same physical organs for sensing the world - eyes for seeing, ears for hearing, noses for smelling, skin for feeling, and mouths for tasting - our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak, according to a famous hypothesis proposed by linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. They hypothesized that language is like a pair of eyeglasses through which we “see” the world in a particular way. A classic example of the relationship between language and perception is the word snow. Eskimo languages have as many as 32 different words for snow. For instance, the Eskimos have different words for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed as hard as ice, slushy snow, wind-driven snow, and what we might call “cornmeal” snow. The ancient Aztec languages of Mexico, in contrast, used only one word to mean snow, cold, and ice. Thus, if the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is correct and we can perceive only things that we have words for, the Aztecs perceived snow, cold, and ice as       .

one and the same phenomenon

being distinct from one another

separate things with unique features

something sensed by a specific physical organ

글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
“Soft power” on the contrary is “the ability to achieve goals through attraction and persuasion, rather than coercion or fee.”

The concept of “soft power” was formed in the early 1990s by the American political scientist, deputy defense of the Clinton’s administration, Joseph Nye, Jr. The ideas of the American Professor J. Nye allowed to take a fresh look at the interpretation of the concept of “power,” provoked scientific debate and stimulated the practical side of international politics. ( ① ) In his works he identifies two types of power: “hard power” and “soft power.” ( ② ) He defines “hard power” as “the ability to get others to act in ways that contradict their initial preferences and strategies.” ( ③ ) The “soft power” of the state is its ability to “charm” other participants in the world political process, to demonstrate the attractiveness of its own culture (in a context it is attractive to others), political values and foreign policy (if considered legitimate and morally justified). ( ④ ) The main components of “soft power” are culture, political values and foreign policy.
*contradict 부인하다, 모순되다

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
The rapidity of AI deployment in different fields depends on a few critical factors: retail is particularly suitable for a few reasons. The first is the ability to test and measure. With appropriate safeguards, retail giants can deploy AI and test and measure consumer response. They can also directly measure the effect on their bottom line fairly quickly. The second is the relatively small consequences of a mistake. An AI agent landing a passenger aircraft cannot afford to make a mistake because it might kill people. An AI agent deployed in retail that makes millions of decisions every day can afford to make some mistakes, as long as the overall effect is positive. Some smart robot technology is already happening in retail. But many of the most significant changes will come from deployment of AI rather than physical robots or autonomous vehicles.

dangers of AI agent

why retail is suited for AI

retail technology and hospitality

critical factors of AI development

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
“      ” is the basic understanding of how karma works. The word karma literally means “activity.” Karma can be divided up into a few simple categories — good, bad, individual and collective. Depending on one’s actions, one will reap the fruits of those actions. The fruits may be sweet or sour, depending on the nature of the actions performed. Fruits can also be reaped in a collective manner if a group of people together perform a certain activity or activities. Everything we say and do determines what’s going to happen to us in the future. Whether we act honestly, dishonestly, help or hurt others, it all gets recorded and manifests as a karmic reaction either in this life or a future life. All karmic records are carried with the soul into the next life and body.

It never rains but it pours

A stitch in time saves nine

Many hands make light work

What goes around comes around

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Creating a culture that inspires out-of-the-box thinking is ultimately about inspiring people to stretch and empowering them to drive change. As a leader, you need to provide support for those times when change is hard, and that support is about the example you set, the behaviors you encourage and the achievements you reward. First, think about the example you set. Do you consistently model out-of-the-box behaviors yourself? Do you step up and take responsibility and accountability, focus on solutions and display curiosity? Next, find ways to encourage and empower the people who are ready to step out of the box. Let them know that you recognize their efforts; help them refine their ideas and decide which risks are worth taking. And most importantly, be extremely mindful of which achievements you reward. Do you only recognize the people who play it safe? Or, do you also reward the people who are willing to stretch, display out-of-the-box behaviors and fall short of an aggressive goal?
*mindful 신경을 쓰는, 염두에 두는

책임감 있는 리더가 되기 위해서는 보편적 윤리관을 가져야 한다.

구성원에 따라 다양한 전략과 전술을 수립하고 적용해야 한다.

팀원들의 근무 환경 개선을 위해 외부의 평가를 받아야 한다.

팀원에게 창의적인 사고를 할 수 있는 토대를 만들어줘야 한다.

※ 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.[문17∼문18]
The dictionary defines winning as “achieving victory over others in a competition, receiving a prize or reward for achievement.” However, some of the most meaningful wins of my life were not victories over others, nor were there prizes involved. To me, winning means overcoming obstacles.
My first experience of winning occurred in elementary school gym. Nearly every day, after the warm up of push-ups and squat thrusts, we were forced to run relays. Although I suffered from asthma as a child, my team won many races. My chest would burn terribly for several minutes following theses races, but it was worth it to feel so proud, not because I’d beaten others, but because I had overcome a handicap. By the way, I (A)“outgrew” my chronic condition by age eleven.
In high school, I had another experience of winning. Although I loved reading about biology, I could not bring myself to dissect a frog in lab. I hated the smell of anything dead, and the idea of cutting open a frog (B)disgusted me. Every time I tried to take the scalpel to the frog, my hands would shake and my stomach would turn. Worst of all, my biology teacher reacted to my futile attempts with contempt. After an (C)amusing couple of weeks, I decided get hold of myself. I realized that I was overreacting. With determination, I swept into my next lab period, walked up to the table, and with one swift stroke, slit open a frog. After that incident, I (D)excelled in biology. I had conquered a fear of the unknown and discovered something new about myself. I had won again.
Through these experiences, I now know that I appreciate life more if have to sacrifice to overcome these impediments. This is a positive drive for me, the very spirit of winning.
*asthma 천식 *dissect 해부하다 *futile 헛된, 효과 없는

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

What Winning Is to Me

The Pursuit of Happiness

Winners in the Second Half

Narratives of Positive Thinking

※ 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.[문17∼문18]
The dictionary defines winning as “achieving victory over others in a competition, receiving a prize or reward for achievement.” However, some of the most meaningful wins of my life were not victories over others, nor were there prizes involved. To me, winning means overcoming obstacles.
My first experience of winning occurred in elementary school gym. Nearly every day, after the warm up of push-ups and squat thrusts, we were forced to run relays. Although I suffered from asthma as a child, my team won many races. My chest would burn terribly for several minutes following theses races, but it was worth it to feel so proud, not because I’d beaten others, but because I had overcome a handicap. By the way, I (A)“outgrew” my chronic condition by age eleven.
In high school, I had another experience of winning. Although I loved reading about biology, I could not bring myself to dissect a frog in lab. I hated the smell of anything dead, and the idea of cutting open a frog (B)disgusted me. Every time I tried to take the scalpel to the frog, my hands would shake and my stomach would turn. Worst of all, my biology teacher reacted to my futile attempts with contempt. After an (C)amusing couple of weeks, I decided get hold of myself. I realized that I was overreacting. With determination, I swept into my next lab period, walked up to the table, and with one swift stroke, slit open a frog. After that incident, I (D)excelled in biology. I had conquered a fear of the unknown and discovered something new about myself. I had won again.
Through these experiences, I now know that I appreciate life more if have to sacrifice to overcome these impediments. This is a positive drive for me, the very spirit of winning.
*asthma 천식 *dissect 해부하다 *futile 헛된, 효과 없는

밑줄 친 (A)~(D) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

다음 글의 내용을 요약할 때 빈칸 (A),(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
One classic psychology study involved mothers and their twelve-month-old babies. Each mother was with her baby throughout the study, but the mothers were divided into two groups, A and B. Both groups A and B were exposed to the same situation, the only difference being that group B mothers had to positively encourage their baby to continue playing with the thing in front of them, whereas the mothers in group A just had to be themselves in response to what their baby was playing with.
What were these babies playing with? An extremely large but tame python. The study went as follows: the children from group A were placed on the floor so the python could slither among them. As the fear of snakes is innate in humans but isn’t activated until approximately the age of two, these babies saw the python as a large toy. As the group A babies started playing with the live python, they looked up to see what their mothers were doing. The mothers, who were told to be themselves, naturally looked horrified. Seeing the fear on their mothers’ faces, the babies burst into tears. When it was group B’s turn, as instructed the mothers laughed and encouraged their babies to keep playing with the python. As a result these babies were grabbing and chewing on the python, all because their mothers were supportive of their new toy.
*slither 미끄러져 가다
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 (A)  are learned, usually by children watching a parent’s  (B)  to certain things.

(A) (B)

Rules of the game … support

Preferences for toys … participation

All phobias … reaction

Various emotions … encouragement

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
According to the modernization theory of aging, the status of older adults declines as societies become more modern. The status of old age was low in hunting-and-gathering societies, but it ①rose dramatically in stable agricultural societies, in which older people controlled the land. With the coming of industrialization, it is said, modern societies have tended to ②revalue older people. The modernization theory of aging suggests that the role and status of older adults are ③inversely related to technological progress. Factors such as urbanization and social mobility tend to disperse families, whereas technological change tends to devalue the wisdom or life experience of elders. Some investigators have found that key elements of modernization were, in fact, broadly related to the ④declining status of older people in different societies.

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
Rice stalks lower their heads when they are mature and corn kernels remain on the shoots even when they are ripe. This may not seem strange, but, in reality, these types of rice and corn should not survive in nature. Normally, when they mature, seeds should fall down to the ground in order to germinate. However, rice and corn are mutants, and they have been modified to keep their seeds ①attached for the purpose of convenient and efficient harvesting. Humans have continuously selected and bred such mutants, through breeding technology, in order ②for these phenomena to occur. These mutant seeds have been spread intentionally, ③which means that the plants have become artificial species not found in nature, ④having bred to keep their seeds intact. By nurturing these cultivars, the most preferred seeds are produced.
*germinate 발아하다 **cultivar 품종

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(A), (B), (C)에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?
First impression bias means that our first impression sets the mold (A)[which / by which] later information we gather about this person is processed, remembered, and viewed as relevant. For example, based on observing Ann-Chinn in class, Loern may have viewed her as a stereotypical Asian woman and assumed she is quiet, hard working, and unassertive. (B)[Reached / Having reached] these conclusions, rightly or wrongly, he now has a set of prototypes and constructs for understanding and interpreting Ann-Chinn’s behavior. Over time, he fits the behavior consistent with his prototypes and constructs into the impression (C)[that / what] he has already formed of her. When he notices

her expressing disbelief over his selection of bumper stickers, he may simply dismiss it or view it as an odd exception to her real nature because it doesn’t fit his existing prototype.

(A) (B) (C)

which … reached … that

which … having reached … what

by which … having reached … that

by which … reached … what

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
The wave of research in child language acquisition led language teachers and teacher trainers to study some of the general findings of such research with a view to drawing analogies between first and second language acquisition, and even to ①justifying certain teaching methods and techniques on the basis of first language learning principles. On the surface, it is entirely reasonable to make the analogy. All children, ②given a normal developmental environment, acquire their native languages fluently and efficiently. Moreover, they acquire them “naturally,” without special instruction, ③despite not without significant effort and attention to language. The direct comparisons must be treated with caution, however. There are dozens of salient differences between first and second language learning; the most obvious difference, in the case of adult second language learning, ④is the tremendous cognitive and affective contrast between adults and children.

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않는 것은?
The American physiologist Hudson Hoagland saw scientific mysteries everywhere and felt it his calling to solve them. Once, when his wife had a fever, Hoagland drove to the drugstore to get her aspirin. He was quick about it, but when he returned, his normally ①reasonable wife complained angrily that he had been slow as molasses. Hoagland wondered if her fever had ②distorted her internal clock, so he took her temperature, had her estimate the length of a minute, gave her the aspirin, and continued to have her estimate the minutes as her temperature dropped. When her temperature was back to normal he plotted the logarithm and found it was ③linear. Later, he continued the study in his laboratory, artificially raising and lowering the temperatures of test subjects until he was certain he was right: higher body temperatures make the body clock go faster, and his wife had not been ④justifiably cranky.
*molasses 당밀 **logarithm (수학) 로그

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Saint Paul said the invisible must be understood by the visible. That was not a Hebrew idea, it was Greek. In Greece alone in the ancient world people were preoccupied with the visible; they were finding the satisfaction of their desires in what was actually in the world around them. The sculptor watched the athletes contending in the games and he felt that nothing he could imagine would be as beautiful as those strong young bodies. So he made his statue of Apollo. The storyteller found Hermes among the people he passed in the street. He saw the god “like a young men at that age when youth is loveliest,” as Homer says. Greek artists and poets realized how splendid a man could be, straight and swift and strong. He was the fulfillment of their search for beauty. They had no wish to create some fantasy shaped in their own minds. All the art and all the thought of Greece       .

had no semblance of reality

put human beings at the center

were concerned with an omnipotent God

represented the desire for supernatural power