| Recent research reveals that some individuals are genetically ①predisposed to shyness. In other words, some people are born shy. Researchers say that between 15 and 20 percent of newborn babies show signs of shyness: they are quieter and more vigilant. Researchers have identified physiological differences between sociable and shy babies ②that show up as early as two months. In one study, two-month-olds who were later identified as shy children ③reacting with signs of stress to stimuli such as moving mobiles and tape recordings of human voices: increased heart rates, jerky movements of arms and legs, and excessive crying. Further evidence of the genetic basis of shyness is the fact that parents and grandparents of shy children more often say that they were shy as children ④than parents and grandparents of non-shy children. |
어법상 틀린 것은 “reacting”으로, 문장의 본동사 자리이므로 “reacted”가 되어야 한다.
주어 “two-month-olds”는 관계절 “who were later identified as shy children”의 수식을 받을 뿐이고, 이 주어를 받는 본동사가 따로 없다. 따라서 분사가 아닌 과거시제 동사 “reacted”(반응했다)가 필요하다(문장의 본동사 누락).
- “predisposed”: “be predisposed to”(~하는 경향이 있다)의 수동형으로 맞다.
- “that”: 선행사 “physiological differences”를 받는 주격 관계대명사로 맞다.
- “than”: 앞의 비교급 “more often”과 짝을 이루는 비교 표현으로 맞다.
| South Korea is one of the only countries in the world that has a dedicated goal to become the world’s leading exporter of popular culture. It is a way for Korea to develop its “soft power.” It refers to the (A)[tangible / intangible] power a country wields through its image, rather than through military power or economic power. Hallyu first spread to China and Japan, later to Southeast Asia and several countries worldwide. In 2000, a 50-year ban on the exchange of popular culture between Korea and Japan was partly lifted, which improved the (B)[surge / decline] of Korean popular culture among the Japanese. South Korea’s broadcast authorities have been sending delegates to promote their TV programs and cultural contents in several countries. Hallyu has been a blessing for Korea, its businesses, culture and country image. Since early 1999, Hallyu has become one of the biggest cultural phenomena across Asia. The Hallyu effect has been tremendous, contributing to 0.2% of Korea’s GDP in 2004, amounting to approximately USD 1.87 billion. More recently in 2014, Hallyu had an estimated USD 11.6 billion (C)[boost / stagnation] on the Korean economy. |
(A) (B) (C)
문맥에 맞는 조합은 “intangible … surge … boost”이다.
소프트 파워는 군사력·경제력이 아니라 이미지로 행사하는 힘이므로 “intangible”(무형의)이 맞다. 일본과의 대중문화 교류 금지가 풀려 한국 대중문화의 “surge”(급증)가 촉진되었고, 한류가 한국 경제에 약 116억 달러의 “boost”(부양 효과)를 주었다는 흐름이다.
- “tangible”(유형의)은 군사력·경제력이 아닌 이미지의 힘이라는 설명과 반대된다.
- “decline”(감소)은 금지 해제로 인기가 높아졌다는 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
- “stagnation”(정체)은 한류가 축복이자 GDP에 기여했다는 내용과 모순된다.
The immortal operatically styled single Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen was released in 1975 and proceeded to the top of the UK charts for 9 weeks. ① A song that was nearly never released due to its length and unusual style but which Freddie insisted would be played became the instantly recognizable hit. ② By this time Freddie’s unique talents were becoming clear, a voice with a remarkable range and a stage presence that gave Queen its colorful, unpredictable and flamboyant personality. ③ The son of Bomi and Jer Bulsara, Freddie spent the bulk of his childhood in India where he attended St. Peter’s boarding school. ④ Very soon Queen’s popularity extended beyond the shores of the UK as they charted and triumphed around Europe, Japan and the USA where in 1979 they topped the charts with Freddie’s song Crazy Little thing Called Love.
흐름과 무관한 문장은 프레디의 출생과 인도에서 보낸 어린 시절을 소개하는 문장이다.
글은 1975년 “Bohemian Rhapsody”의 성공과 그 무렵 드러난 프레디의 재능, 이후 퀸의 세계적 인기 확장을 시간 순으로 서술한다. 부모 이름과 기숙학교 이야기는 이 흐름을 끊는다.
- 곡의 길이와 독특한 스타일에도 프레디의 고집으로 발표되어 히트했다는 문장은 첫 문장의 곡 이야기를 이어 간다.
- 이 무렵 프레디의 음역과 무대 장악력이 드러났다는 문장은 성공의 배경을 설명한다.
- 퀸의 인기가 유럽·일본·미국으로 확장되었다는 문장은 이후 행보로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
| Mel Blanc, considered by many industry experts to be the inventor of cartoon voice acting, began his career in 1927 as a voice actor for a local radio show. The producers did not have the funds to hire many actors, so Mel Blanc resorted to (A)[create/creating] different voices and personas for the show as needed. He became a regular on The Jack Benny Program, (B)[where/which] he provided voices for many characters — human, animal, and nonliving objects such as a car in need of a tune-up. The distinctive voice he created for Porky Pig fueled his breakout success at Warner Bros. Soon Blanc was closely associated with many of the studio’s biggest cartoon stars as well as characters from Hanna-Barbera Studios. His longest running voice-over was for the character Daffy Duck — about 52 years. Blanc was extremely protective of his work — screen credits reading “Voice Characterization by Mel Blanc” (C)[was/were] always under the terms of his contracts. *personas (극·소설 등의) 등장인물 |
(A) (B) (C)
어법에 맞는 조합은 “creating … where … were”이다.
“resort to”의 to는 전치사이므로 동명사 “creating”이 온다(전치사 to + 동명사). “The Jack Benny Program” 뒤에는 주어·목적어를 갖춘 완전한 절 “he provided voices …”가 이어지므로 관계부사 “where”가 맞다. 주어 “screen credits”가 복수이므로 동사는 “were”이다(주어-동사 수일치).
- “create”: “resort to”의 to를 to부정사로 오인한 형태로 틀리다.
- “which”: 뒤 절이 완전하므로 관계대명사는 쓸 수 없다.
- “was”: 수식어 “reading …”을 빼면 주어가 복수 “credits”이므로 틀리다.
| With the present plummeting demand market for office buildings, resulting in many vacant properties, we need to develop plans that will enable some future exchange between residential and commercial or office functions. This vacancy has reached a historic level; at present the major towns in the Netherlands have some five million square metres of unoccupied office space, while there is a shortage of 160,000 homes. At least a million of those square metres can be expected to stay vacant, according to the association of Dutch property developers. There is a real threat of ‘ghost towns’ of empty office buildings springing up around the major cities. In spite of this forecast, office building activities are continuing at full tilt, as these were planned during a period of high returns. Therefore, it is now essential that . |
빈칸에는 “a number of plans for office buildings be redeveloped for housing”(사무용 건물 계획 상당수를 주거용으로 재개발해야 한다)가 들어간다.
네덜란드 주요 도시에는 빈 사무 공간이 약 500만 제곱미터인데 주택은 16만 채가 부족하고, 그런데도 사무용 건물 공사는 계속되고 있다. 글 첫머리도 주거와 사무 기능의 교환을 가능하게 할 계획이 필요하다고 말한다.
- 건물 유지비 절감 설계는 공실·주택 부족 문제와 관계가 없다.
- 주거용 건물을 상업용으로 바꾸자는 것은 사무 공간 과잉이라는 내용과 정반대이다.
- 상점을 최대한 많이 짓자는 것도 공급 과잉을 악화시키는 방향이다.
| Child psychologists concentrate their efforts on the study of the individual from birth through age eleven. Developmental psychologists study behavior and growth patterns from the prenatal period through maturity and old age. Many clinical psychologists specialize in dealing with the behavior problems of children. Research in child psychology sometimes helps shed light on work behavior. For example, one study showed that victims of childhood abuse and neglect may suffer long-term consequences. Among them are lower IQs and reading ability, more suicide attempts, and more unemployment and low-paying jobs. Many people today have become interested in the study of adult phases of human development. The work of developmental psychologists has led to widespread interest in the problems of the middle years, such as the mid-life crisis. A job-related problem of interest to developmental psychologists is why so many executives die earlier than expected after retirement. |
글과 일치하는 것은 발달심리학자들이 인간의 일생의 행동과 성장을 연구한다는 내용이다.
“Developmental psychologists study behavior and growth patterns from the prenatal period through maturity and old age”(태아기부터 성숙기·노년기까지)라고 했으므로 일생에 해당한다.
- 아동심리학은 “from birth through age eleven”(출생부터 11세까지)을 연구하므로 사춘기 이후라는 진술은 틀리다.
- 아동기 학대 피해자는 “more unemployment”(더 많은 실업)를 겪는다고 했으므로 실업률이 더 낮다는 진술은 틀리다.
- 임원의 은퇴 후 조기 사망은 임상심리학이 아니라 발달심리학자의 관심사로 제시되었다.
| One presentation factor that can influence decision making is the contrast effect. For example, a $70 sweater may not seem like a very good deal initially, but if you learn that the sweater was reduced from $200, all of a sudden it may seem like a real bargain. It is the contrast that “seals the deal.” Similarly, my family lives in Massachusetts, so we are very used to cold weather. But when we visit Florida to see my aunt and uncle for Thanksgiving, they urge the kids to wear hats when it is 60 degree outside – virtually bathing suit weather from the kids’ perspective! Research even shows that people eat more when they are eating on large plates than when eating from small plates; the same portion simply looks larger on a small plate than a large plate, and we use perceived portion size as a cue that tells us when we are full. |
| ↓ |
| The contrast effect is the tendency to (A) a stimulus in different ways depending on the salient comparison with (B) . |
(A) (B)
요약문 빈칸에는 “perceive … previous experience”가 들어간다.
원래 가격을 알면 스웨터가 싸 보이고, 추운 지역에 사는 아이들에게 화씨 60도는 수영복 날씨이며, 같은 양도 큰 접시에서는 적어 보인다. 모두 자극을 이전 경험과의 비교에 따라 다르게 “perceive”(인식하다)한다는 예이다.
- “provide … predictive future”: “provide”(제공하다)는 자극을 받아들이는 방식이라는 대조 효과의 정의에 맞지 않고, 예측되는 미래도 비교 대상이 아니다.
- “perceive … unexpected events”: 예시의 비교 대상은 원래 가격·익숙한 기후·접시 크기처럼 이미 겪은 것이지 예상치 못한 사건이 아니다.
- “provide … initial impressions”: “provide”로는 자극을 인식하는 경향이라는 정의가 성립하지 않는다.
Most of the fatal accidents happen because of over speeding. It is a natural subconscious mind of humans to excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. But when we are sharing the road with other users we will always remain behind some or other vehicle. ① Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during accident. Faster vehicles are more prone to accident than the slower one and the severity of accident will also be more in case of faster vehicles. ② Higher the speed, greater the risk. At high speed the vehicle needs greater distance to stop─i.e., braking distance. A slower vehicle comes to halt immediately while faster one takes long way to stop and also skids a ③ short distance because of The First Law of Motion. A vehicle moving on high speed will have greater impact during the crash and hence will cause more injuries. The ability to judge the forthcoming events also gets ④ reduced while driving at faster speed which causes error in judgment and finally a crash.
*severity 심함
문맥상 부적절한 낱말은 “short”로, “long”(긴)이 되어야 한다.
느린 차는 곧바로 멈추지만 빠른 차는 멈추는 데 긴 거리가 필요하고 관성(운동 제1법칙) 때문에 미끄러지는 거리도 길다는 흐름이다.
- “Increase”: 속도 증가가 사고 위험과 부상 정도를 키운다는 내용으로 맞다.
- “Higher”: 속도가 높을수록 위험이 크다는 비교 구문으로 맞다.
- “reduced”: 고속 주행 시 상황 판단 능력이 떨어져 판단 착오로 이어진다는 내용으로 맞다.
| It is first necessary to make an endeavor to become interested in whatever it has seemed worth while to read. The student should try earnestly to discover wherein others have found it good. Every reader is at liberty to like or to dislike even a masterpiece; but he is not in a position even to have an opinion of it until he appreciates why it has been admired. He must set himself to realize not what is bad in a book, but what is good. The common theory that the critical faculties are best developed by training the mind to detect shortcoming is as vicious as it is false. Any carper can find the faults in a great work; it is only the enlightened who can discover all its merits. It will seldom happen that a sincere effort to appreciate good book will leave the reader uninterested. |
글의 요지는 판단하기 전에 책의 가치를 이해하려고 노력하라는 것이다.
“he is not in a position even to have an opinion of it until he appreciates why it has been admired”(왜 찬사를 받았는지 이해하기 전에는 의견을 가질 자격조차 없다), “realize not what is bad in a book, but what is good”이 핵심 근거이다.
- 책의 평판을 해칠 약점에 주목하라는 것은 결점 찾기 훈련을 “as vicious as it is false”(틀린 만큼이나 해롭다)라고 비판한 글과 반대이다.
- 흥미 있는 책과 없는 책을 모두 읽으라는 내용은 글에 없다.
- 끝까지 주제에 비판적 시선을 유지하라는 것도 결점보다 장점을 보라는 주장과 어긋난다.

Most Americans are buying organic foods because of health concerns. ① More than half of the public says that organic fruits and vegetables are better for one’s health than conventionally grown produce. ② More than forty percent say organic produce is neither better nor worse for one’s health and the least number of people say that organic produce is worse for one’s health. ③ Fewer Americans say organic produce tastes better than conventionally grown fruits and vegetables. ④ About one-third of U.S. adults say that organic produce tastes better, and over two-thirds of people says that organic and conventionally grown produce taste about the same.
도표와 일치하지 않는 문장은 "over two-thirds of people says that organic and conventionally grown produce taste about the same"(3분의 2 이상이 맛이 비슷하다고 말한다)라고 한 문장이다.
도표에서 "Taste about the same"(맛이 비슷하다)은 59%로 3분의 2(약 67%)에 못 미친다. 같은 문장 앞부분 "About one-third ... taste better"(약 3분의 1이 맛이 더 좋다)는 32%로 맞지만 뒷부분이 틀렸다.
- "More than half of the public says that organic fruits and vegetables are better for one’s health"(절반 이상이 건강에 더 좋다고 함): "Better for health"가 55%로 일치한다.
- "More than forty percent say organic produce is neither better nor worse"(40% 넘게 차이가 없다고 함)와 "the least number of people say that organic produce is worse"(가장 적은 수가 더 나쁘다고 함): 각각 41%, 3%로 일치한다.
- "Fewer Americans say organic produce tastes better"(맛이 더 좋다는 사람은 더 적다): 맛이 더 좋다는 응답 32%가 건강에 더 좋다는 응답 55%보다 적어 일치한다.
| Much of the communication between doctor and patient is personal. To have a good partnership with your doctor, it is important to talk about sensitive subjects, like sex or memory problems, even if you are embarrassed or uncomfortable. Most doctors are used to talking about personal matters and will try to ease your discomfort. Keep in mind that these topics concern many older people. You can use booklets and other materials to help you bring up sensitive subjects when talking with your doctor. It is important to understand that problems with memory, depression, sexual function, and incontinence are not necessarily normal parts of aging. A good doctor will take your concerns about these topics seriously and not brush them off. If you think your doctor isn’t taking your concerns seriously, talk to him or her about your feelings or consider looking for a new doctor. *incontinence (대소변)실금 |
“brush them off”는 “ignore some concerns you have”(환자의 걱정을 무시하다)라는 뜻이다.
앞의 “take your concerns about these topics seriously”(진지하게 받아들이다)와 “and not”으로 대조되므로 무시하다·일축하다의 의미이다. 이어지는 “isn’t taking your concerns seriously”도 같은 뜻을 뒷받침한다.
- “discuss sensitive topics with you”는 좋은 의사가 하는 행동이므로 부정되는 표현과 반대이다.
- “feel comfortable with something you say”는 무시한다는 뜻과 무관하다.
- “deal with uncomfortable subjects seriously”는 오히려 앞의 “take … seriously”와 같은 뜻이다.
| Although we all possess the same physical organs for sensing the world - eyes for seeing, ears for hearing, noses for smelling, skin for feeling, and mouths for tasting - our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak, according to a famous hypothesis proposed by linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. They hypothesized that language is like a pair of eyeglasses through which we “see” the world in a particular way. A classic example of the relationship between language and perception is the word snow. Eskimo languages have as many as 32 different words for snow. For instance, the Eskimos have different words for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed as hard as ice, slushy snow, wind-driven snow, and what we might call “cornmeal” snow. The ancient Aztec languages of Mexico, in contrast, used only one word to mean snow, cold, and ice. Thus, if the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is correct and we can perceive only things that we have words for, the Aztecs perceived snow, cold, and ice as . |
빈칸에는 “one and the same phenomenon”(하나의 동일한 현상)이 들어간다.
아즈텍어는 눈·추위·얼음을 “only one word”로 나타냈고, 사피어-워프 가설대로 단어가 있는 것만 인식한다면 셋을 하나의 현상으로 인식했을 것이다.
- “being distinct from one another”(서로 구별되는)는 단어가 하나뿐이라는 전제와 반대이다.
- “separate things with unique features”(고유한 특징을 지닌 별개의 것)도 같은 이유로 맞지 않으며, 이는 오히려 단어가 많은 에스키모어의 경우에 해당한다.
- “something sensed by a specific physical organ”은 지각이 감각기관보다 언어에 달려 있다는 글의 취지와 어긋난다.
| “Soft power” on the contrary is “the ability to achieve goals through attraction and persuasion, rather than coercion or fee.” |
The concept of “soft power” was formed in the early 1990s by the American political scientist, deputy defense of the Clinton’s administration, Joseph Nye, Jr. The ideas of the American Professor J. Nye allowed to take a fresh look at the interpretation of the concept of “power,” provoked scientific debate and stimulated the practical side of international politics. ( ① ) In his works he identifies two types of power: “hard power” and “soft power.” ( ② ) He defines “hard power” as “the ability to get others to act in ways that contradict their initial preferences and strategies.” ( ③ ) The “soft power” of the state is its ability to “charm” other participants in the world political process, to demonstrate the attractiveness of its own culture (in a context it is attractive to others), political values and foreign policy (if considered legitimate and morally justified). ( ④ ) The main components of “soft power” are culture, political values and foreign policy.
*contradict 부인하다, 모순되다
주어진 문장은 “hard power”의 정의 바로 뒤, “soft power”의 매력을 설명하는 문장 앞에 들어가야 한다.
주어진 문장의 “on the contrary”(반대로)는 앞에서 대조 대상인 hard power가 정의되었음을 전제한다. 또 이어지는 문장의 “charm”(매혹하다)은 주어진 문장의 “attraction and persuasion”을 구체화한다.
- 두 종류의 힘을 제시하기 전에는 대조할 hard power의 정의가 아직 없다.
- “two types of power”를 소개한 직후에도 hard power의 정의가 나오기 전이므로 “on the contrary”가 성립하지 않는다.
- soft power의 구성 요소를 나열하는 마지막 문장 앞은 이미 soft power 설명이 시작된 뒤라 정의가 늦게 나오게 된다.
| The rapidity of AI deployment in different fields depends on a few critical factors: retail is particularly suitable for a few reasons. The first is the ability to test and measure. With appropriate safeguards, retail giants can deploy AI and test and measure consumer response. They can also directly measure the effect on their bottom line fairly quickly. The second is the relatively small consequences of a mistake. An AI agent landing a passenger aircraft cannot afford to make a mistake because it might kill people. An AI agent deployed in retail that makes millions of decisions every day can afford to make some mistakes, as long as the overall effect is positive. Some smart robot technology is already happening in retail. But many of the most significant changes will come from deployment of AI rather than physical robots or autonomous vehicles. |
글의 주제는 “why retail is suited for AI”(소매업이 AI에 적합한 이유)이다.
첫 문장에서 “retail is particularly suitable for a few reasons”라고 한 뒤, 첫째 테스트와 측정이 가능하다는 점, 둘째 실수의 결과가 비교적 작다는 점을 이유로 든다.
- “dangers of AI agent”: 항공기 예시는 소매업과 대비하기 위한 것일 뿐 글의 중심이 아니다.
- “retail technology and hospitality”: 접객업(hospitality)은 언급되지 않는다.
- “critical factors of AI development”: 글은 AI 개발이 아니라 분야별 도입(deployment) 속도를 다룬다.
| “ ” is the basic understanding of how karma works. The word karma literally means “activity.” Karma can be divided up into a few simple categories — good, bad, individual and collective. Depending on one’s actions, one will reap the fruits of those actions. The fruits may be sweet or sour, depending on the nature of the actions performed. Fruits can also be reaped in a collective manner if a group of people together perform a certain activity or activities. Everything we say and do determines what’s going to happen to us in the future. Whether we act honestly, dishonestly, help or hurt others, it all gets recorded and manifests as a karmic reaction either in this life or a future life. All karmic records are carried with the soul into the next life and body. |
빈칸에는 “What goes around comes around”(뿌린 대로 거둔다)가 들어간다.
글은 행동에 따라 그 열매를 거두고, 우리가 하는 말과 행동이 미래에 일어날 일을 결정한다는 카르마(업)의 원리를 설명한다.
- “It never rains but it pours”(불행은 겹쳐 온다)는 행위와 결과의 인과와 무관하다.
- “A stitch in time saves nine”(제때의 한 땀이 아홉 땀을 던다)은 일을 미루지 말라는 뜻이다.
- “Many hands make light work”(여럿이 하면 일이 쉬워진다)는 협동에 관한 속담이다.
| Creating a culture that inspires out-of-the-box thinking is ultimately about inspiring people to stretch and empowering them to drive change. As a leader, you need to provide support for those times when change is hard, and that support is about the example you set, the behaviors you encourage and the achievements you reward. First, think about the example you set. Do you consistently model out-of-the-box behaviors yourself? Do you step up and take responsibility and accountability, focus on solutions and display curiosity? Next, find ways to encourage and empower the people who are ready to step out of the box. Let them know that you recognize their efforts; help them refine their ideas and decide which risks are worth taking. And most importantly, be extremely mindful of which achievements you reward. Do you only recognize the people who play it safe? Or, do you also reward the people who are willing to stretch, display out-of-the-box behaviors and fall short of an aggressive goal? *mindful 신경을 쓰는, 염두에 두는 |
필자의 주장은 팀원이 창의적으로 사고할 수 있는 토대를 리더가 만들어 주어야 한다는 것이다.
“Creating a culture that inspires out-of-the-box thinking”(틀을 벗어난 사고를 북돋는 문화)을 위해 리더가 본보기·격려·보상으로 구성원을 지원해야 한다고 말한다.
- 보편적 윤리관을 가져야 한다는 내용은 글에 없다.
- 구성원별로 다양한 전략·전술을 세우라는 내용도 언급되지 않는다.
- 근무 환경 개선을 위해 외부 평가를 받으라는 내용 역시 글과 무관하다.
The dictionary defines winning as “achieving victory over others in a competition, receiving a prize or reward for achievement.” However, some of the most meaningful wins of my life were not victories over others, nor were there prizes involved. To me, winning means overcoming obstacles.
My first experience of winning occurred in elementary school gym. Nearly every day, after the warm up of push-ups and squat thrusts, we were forced to run relays. Although I suffered from asthma as a child, my team won many races. My chest would burn terribly for several minutes following theses races, but it was worth it to feel so proud, not because I’d beaten others, but because I had overcome a handicap. By the way, I (A)“outgrew” my chronic condition by age eleven.
In high school, I had another experience of winning. Although I loved reading about biology, I could not bring myself to dissect a frog in lab. I hated the smell of anything dead, and the idea of cutting open a frog (B)disgusted me. Every time I tried to take the scalpel to the frog, my hands would shake and my stomach would turn. Worst of all, my biology teacher reacted to my futile attempts with contempt. After an (C)amusing couple of weeks, I decided get hold of myself. I realized that I was overreacting. With determination, I swept into my next lab period, walked up to the table, and with one swift stroke, slit open a frog. After that incident, I (D)excelled in biology. I had conquered a fear of the unknown and discovered something new about myself. I had won again.
Through these experiences, I now know that I appreciate life more if have to sacrifice to overcome these impediments. This is a positive drive for me, the very spirit of winning.
*asthma 천식 *dissect 해부하다 *futile 헛된, 효과 없는
윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
글의 제목으로는 “What Winning Is to Me”(내게 승리란 무엇인가)가 가장 적절하다.
필자는 “To me, winning means overcoming obstacles”(장애를 극복하는 것)라고 정의한 뒤, 천식을 이기고 달린 경험과 개구리 해부에 대한 두려움을 극복한 경험을 예로 든다.
- “The Pursuit of Happiness”(행복의 추구)는 글의 중심인 승리의 의미를 담지 못한다.
- “Winners in the Second Half”(후반전의 승자)는 글 내용과 관련이 없다.
- “Narratives of Positive Thinking”(긍정적 사고의 이야기)은 너무 포괄적이어서 승리의 개인적 정의라는 핵심을 드러내지 못한다.
The dictionary defines winning as “achieving victory over others in a competition, receiving a prize or reward for achievement.” However, some of the most meaningful wins of my life were not victories over others, nor were there prizes involved. To me, winning means overcoming obstacles.
My first experience of winning occurred in elementary school gym. Nearly every day, after the warm up of push-ups and squat thrusts, we were forced to run relays. Although I suffered from asthma as a child, my team won many races. My chest would burn terribly for several minutes following theses races, but it was worth it to feel so proud, not because I’d beaten others, but because I had overcome a handicap. By the way, I (A)“outgrew” my chronic condition by age eleven.
In high school, I had another experience of winning. Although I loved reading about biology, I could not bring myself to dissect a frog in lab. I hated the smell of anything dead, and the idea of cutting open a frog (B)disgusted me. Every time I tried to take the scalpel to the frog, my hands would shake and my stomach would turn. Worst of all, my biology teacher reacted to my futile attempts with contempt. After an (C)amusing couple of weeks, I decided get hold of myself. I realized that I was overreacting. With determination, I swept into my next lab period, walked up to the table, and with one swift stroke, slit open a frog. After that incident, I (D)excelled in biology. I had conquered a fear of the unknown and discovered something new about myself. I had won again.
Through these experiences, I now know that I appreciate life more if have to sacrifice to overcome these impediments. This is a positive drive for me, the very spirit of winning.
*asthma 천식 *dissect 해부하다 *futile 헛된, 효과 없는
밑줄 친 (A)~(D) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
문맥상 부적절한 낱말은 “amusing”(즐거운)으로, “agonizing”(괴로운) 같은 말이 와야 한다.
해부를 하려 할 때마다 손이 떨리고 속이 뒤집혔으며 교사에게 경멸까지 받던 시기였으므로, 그 몇 주는 즐거웠던 것이 아니라 고통스러웠다.
- “outgrew”: 11살 무렵 자라면서 천식을 벗어났다는 뜻으로 맞다.
- “disgusted”: 죽은 것의 냄새를 싫어했으므로 개구리를 가른다는 생각이 혐오감을 주었다는 것은 자연스럽다.
- “excelled”: 두려움을 극복한 뒤 생물학에서 뛰어났다는 흐름으로 맞다.
| One classic psychology study involved mothers and their twelve-month-old babies. Each mother was with her baby throughout the study, but the mothers were divided into two groups, A and B. Both groups A and B were exposed to the same situation, the only difference being that group B mothers had to positively encourage their baby to continue playing with the thing in front of them, whereas the mothers in group A just had to be themselves in response to what their baby was playing with. What were these babies playing with? An extremely large but tame python. The study went as follows: the children from group A were placed on the floor so the python could slither among them. As the fear of snakes is innate in humans but isn’t activated until approximately the age of two, these babies saw the python as a large toy. As the group A babies started playing with the live python, they looked up to see what their mothers were doing. The mothers, who were told to be themselves, naturally looked horrified. Seeing the fear on their mothers’ faces, the babies burst into tears. When it was group B’s turn, as instructed the mothers laughed and encouraged their babies to keep playing with the python. As a result these babies were grabbing and chewing on the python, all because their mothers were supportive of their new toy. *slither 미끄러져 가다 |
| ↓ |
| (A) are learned, usually by children watching a parent’s (B) to certain things. |
(A) (B)
요약문 빈칸에는 “All phobias … reaction”이 들어간다.
뱀에 대한 두려움은 두 살 무렵까지 활성화되지 않는데, 엄마가 겁에 질린 A집단 아기는 울음을 터뜨렸고 엄마가 웃으며 격려한 B집단 아기는 비단뱀을 가지고 놀았다. 즉 공포는 부모의 반응을 보고 학습된다.
- “Rules of the game … support”: 게임 규칙은 실험 내용과 무관하다.
- “Preferences for toys … participation”: 실험의 핵심은 장난감 선호가 아니라 두려움이며, 부모가 함께 놀이에 참여하지도 않았다.
- “Various emotions … encouragement”: A집단 엄마는 격려하지 않고 공포를 드러냈으므로 “encouragement”로는 두 집단을 모두 설명할 수 없다.
According to the modernization theory of aging, the status of older adults declines as societies become more modern. The status of old age was low in hunting-and-gathering societies, but it ①rose dramatically in stable agricultural societies, in which older people controlled the land. With the coming of industrialization, it is said, modern societies have tended to ②revalue older people. The modernization theory of aging suggests that the role and status of older adults are ③inversely related to technological progress. Factors such as urbanization and social mobility tend to disperse families, whereas technological change tends to devalue the wisdom or life experience of elders. Some investigators have found that key elements of modernization were, in fact, broadly related to the ④declining status of older people in different societies.
문맥상 부적절한 낱말은 “revalue”(재평가하다)로, “devalue”(평가절하하다)가 되어야 한다.
현대화 이론은 사회가 현대화될수록 노인의 지위가 낮아진다고 보므로, 산업화와 함께 현대 사회는 노인을 평가절하하는 경향이 있었다는 흐름이다.
- “rose”: 노인이 토지를 지배한 안정된 농경 사회에서 지위가 올라갔다는 대조로 맞다.
- “inversely”: 기술 발전이 클수록 노인의 지위가 낮아지므로 반비례 관계가 맞다.
- “declining”: 현대화 요소가 노인 지위 하락과 관련 있다는 결론으로 맞다.
| Rice stalks lower their heads when they are mature and corn kernels remain on the shoots even when they are ripe. This may not seem strange, but, in reality, these types of rice and corn should not survive in nature. Normally, when they mature, seeds should fall down to the ground in order to germinate. However, rice and corn are mutants, and they have been modified to keep their seeds ①attached for the purpose of convenient and efficient harvesting. Humans have continuously selected and bred such mutants, through breeding technology, in order ②for these phenomena to occur. These mutant seeds have been spread intentionally, ③which means that the plants have become artificial species not found in nature, ④having bred to keep their seeds intact. By nurturing these cultivars, the most preferred seeds are produced. *germinate 발아하다 **cultivar 품종 |
어법상 틀린 것은 “having bred”로, “having been bred”가 되어야 한다.
의미상 주어 “the plants”는 사람에 의해 개량된 대상이므로 완료 분사구문도 수동태여야 한다(분사구문의 태).
- “attached”: “keep + 목적어 + 과거분사”에서 씨앗이 붙어 있게 되는 수동 관계로 맞다.
- “for these phenomena”: to부정사 “to occur”의 의미상 주어를 “for + 명사”로 나타낸 것으로 맞다.
- “which”: 앞 절 전체를 받는 계속적 용법의 관계대명사로 맞다.
| First impression bias means that our first impression sets the mold (A)[which / by which] later information we gather about this person is processed, remembered, and viewed as relevant. For example, based on observing Ann-Chinn in class, Loern may have viewed her as a stereotypical Asian woman and assumed she is quiet, hard working, and unassertive. (B)[Reached / Having reached] these conclusions, rightly or wrongly, he now has a set of prototypes and constructs for understanding and interpreting Ann-Chinn’s behavior. Over time, he fits the behavior consistent with his prototypes and constructs into the impression (C)[that / what] he has already formed of her. When he notices |
| her expressing disbelief over his selection of bumper stickers, he may simply dismiss it or view it as an odd exception to her real nature because it doesn’t fit his existing prototype. |
(A) (B) (C)
어법에 맞는 조합은 “by which … having reached … that”이다.
뒤 절 “later information … is processed”는 완전한 수동태 절이므로 “the mold”를 받는 전치사 + 관계대명사 “by which”가 필요하다. 그가 결론에 도달한 것은 주절보다 앞선 능동 행위이므로 완료 분사구문 “Having reached”가 맞다. “the impression”이라는 선행사가 있으므로 “that”을 쓴다.
- “which”: 뒤 절에 빠진 성분이 없어 관계대명사 단독으로는 쓸 수 없다.
- “Reached”: 과거분사로 시작하면 수동 의미가 되어 목적어 “these conclusions”를 취할 수 없다.
- “what”: 선행사를 포함하는 관계대명사이므로 선행사 “the impression” 뒤에 올 수 없다.
| The wave of research in child language acquisition led language teachers and teacher trainers to study some of the general findings of such research with a view to drawing analogies between first and second language acquisition, and even to ①justifying certain teaching methods and techniques on the basis of first language learning principles. On the surface, it is entirely reasonable to make the analogy. All children, ②given a normal developmental environment, acquire their native languages fluently and efficiently. Moreover, they acquire them “naturally,” without special instruction, ③despite not without significant effort and attention to language. The direct comparisons must be treated with caution, however. There are dozens of salient differences between first and second language learning; the most obvious difference, in the case of adult second language learning, ④is the tremendous cognitive and affective contrast between adults and children. |
어법상 틀린 것은 “despite”로, “though”가 되어야 한다.
“despite”는 전치사라 바로 뒤에 “not without …” 같은 부정어 구를 이끌 수 없다. “though (they acquire them) not without significant effort”처럼 주어·동사가 생략된 양보 접속사 구문이어야 한다.
- “justifying”: “with a view to drawing … and even to justifying”으로 병렬된 전치사 to + 동명사이므로 맞다.
- “given”: “(being) given a normal developmental environment”(정상적 발달 환경이 주어지면)의 수동 분사구문으로 맞다.
- “is”: 주어 “the most obvious difference”가 단수이므로 수일치가 맞다.
The American physiologist Hudson Hoagland saw scientific mysteries everywhere and felt it his calling to solve them. Once, when his wife had a fever, Hoagland drove to the drugstore to get her aspirin. He was quick about it, but when he returned, his normally ①reasonable wife complained angrily that he had been slow as molasses. Hoagland wondered if her fever had ②distorted her internal clock, so he took her temperature, had her estimate the length of a minute, gave her the aspirin, and continued to have her estimate the minutes as her temperature dropped. When her temperature was back to normal he plotted the logarithm and found it was ③linear. Later, he continued the study in his laboratory, artificially raising and lowering the temperatures of test subjects until he was certain he was right: higher body temperatures make the body clock go faster, and his wife had not been ④justifiably cranky.
*molasses 당밀 **logarithm (수학) 로그
문맥상 부적절한 낱말은 “justifiably”로, “unjustifiably”가 되어야 한다.
실험 결과 체온이 높으면 체내 시계가 빨라지므로, 아내가 남편이 느리다고 짜증 낸 것은 근거가 있었다. 즉 아내는 이유 없이(unjustifiably) 짜증 낸 것이 아니었다.
- “reasonable”: 평소에는 합리적인 아내가 화를 냈다는 대비로 맞다.
- “distorted”: 열이 체내 시계를 왜곡했는지 궁금해했다는 내용으로 맞다.
- “linear”: 로그 그래프가 직선으로 나타났다는 실험 결과 서술로 맞다.
| Saint Paul said the invisible must be understood by the visible. That was not a Hebrew idea, it was Greek. In Greece alone in the ancient world people were preoccupied with the visible; they were finding the satisfaction of their desires in what was actually in the world around them. The sculptor watched the athletes contending in the games and he felt that nothing he could imagine would be as beautiful as those strong young bodies. So he made his statue of Apollo. The storyteller found Hermes among the people he passed in the street. He saw the god “like a young men at that age when youth is loveliest,” as Homer says. Greek artists and poets realized how splendid a man could be, straight and swift and strong. He was the fulfillment of their search for beauty. They had no wish to create some fantasy shaped in their own minds. All the art and all the thought of Greece . |
빈칸에는 “put human beings at the center”(인간을 중심에 두었다)가 들어간다.
그리스인은 눈에 보이는 세계에 몰두했고, 조각가는 운동선수의 몸에서 아폴로상을, 이야기꾼은 거리의 사람들에게서 헤르메스를 찾았다. 인간이 그들의 아름다움 추구의 완성이었다.
- “had no semblance of reality”(현실과 닮은 데가 없었다)는 실제 세계에서 만족을 찾았다는 내용과 반대이다.
- “were concerned with an omnipotent God”(전능한 신에 관심을 두었다)은 신조차 인간의 모습에서 찾았다는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
- “represented the desire for supernatural power”(초자연적 힘에 대한 욕망)는 마음속 환상을 만들려 하지 않았다는 내용과 어긋난다.