※밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 표현으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [문18… | [국회직 9급 영어] 26년 1회차 기출문제 상세 페이지

※밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 표현으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [문18.∼문20.]

Scientists usually seek to attribute historical developments to cold economic and demographic factors. This tendency aligns more comfortably with their rational and mathematical methods, which prefer quantifiable data and measurable trends. When examining modern history, however, scholars cannot avoid taking into account non-material factors such as ideology, religion, and culture. The abundance of written evidence forces their hand: documents, letters, and memoirs provide undeniable proof that wars and revolutions were often driven by ideas, beliefs, and values rather than mere shortages of food or fluctuations in population. For instance, we have sufficient records to demonstrate that the Second World War was not simply the result of demographic pressures or economic scarcity, but was deeply shaped by ideological conflicts and cultural forces. Yet the situation changes dramatically when we turn to ancient or prehistoric periods. In the case of the Natufian culture and other preliterate societies, no written documents survive to reveal their thoughts, beliefs, or symbolic systems. Without such textual evidence, historians find themselves compelled to rely on materialist explanations, emphasizing subsistence patterns, demographic pressures, and economic necessity. In these contexts, the materialist school reigns supreme, because it is exceedingly difficult to prove that the preliterate people ____________________.

were influenced by demographic pressures rather than ideological concerns

relied on food shortages rather than cultural traditions

were driven by mathematical methods rather than written evidence

responded to cold economic factors rather than symbolic beliefs

were motivated by faith rather than economic necessity

빈칸에는 “were motivated by faith rather than economic necessity”(경제적 필요가 아니라 신앙에 따라 움직였다)가 들어가야 한다.
글은 문자 기록이 있는 현대사에서는 이념·종교·문화를 고려할 수밖에 없지만, 문자 없는 사회에는 그 증거가 없어 물질주의 설명이 지배한다고 말한다. 따라서 입증하기 어려운 것은 비물질적 동기이다.
“were influenced by demographic pressures rather than ideological concerns”는 인구 압력이 동기라는 내용으로, 물질주의 학파가 내세우는 설명 쪽이다.
“relied on food shortages rather than cultural traditions”도 물질적 요인을 앞세운 것으로 입증이 어려운 대상의 방향이 반대이다.
“were driven by mathematical methods rather than written evidence”는 학자들의 연구 방법을 선사시대 사람들의 동기로 혼동한 것이다.
“responded to cold economic factors rather than symbolic beliefs”도 경제적 요인을 앞세워 물질주의 설명과 같은 방향이다.