[9급 국가직 영어] 16년 1회차 기출문제 정답·해설 페이지

밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The campaign to eliminate pollution will prove __________ unless it has the understanding and full cooperation of the public.

enticing

enhanced

fertile

futile

빈칸에는 "futile"(헛된, 소용없는)이 들어가, 대중의 이해와 협력이 없으면 오염 퇴치 운동이 헛된 것으로 판명될 것이라는 뜻이 된다.
"prove + 형용사"는 '~로 판명되다'이고, 뒤의 "unless it has the understanding and full cooperation of the public"(대중의 이해와 전폭적인 협력이 없다면)은 부정적 조건이므로 실패를 뜻하는 형용사가 필요하다.
"enticing"(유혹적인, 매력적인): 긍정적 의미라 부정 조건절과 맞지 않는다.
"enhanced"(강화된, 향상된): 협력이 없을 때의 결과로 어울리지 않는다.
"fertile"(비옥한, 생산적인): 역시 긍정적 의미라 문맥에 반한다.

밑줄 친 부분과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은?
Up to now, newspaper articles have only scratched the surface of this tremendously complex issue.

superficially dealt with

hit the nail on the head of

seized hold of

positively followed up on

밑줄 친 "scratched the surface of"(~의 겉만 건드리다)와 가장 가까운 것은 "superficially dealt with"(피상적으로 다루었다)이다.
"only"와 함께 쓰여 "this tremendously complex issue"(이 엄청나게 복잡한 문제)를 겉핥기로만 다루었다는 의미가 된다.
"hit the nail on the head of"(정곡을 찔렀다): 핵심을 정확히 짚었다는 뜻으로 정반대에 가깝다.
"seized hold of"(꽉 붙잡았다, 장악했다): 피상적 접근과 의미가 다르다.
"positively followed up on"(적극적으로 후속 조치를 했다): 깊이 있는 대응을 뜻해 맞지 않는다.

밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
A : I'd like to get a refund for this tablecloth I bought here yesterday.
B : Is there a problem with the tablecloth?
A : It doesn't fit our table and I would like to return it. Here is my receipt.
B : I'm sorry, but this tablecloth was a final sale item, and it cannot be refunded.
A : __________
B : It's written at the bottom of the receipt.

Nobody mentioned that to me.

Where is the price tag?

What's the problem with it?

I got a good deal on it.

빈칸에는 "Nobody mentioned that to me."(아무도 저에게 그 말을 해 주지 않았어요)가 가장 적절하다.
B가 "final sale item"(최종 할인 품목)이라 환불이 안 된다고 하자 A가 그런 안내를 못 들었다고 항의하고, B가 "It's written at the bottom of the receipt."(영수증 하단에 적혀 있습니다)라고 답하는 흐름이 자연스럽다.
"Where is the price tag?"(가격표는 어디 있나요?): 환불 불가 통보에 대한 반응이 아니며 영수증 안내와도 맞지 않는다.
"What's the problem with it?"(무슨 문제가 있나요?): 문제를 물은 쪽은 이미 B였고 대화 흐름에 맞지 않는다.
"I got a good deal on it."(싸게 잘 샀어요): 환불을 요구하는 상황과 무관하다.

밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
A : Hello? Hi, Stephanie. I'm on my way to the office. Do you need anything?
B : Hi, Luke. Can you please pick up extra paper for the printer?
A : What did you say? Did you say to pick up ink for the printer? Sorry, __________
B : Can you hear me now? I said I need more paper for the printer.
A : Can you repeat that, please?
B : Never mind. I'll text you.
A : Okay. Thanks, Stephanie. See you soon.

My phone has really bad reception here.

I couldn't pick up more paper.

I think I've dialed the wrong number.

I'll buy each item separately this time.

빈칸에는 "My phone has really bad reception here."(여기 전화 수신 상태가 정말 안 좋아)가 들어가야 한다.
A는 "paper"를 "ink"로 잘못 알아듣고, B는 "Can you hear me now?"(이제 들려?)라고 묻고, A는 다시 "Can you repeat that, please?"라고 하므로 통화 상태가 나쁜 상황이다.
"I couldn't pick up more paper."(종이를 더 사 오지 못했어): A는 아직 사무실로 가는 중이라 맞지 않는다.
"I think I've dialed the wrong number."(번호를 잘못 건 것 같아): 이미 Stephanie와 통화 중임을 알고 있다.
"I'll buy each item separately this time."(이번엔 품목을 따로 살게): 잘 안 들린다는 흐름과 무관하다.

우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은?

나의 이모는 파티에서 그녀를 만난 것을 기억하지 못했다.
→My aunt didn't remember meeting her at the party.

나의 첫 책을 쓰는 데 40년이 걸렸다.
→It took me 40 years to write my first book.

학교에서 집으로 걸어오고 있을 때 강풍에 내 우산이 뒤집혔다.
→A strong wind blew my umbrella inside out as I was walking home from school.

끝까지 생존하는 생물은 가장 강한 생물도, 가장 지적인 생물도 아니고, 변화에 가장 잘 반응하는 생물이다.
→It is not the strongest of the species, nor the most intelligent, or the one most responsive to change that survives to the end.

잘못 옮긴 것은 생존하는 생물에 관한 문장으로, 'A도 B도 아니고 C'는 "not A, nor B, but C"로 써야 하는데 "or the one most responsive to change"로 써서 틀렸다.
상관접속사 not A but B에 따라 "It is not the strongest of the species, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change that survives to the end."가 올바르다.
"My aunt didn't remember meeting her at the party.": remember + -ing는 '(과거에) ~한 것을 기억하다'로 옳다.
"It took me 40 years to write my first book.": It takes + 사람 + 시간 + to부정사(~하는 데 시간이 걸리다) 구문으로 옳다.
"A strong wind blew my umbrella inside out as I was walking home from school.": blow ~ inside out(~을 뒤집다)과 접속사 as(~할 때) + 과거진행이 옳다.

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
After analyzing a mass of data on job interview results, a research team discovered a surprising reality. Did the likelihood of being hired depend on qualifications? Or was it work experience? In fact, it was neither. It was just one important factor: did the candidate appear to be a pleasant person. Those candidates who had managed to ingratiate themselves were very likely to be offered a position; they had charmed their way to success. Some had made a special effort to smile and maintain eye contact. Others had praised the organization. This positivity had convinced the interviewers that such pleasant and socially skilled applicants would fit well into the workplace, and so should be offered a job.

To Get a Job, Be a Pleasant Person

More Qualifications Bring Better Chances

It Is Ability That Counts, Not Personality

Show Yourself As You Are at an Interview

글의 제목으로는 "To Get a Job, Be a Pleasant Person"(취업하려면 호감 가는 사람이 되어라)이 가장 적절하다.
채용 여부는 자격도 경력도 아니었다("it was neither")고 하고, 유일한 요인은 "did the candidate appear to be a pleasant person"이었으며 호감을 산 지원자들이 "charmed their way to success"(매력으로 성공을 얻었다)고 한다.
"More Qualifications Bring Better Chances": 글은 자격이 결정 요인이 아니라고 한다.
"It Is Ability That Counts, Not Personality": 능력보다 호감이 중요하다는 글의 내용과 정반대다.
"Show Yourself As You Are at an Interview": 글은 미소·눈 맞춤·칭찬으로 호감을 사려 노력한("ingratiate themselves") 지원자를 다루며, 있는 그대로 보이라는 내용이 아니다.

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Most writers lead double lives. They earn good money at legitimate professions, and carve out time for their writing as best they can: early in the morning, late at night, weekends, vacations. William Carlos Williams and Louis-Ferdinand Céline were doctors. Wallace Stevens worked for an insurance company. T.S. Elliot was a banker, then a publisher. Don DeLilo, Peter Carey, Salman Rushdie, and Elmore Leonard all worked for long stretches in advertising. Other writers teach. That is probably the most common solution today, and with every major university and college offering so-called creative writing courses, novelists and poets are continually scratching and scrambling to land themselves a spot. Who can blame them? The salaries might not be big, but the work is steady and the hours are good.

Some writers struggle for teaching positions to teach creative writing courses.

As a doctor, William Carlos Williams tried to find the time to write.

Teaching is a common way for writers to make a living today.

Salman Rushdie worked briefly in advertising with great triumph.

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 "Salman Rushdie worked briefly in advertising with great triumph."이다.
지문은 Salman Rushdie 등이 "all worked for long stretches in advertising"(오랜 기간 광고업에 종사했다)이라고 하므로 '잠깐'(briefly) 일했다는 진술과 어긋나고, 큰 성공에 대한 언급도 없다.
"Some writers struggle for teaching positions to teach creative writing courses.": "continually scratching and scrambling to land themselves a spot"(자리를 얻으려 끊임없이 애쓴다)과 일치한다.
"As a doctor, William Carlos Williams tried to find the time to write.": 그는 의사였고 작가들은 "carve out time for their writing as best they can"(최선을 다해 글 쓸 시간을 낸다)이라 했으므로 일치한다.
"Teaching is a common way for writers to make a living today.": "That is probably the most common solution today"와 일치한다.

글의 흐름상 가장 어색한 문장은?
One of the largest celebrations of the passage of young girls into womanhood occurs in Latin American and Hispanic cultures. This event is called La Quinceañera, or the fifteenth year. ①It acknowledges that a young woman is now of marriageable age. The day usually begins with a Mass of Thanksgiving. ②By comparing the rites of passage of one culture with those of another, we can assess differences in class status. The young woman wears a full-length white or pastel-colored dress and is attended by fourteen friends and relatives who serve as maids of honor and male escorts. ③Her parents and godparents surround her at the foot of the altar. When the Mass ends, other young relatives give small gifts to those who attended, while the Quinceañera herself places a bouquet of flowers on the altar of the Virgin. ④Following the Mass is an elaborate party, with dancing, cake, and toasts. Finally, to end the evening, the young woman dances a waltz with her favorite escort.

①

②

③

④

글의 흐름상 어색한 문장은 "By comparing the rites of passage of one culture with those of another, we can assess differences in class status."(한 문화의 통과의례를 다른 문화와 비교해 계층 차이를 평가할 수 있다)이다.
글은 성년 축하 행사인 La Quinceañera가 미사에서 시작해 드레스와 수행원, 선물과 꽃다발, 파티, 왈츠로 이어지는 진행 과정을 묘사하는데, 이 문장만 문화 간 비교와 계층 평가라는 무관한 내용을 다룬다.
"It acknowledges that a young woman is now of marriageable age.": 행사의 의미를 설명하므로 자연스럽다.
"Her parents and godparents surround her at the foot of the altar.": 미사 중의 장면으로 흐름에 맞는다.
"Following the Mass is an elaborate party, with dancing, cake, and toasts.": 미사 이후의 순서로 마지막 왈츠 장면과 이어진다.

주어진 문장이 들어갈 위치로 가장 적절한 곳은?
He dismally fails the first two, but redeems himself in the concluding whale episode, where he does indeed demonstrate courage, honesty, and unselfishness.
Disney's work draws heavily from fairy tales, myths, and folklore, which are profuse in archetypal elements. ( ① ) Pinocchio is a good example of how these elements can be emphasized rather than submerged beneath a surface realism. ( ② ) Early in the film, the boy/puppet Pinocchio is told that in order to be a "real boy," he must show that he is "brave, truthful, and unselfish." ( ③ ) The three principal episodes of the movie represent ritualistic trials, testing the youth's moral fortitude. ( ④ ) As such, like most of Disney's works, the values in Pinocchio are traditional and conservative, an affirmation of the sanctity of the family unit, the importance of a Higher Power in guiding our destinies, and the need to play by society's rules.

①

②

③

④

주어진 문장은 "testing the youth's moral fortitude." 뒤, "As such" 앞에 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다.
주어진 문장의 "the first two"(처음 두 개)는 "The three principal episodes of the movie represent ritualistic trials"(세 가지 주요 에피소드는 의례적 시험)를 받아야 하며, 고래 에피소드에서 "courage, honesty, and unselfishness"를 보여 시험을 통과한 뒤 "As such"(그러므로)로 전통적 가치관이라는 결론이 이어진다.
"Pinocchio is a good example …" 앞: 세 에피소드가 아직 언급되지 않아 "the first two"가 가리킬 대상이 없다.
"Early in the film …" 앞: 역시 시험이 되는 에피소드가 제시되기 전이다.
"The three principal episodes …" 앞: "brave, truthful, and unselfish" 직후라 그럴듯해 보이지만 "the first two"의 선행사가 아직 나오지 않았다.

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Stanislavski was fortunate in many ways. He was the son of a wealthy man who could give him the advantages of a broad education, the opportunity to see the greatest exponents of theatre art at home and abroad. He acquired a great reputation because he had set high goals and never faltered along the hard road leading to them. His personal integrity and inexhaustible capacity for work contributed to making him a professional artist of the first rank. Stanislavski was also richly endowed by nature with a handsome exterior, fine voice and genuine talent. As an actor, director and teacher, he was destined to influence and inspire the many who worked with him and under him or who had the privilege of seeing him on the stage.

Stanislavski was born with attractive features.

Stanislavski remained uninfluential on his colleagues throughout his life.

Stanislavski's father was affluent enough to support his education.

Stanislavski became a top-ranked artist by the aid of his upright character and untiring competence.

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 "Stanislavski remained uninfluential on his colleagues throughout his life."(평생 동료들에게 영향력이 없었다)이다.
지문은 그가 "destined to influence and inspire the many who worked with him and under him"(함께 또 그 밑에서 일한 많은 사람에게 영향과 영감을 줄 운명)이었다고 한다.
"Stanislavski was born with attractive features.": "richly endowed by nature with a handsome exterior"(타고난 잘생긴 외모)와 일치한다.
"Stanislavski's father was affluent enough to support his education.": "the son of a wealthy man who could give him the advantages of a broad education"과 일치한다.
"Stanislavski became a top-ranked artist by the aid of his upright character and untiring competence.": "His personal integrity and inexhaustible capacity for work contributed to making him a professional artist of the first rank"와 일치한다.

밑줄 친 부분과 의미가 가장 가까운 것을 고르시오.
It was personal. Why did you have to stick your nose in?

hurry

interfere

sniff

resign

밑줄 친 "stick your nose in"(참견하다, 끼어들다)과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 "interfere"(간섭하다)이다.
"It was personal."(개인적인 일이었어)라고 한 뒤 "Why did you have to stick your nose in?"이라고 따지므로 남의 일에 끼어든 것을 나무라는 말이다.
"hurry"(서두르다): 참견과 무관하다.
"sniff"(냄새를 맡다, 코웃음 치다): 'nose'에서 연상되는 함정일 뿐 관용 의미가 아니다.
"resign"(사임하다, 체념하다): 문맥과 맞지 않는다.

밑줄 친 부분과 의미가 가장 가까운 것을 고르시오.
Newton made unprecedented contributions to mathematics, optics, and mechanical physics.

mediocre

suggestive

unsurpassed

provocative

밑줄 친 "unprecedented"(전례 없는)와 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 "unsurpassed"(능가할 것이 없는, 탁월한)이다.
뉴턴이 수학·광학·역학에 남긴 공헌이 이전에 없던 비할 데 없는 수준이었다는 뜻이다.
"mediocre"(평범한, 그저 그런): 정반대 의미다.
"suggestive"(암시적인, 시사하는): 공헌의 정도를 나타내지 않는다.
"provocative"(도발적인, 자극적인): 문맥과 맞지 않는다.

어법상 옳은 것은?

Jessica is a much careless person who makes little effort to improve her knowledge.

But he will come or not is not certain.

The police demanded that she not leave the country for the time being.

The more a hotel is expensiver, the better its service is.

어법상 옳은 것은 "The police demanded that she not leave the country for the time being."이다.
요구·주장·명령 동사(demand) 뒤 that절이 당위를 나타내면 (should) + 동사원형을 쓰므로, should가 생략된 부정형 "not leave"가 옳다.
"Jessica is a much careless person …": much는 비교급을 수식하므로 원급 형용사 앞에서는 very를 써서 "a very careless person"이 되어야 한다.
"But he will come or not is not certain.": 주어 역할의 명사절을 이끄는 접속사가 필요하므로 "Whether he will come or not is not certain."이 되어야 한다.
"The more a hotel is expensiver, the better its service is.": 'the 비교급 + 주어 + 동사' 구문으로 "The more expensive a hotel is, the better its service is."가 되어야 한다(expensive의 비교급은 more expensive).

글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Character is a respect for human beings and the right to interpret experience differently. Character admits self-interest as a natural trait, but pins its faith on man's hesitant but heartening instinct to cooperate. Character is allergic to tyranny, irritable with ignorance and always open to improvement. Character is, above all, a tremendous humility before the facts—an automatic alliance with truth even when that truth is bitter medicine.

Character's Resistance to Truth

How to Cooperate with Characters

The Ignorance of Character

What Character Means

글의 제목으로는 "What Character Means"(성품이란 무엇인가)가 가장 적절하다.
글 전체가 "Character is a respect for human beings …", "Character admits …", "Character is allergic to tyranny …"처럼 성품의 정의와 특성을 나열한다.
"Character's Resistance to Truth": 성품은 "an automatic alliance with truth"(진실과의 자동적 동맹)라고 하여 정반대다.
"How to Cooperate with Characters": 협력 본능은 특성 중 하나로 언급될 뿐 협력 방법을 다루지 않는다.
"The Ignorance of Character": 성품은 "irritable with ignorance"(무지를 못 견딘다)라고 하여 맞지 않는다.

글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Children who under-achieve at school may just have poor working memory rather than low intelligence. Researchers from a university surveyed more than 3,000 primary school children of all ages and found that 10% of them suffer from poor working memory, which seriously impedes their learning. Nationally, this equates to almost 500,000 children in primary education being affected. The researchers also found that teachers rarely identify poor working memory and often describe children with this problem as inattentive or less intelligent.

children's identification with teachers at school

low intelligence of primary school children

influence of poor working memory on primary school children

teachers' efforts to solve children's working-memory problem

글의 주제로는 "influence of poor working memory on primary school children"(초등학생에게 미치는 낮은 작업 기억력의 영향)이 가장 적절하다.
성취가 낮은 아이들은 "poor working memory rather than low intelligence"를 가졌을 수 있으며, 이것이 "seriously impedes their learning"(학습을 심각하게 방해한다)고 설명한다.
"children's identification with teachers at school": 아이들이 교사와 동일시한다는 내용은 없다.
"low intelligence of primary school children": 글은 오히려 지능이 낮은 것이 아니라고 한다.
"teachers' efforts to solve children's working-memory problem": 교사들은 이 문제를 "rarely identify"(거의 알아채지 못한다)라고 하여 맞지 않는다.

글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?
A new study by Harvard researchers may provide a compelling reason to remove canned soup and juice from your dining table. People who ate one serving of canned food daily over the course of five days, the study found, had significantly elevated levels—more than a tenfold increase—of bisphenol-A, or BPA, a substance that lines most food and drink cans. Public health officials in the United States have come under increasing pressure to regulate it. Some of the research on BPA shows that it is linked to a higher risk of cancer, heart disease, and obesity. Some researchers, though, counter that its reputation as a health threat to people is exaggerated. The new study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association is the first to measure the amounts of BPA that are ingested when people eat food that comes directly out of a can.

하버드의 새로운 연구가 통조림 음식의 안전성을 입증하였다.

비스페놀 A와 암, 심장병, 비만의 연관성이 과장되었다는 데에 모든 학자들이 동의한다.

통조림 음식으로부터 사람의 몸에 유입된 비스페놀 A의 양이 아직 측정되지 않았다.

미국의 보건 관리들은 비스페놀 A를 규제하라는 압력을 점점 더 받고 있다.

글의 내용과 일치하는 것은 미국 보건 관리들이 비스페놀 A 규제 압력을 점점 더 받고 있다는 진술이다.
지문의 "Public health officials in the United States have come under increasing pressure to regulate it"(미국 보건 관리들은 그것을 규제하라는 커지는 압력을 받아 왔다)와 일치한다.
하버드 연구가 통조림 음식의 안전성을 입증했다는 진술: 연구는 통조림을 식탁에서 치울 "a compelling reason"(설득력 있는 이유)을 제시하며 BPA 수치가 10배 이상 증가했다고 한다.
연관성이 과장되었다는 데 모든 학자가 동의한다는 진술: "Some researchers, though, counter …"라고 일부 연구자만 반박한다.
통조림을 통해 유입된 BPA 양이 아직 측정되지 않았다는 진술: 새 연구가 그 양을 측정한 "the first"(최초의) 연구라고 한다.

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
All animals have the same kind of brain activation during sleep as humans. Whether or not they dream is another question, which can be answered only by posing another one : Do animals have consciousness?
(A) These are three of the key aspects of consciousness, and they could be experienced whether or not an animal had verbal language as we do. When the animal's brain is activated during sleep, why not assume that the animal has some sort of perceptual, emotional, and memory experience?
(B) Many scientists today feel that animals probably do have a limited form of consciousness, quite different from ours in that it lacks language and the capacity for propositional or symbolic thought.
(C) Animals certainly can't report dreams even if they do have them. But which pet owner would doubt that his or her favourite animal friend has perception, memory, and emotion?

(A)－(B)－(C)

(A)－(C)－(B)

(B)－(C)－(A)

(C)－(B)－(A)

이어질 글의 순서는 (B)－(C)－(A)가 가장 적절하다.
주어진 글의 질문 "Do animals have consciousness?"에 (B)가 동물도 "a limited form of consciousness"를 가진다고 답하고, (C)가 꿈을 보고할 수는 없어도 반려동물의 "perception, memory, and emotion"을 누가 의심하겠냐고 하며, (A)의 "These are three of the key aspects"가 이 세 가지를 받는다.
(A)－(B)－(C): (A)의 "These"(이 세 가지)가 가리킬 대상이 주어진 글에 없다.
(A)－(C)－(B): 마찬가지로 (A)가 맨 앞에 오면 "These"의 지시 대상이 없다.
(C)－(B)－(A): (A)의 "These"는 (C)의 지각·기억·감정을 받아야 하므로 (C) 바로 뒤에 와야 하며, 질문에 대한 직접 답인 (B)가 먼저 와야 한다.

밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳은 것은?
①As the old saying go, you are what you eat. The foods you eat ②obvious affect your body's performance. They may also influence how your brain handles tasks. If your brain handles them well, you think more clearly, and you are more emotionally stable. The right food can ③help you being concentrated, keep you motivated, sharpen your memory, speed your reaction time, reduce stress, and perhaps ④even prevent your brain from aging.

①

②

③

④

어법상 옳은 것은 "even prevent your brain from aging"으로, 'prevent + 목적어 + from -ing'(~가 …하지 못하게 막다) 구문이 바르게 쓰였다.
나머지 밑줄은 수일치·품사·준동사 규칙을 어겼다.
"As the old saying go": 주어 "the old saying"이 단수이므로 주어-동사 수일치에 따라 "goes"가 되어야 한다.
"obvious affect your body's performance": 동사 affect를 수식하므로 형용사가 아닌 부사 "obviously"가 되어야 한다.
"help you being concentrated": help + 목적어 + (to) 동사원형 구문이므로 "help you (to) concentrate"가 되어야 한다.

밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
There's a knock at your door. Standing in front of you is a young man who needs help. He's injured and is bleeding. You take him in and help him, make him feel comfortable and safe and phone for an ambulance. This is clearly the right thing to do. But if you help him just because you feel sorry for him, according to Immanuel Kant, __________. Your sympathy is irrelevant to the morality of your action. That's part of your character, but nothing to do with right and wrong. Morality for Kant wasn't just about what you do, but about why you do it. Those who do the right thing don't do it simply because of how they feel: the decision has to be based on reason, reason that tells you what your duty is, regardless of how you happen to feel.

that wouldn't be a moral action at all

your action is founded on reason

then you're exhibiting ethical behavior

you're encouraging him to be an honest person

빈칸에는 "that wouldn't be a moral action at all"(그것은 전혀 도덕적 행동이 아닐 것이다)이 가장 적절하다.
뒤이어 "Your sympathy is irrelevant to the morality of your action"(동정심은 행동의 도덕성과 무관하다), 결정은 "has to be based on reason … regardless of how you happen to feel"이라고 하므로, 칸트에 따르면 동정심 때문에 도운 것은 도덕적 행동이 아니다.
"your action is founded on reason": 동정심은 감정이므로 이성에 근거한다는 말과 모순된다.
"then you're exhibiting ethical behavior": 감정에 따른 행동을 도덕적이라 하는 것으로 글의 논지와 정반대다.
"you're encouraging him to be an honest person": 행동의 도덕성 기준과 무관한 내용이다.

밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
A group of tribes and genera of hopping reptiles, small creatures of the dinosaur type, seem to have been pushed by competition and the pursuit of their enemies towards the alternatives of extinction or adaptation to colder conditions in the higher hills or by the sea. Among these distressed tribes there was developed a new type of scale—scales that were elongated into quill-like forms and that presently branched into the crude beginnings of feathers. These quill-like scales lay over one another and formed a heat-retaining covering more efficient than any reptilian covering that had hitherto existed. So they permitted an invasion of colder regions that were otherwise uninhabited. Perhaps simultaneously with these changes there arose in these creatures a greater solicitude for their eggs. Most reptiles are apparently quite careless about their eggs, which are left for sun and season to hatch. But some of the varieties upon this new branch of the tree of life were acquiring a habit of guarding their eggs and __________. With these adaptations to cold, other internal modifications were going on that made these creatures, the primitive birds, warm-blooded and independent of basking.

hatching them unsuccessfully

leaving them under the sun on their own

keeping them warm with the warmth of their bodies

flying them to scaled reptiles

빈칸에는 "keeping them warm with the warmth of their bodies"(자신의 체온으로 알을 따뜻하게 하는 것)가 들어가야 한다.
이 생물들에게 알에 대한 "a greater solicitude"(더 큰 배려)가 생겼고, 알을 "left for sun and season to hatch"(햇볕과 계절에 맡겨 부화시키는) 대부분의 파충류와 대조되며, 뒤의 "With these adaptations to cold"(추위에 대한 이러한 적응)로 이어진다.
"hatching them unsuccessfully": 알을 보살피는 적응이라는 긍정적 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
"leaving them under the sun on their own": 대부분의 파충류가 하는 방식으로, "But"으로 대조되는 내용과 반대다.
"flying them to scaled reptiles": 문맥상 의미가 통하지 않는다.