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법원직 9급 전산·사서 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
24년 1회차
문제 1
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A)With AI, we could create systems that are beyond our control and find ourselves at the mercy of algorithms that we don't understand. With biotechnology, we could manipulate the very building blocks of life, potentially creating unintended consequences for both individuals and entire ecosystem.
(B)With biotechnology, we could engineer life to tackle diseases and transform agriculture, creating a world that is healthier and more sustainable. But on the other hand, the potential dangers of these technologies are equally vast and profound.
(C)On the one hand, the potential benefits of these technologies are vast and profound. With AI, we could unlock the secrets of the universe, cure diseases that have long eluded us and create new forms of art and culture that stretch the bounds of imagination.
*daunt 겁먹게(기죽게) 하다.
**elude (사물이)∼에게 이해되지 않다.
| Now we stand at the edge of a turning point as we face the rise of a coming wave of technology that includes both advanced AI and biotechnology. Never before have we witnessed technologies with such transformative potential, promising to reshape our world in ways that are both awe-inspiring and daunting. |
(A)With AI, we could create systems that are beyond our control and find ourselves at the mercy of algorithms that we don't understand. With biotechnology, we could manipulate the very building blocks of life, potentially creating unintended consequences for both individuals and entire ecosystem.
(B)With biotechnology, we could engineer life to tackle diseases and transform agriculture, creating a world that is healthier and more sustainable. But on the other hand, the potential dangers of these technologies are equally vast and profound.
(C)On the one hand, the potential benefits of these technologies are vast and profound. With AI, we could unlock the secrets of the universe, cure diseases that have long eluded us and create new forms of art and culture that stretch the bounds of imagination.
*daunt 겁먹게(기죽게) 하다.
**elude (사물이)∼에게 이해되지 않다.
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설
가장 적절한 순서는 (C) - (B) - (A)이다.
주어진 글의 “transformative potential”(변혁적 잠재력)을 (C)가 “On the one hand, the potential benefits”(한편으로는 잠재적 이익)로 받아 AI의 이익을 말한다. (B)는 생명공학의 이익을 이어 간 뒤 “on the other hand, the potential dangers”(다른 한편으로는 잠재적 위험)로 전환하고, (A)가 그 위험을 AI와 생명공학 순으로 구체화한다.
- “(B) - (A) - (C)”: “on the other hand”가 든 (B)가 “On the one hand”가 든 (C)보다 앞설 수 없다.
- “(B) - (C) - (A)”: (B)의 “With biotechnology”는 (C)의 “With AI”에 이어지는 내용이므로 (C)보다 먼저 올 수 없다.
- “(C) - (A) - (B)”: 위험을 말하는 (A)는 (B)가 “dangers”를 꺼낸 뒤에 와야 한다.
문제 2
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Controversy over new art-making technologies is nothing new. Many painters recoiled at the invention of the camera, which they saw as a debasement of human artistry. Charles Baudelaire, the 19th-century French poet and art critic, called photography “art’s most mortal enemy.” In the 20th century, digital editing tools and computer-assisted design programs were similarly dismissed by purists for requiring too little skill of their human collaborators. What makes the new breed of A.I. image generating tools different is not just that they’re capable of producing beautiful works of art with minimal effort. It’s how they work. These tools are built by scraping millions of images from the open web, then teaching algorithms to recognize patterns and relationships in those images and generate new ones in the same style. That means that artists who upload their works to the internet may be unwittingly . * 자신도 모르게, 부지불식간에 |
1helping to train their algorithmic competitors
2sparking a debate over the ethics of A.I.-generated art
3embracing digital technology as part of the creative process
4acquiring the skills of utilizing internet to craft original creations
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “helping to train their algorithmic competitors”(자신들의 알고리즘 경쟁자를 훈련시키는 것을 돕는)가 알맞다.
AI 이미지 생성 도구는 “scraping millions of images from the open web”(웹에서 수백만 장의 이미지를 긁어모아) 알고리즘을 학습시킨다. 따라서 작품을 인터넷에 올린 예술가는 자신도 모르게 경쟁자의 학습 재료를 제공하는 셈이다.
- “sparking a debate over the ethics of A.I.-generated art”(윤리 논쟁을 촉발하는): 빈칸은 작품 업로드가 낳는 학습 과정의 결과를 묻는 자리로, 논쟁 촉발과는 맞지 않는다.
- “embracing digital technology as part of the creative process”(디지털 기술을 창작 과정으로 받아들이는): “unwittingly”(자신도 모르게)와 어울리지 않는다.
- “acquiring the skills of utilizing internet to craft original creations”(독창적 창작을 위한 인터넷 활용 기술을 습득하는): 지문에서 기술을 익히는 주체는 예술가가 아니라 알고리즘이다.
문제 3
Duke Kahanamoku에 대한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
| Duke Kahanamoku, born August 26, 1890, near Waikiki, Hawaii, was a Hawaiian surfer and swimmer who won three Olympic gold medals for the United States and who for several years was considered the greatest freestyle swimmer in the world. He was perhaps most widely known for developing the flutter kick, which largely replaces the scissors kick. Kahanamoku set three universally recognized world records in the 100-yard freestyle between July 5, 1913, and September 5, 1917. In the 100-yard freestyle Kahanamoku was U.S. indoor champion in 1913, and outdoor titleholder in 1916-17 and 1920. At the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912, he won the 100-metre freestyle event, and he repeated that triumph at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, where he also was a member of the victorious U.S. team in the 800-metre relay race. Kahanamoku also excelled at surfing, and he became viewed as one of the icons of the sport. Intermittently from the mid-1920s, Kahanamoku was a motion-picture actor. From 1932 to 1961 he was sheriff of the city and county of Honolulu. He served in the salaried office of official greeter of famous personages for the state of Hawaii from 1961 until his death. *intermittently 간헐적으로 **sheriff 보안관 |
1하와이 출신의 서퍼이자 수영 선수로 올림픽 금메달리스트이다.
2그는 플러터 킥을 대체하는 시저스 킥을 개발한 것으로 널리 알려져 있다.
3벨기에 앤트워프 올림픽의 800미터 계주에서 우승한 미국 팀의 일원이었다.
4그는 1920년대 중반부터 간헐적으로 영화배우로도 활동했다.
정답 및 해설
일치하지 않는 내용은 시저스 킥을 개발했다는 설명이다.
지문은 “developing the flutter kick, which largely replaces the scissors kick”(시저스 킥을 대체로 대신하는 플러터 킥을 개발)이라고 했다. 즉 개발한 것은 플러터 킥이고, 대체된 것이 시저스 킥이므로 선택지는 둘의 관계를 뒤바꿨다.
- 하와이 출신 서퍼·수영 선수이자 금메달리스트: “a Hawaiian surfer and swimmer who won three Olympic gold medals”와 일치한다.
- 앤트워프 올림픽 800미터 계주 우승 팀의 일원: “a member of the victorious U.S. team in the 800-metre relay race”와 일치한다.
- 1920년대 중반부터 간헐적인 영화배우 활동: “Intermittently from the mid-1920s, Kahanamoku was a motion-picture actor”와 일치한다.
문제 4
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| The understandings that children bring to the classroom can already be quite powerful in the early grades. For example, some children have been found to hold onto their preconception of a flat earth by imagining a round earth to be shaped like a pancake. This construction of a new understanding is guided by a model of the earth that helps the child explain how people can stand or walk on its surface. Many young children have trouble giving up the notion that one-eighth is greater than one-fourth, because 8 is more than 4. If children were blank slates, just telling them that the earth is round or that one-fourth is greater than one-eighth would be . But since they already have ideas about the earth and about numbers, those ideas must be directly addressed in order to transform or expand them. |
1familiar
2adequate
3improper
4irrelevant
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “adequate”(충분한)가 알맞다.
“If children were blank slates”(아이들이 백지 상태라면)는 사실과 반대되는 가정이다. 백지라면 지구가 둥글다고 말해 주는 것만으로 충분하겠지만, 뒤 문장처럼 이미 가진 생각을 “directly addressed”(직접 다루어야) 하므로 실제로는 말해 주는 것만으로 부족하다.
- “familiar”(익숙한): 설명 방식의 친숙함이 아니라 효과의 충분성을 따지는 문맥이다.
- “improper”(부적절한): 백지 상태라면 말로 알려 주는 것이 오히려 통하므로 반대 방향이다.
- “irrelevant”(무관한): 지문은 알려 주는 내용이 무관하다고 하지 않는다.
문제 5
Urban farming에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
| Urban farming, also known as urban agriculture, involves growing food within city environments, utilizing spaces like rooftops, abandoned buildings, and community gardens. This sustainable practice is gaining traction in cities across the world, including New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, Amsterdam, and Berlin, as well as in many African and Asian cities where it plays a crucial role in food supply and local economies. Urban farming not only helps reduce carbon footprints by minimizing transport emissions but also increases access to fresh, healthy food in urban areas. It bolsters local economies by creating jobs and keeping profits within the community. Additionally, urban farms enhance cityscapes, improve air quality, conserve water, provide educational opportunities, promote biodiversity, connect people with nature, and improve food security by producing food locally, making cities more resilient to disruptions like natural disasters. *traction 흡입력, 견인력 **bolster 강화시키다 |
1옥상, 버려진 건물, 그리고 공동체 정원과 같은 공간을 활용하여 도시 환경 내에서 식량을 재배하는 것이다.
2지속 가능한 관행으로 식량 공급과 지역 경제에서 중요한 역할을 하는 많은 아프리카와 아시아를 포함한 세계의 도시들에서 인기를 얻고 있다.
3운송 배출을 최소화하여 탄소 발자국을 줄이는 것을 도울 뿐만 아니라 도시 지역에서 신선하고 건강한 식량에 대한 접근성을 증가시킨다.
4생물 다양성을 촉진하고, 지역에서 식량을 생산함으로써 식량의 안정성을 향상시키나, 자연 재해와 같은 혼란에 대한 도시의 회복력은 약화시킨다.
정답 및 해설
일치하지 않는 내용은 도시의 회복력을 약화시킨다는 설명이다.
지문 끝의 “making cities more resilient to disruptions like natural disasters”(도시를 자연재해 같은 혼란에 더 회복력 있게 만든다)와 정반대이다. 생물 다양성과 식량 안정성 부분은 맞지만 회복력 부분이 틀렸다.
- 옥상·버려진 건물·공동체 정원 활용: “utilizing spaces like rooftops, abandoned buildings, and community gardens”와 일치한다.
- 세계 도시에서 인기를 얻는 지속 가능한 관행: “gaining traction in cities across the world”와 일치한다.
- 운송 배출 감소와 신선한 식량 접근성 증가: “minimizing transport emissions”, “increases access to fresh, healthy food”와 일치한다.
문제 6
밑줄 친 “unfinished animals.”가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Ideas or theories about human nature have a unique place in the sciences. We don’t have to worry that the cosmos will be changed by our theories about the cosmos. The planets really don’t care what we think or how we theorize about them. But we do have to worry that human nature will be changed by our theories of human nature. Forty years ago, the distinguished anthropologist said that human beings are “unfinished animals.” What he meant is that it is human nature to have a human nature that is very much the product of the society that surrounds us. That human nature is more created than discovered. We “design” human nature, by designing the institutions within which people live. So we must ask ourselves just what kind of a human nature we want to help design. |
1stuck in an incomplete stage of development
2shaped by society rather than fixed by biology
3uniquely free from environmental context
4born with both animalistic and spiritual aspect
정답 및 해설
“unfinished animals”의 의미로는 “shaped by society rather than fixed by biology”(생물학적으로 고정되지 않고 사회에 의해 형성되는)가 알맞다.
지문은 인간 본성이 “very much the product of the society that surrounds us”(주변 사회의 산물)이며 “more created than discovered”(발견되기보다 만들어진다)고 설명한다.
- “stuck in an incomplete stage of development”(불완전한 발달 단계에 갇힌): “unfinished”를 글자 그대로 읽은 것으로, 지문은 발달 정체를 말하지 않는다.
- “uniquely free from environmental context”(환경 맥락에서 자유로운): 사회가 본성을 만든다는 지문과 반대이다.
- “born with both animalistic and spiritual aspect”(동물성과 영성을 함께 타고난): 지문에 없는 내용이다.
문제 7
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
⇩
| Passive House is a standard and an advanced method of designing buildings using the precision of building physics to ensure comfortable conditions and to deeply reduce energy costs. It removes all guesswork from the design process. It does what national building regulations have tried to do. Passive House methods don’t affect “buildability”, yet they close the gap between design and performance and deliver a much higher standard of comfort and efficiency than government regulations, with all their good intentions, have managed to achieve. When we use Passive House methods, we learn how to use insulation and freely available daylight, in the most sensible way and in the right amounts for both comfort and energy efficiency. This is, I believe, fundamental to good design, and is the next step we have to make in the evolution of our dwellings and places of work. The improvements that are within our grasp are potentially transformative for mankind and the planet. |
⇩
| Passive House utilizes precise building physics to ensure comfort and energy efficiency, (A) traditional regulations and offering transformative potential for (B) design. |
1persisting / sustainable
2persisting / unsustainable
3surpassing / unsustainable
4surpassing / sustainable
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “surpassing / sustainable”(능가하는 / 지속 가능한)이 알맞다.
(A): 패시브 하우스는 “a much higher standard of comfort and efficiency than government regulations”(정부 규제보다 훨씬 높은 쾌적성·효율 기준)를 제공하므로 기존 규제를 능가한다. (B): 에너지 비용을 줄이고 인류와 지구에 변혁적이라는 내용이므로 지속 가능한 설계이다.
- “persisting / sustainable”: “persisting”(지속되는)은 규제를 넘어선다는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
- “persisting / unsustainable”: (A)와 (B) 모두 지문과 어긋난다.
- “surpassing / unsustainable”: “unsustainable”(지속 불가능한)은 에너지 절감과 “transformative”한 개선이라는 긍정적 내용과 반대이다.
문제 8
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥 상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
Today, there is only one species of humans, Homo sapiens, left in the world. But that one species, despite the fact that it is over 99.9 percent genetically ①identical, has adapted itself to a wide array of disparate environments. And while some degree of human genetic variation results from each society’s adaptation to its own unique environment, the cultural adaptations that each society makes in so adjusting itself will, in their turn, exact some further degree of ②variation on that society’s genetic makeup. In other words, we are so entangled with our local ecologies that not only do we humans ③transform the environment as we cull from it the various resources upon which we come to depend but also the environment, which we have so transformed, transforms us in its turn: at times exerting upon us profound biological pressures. In those regions of the world, for example, where our environmental exploitation has included the domestication of cattle-northern Europe, for instance, or East Africahuman populations have ④reduced adult lactose tolerance: the ability to digest milk past infancy.
*lactose 유당, 젖당
Today, there is only one species of humans, Homo sapiens, left in the world. But that one species, despite the fact that it is over 99.9 percent genetically ①identical, has adapted itself to a wide array of disparate environments. And while some degree of human genetic variation results from each society’s adaptation to its own unique environment, the cultural adaptations that each society makes in so adjusting itself will, in their turn, exact some further degree of ②variation on that society’s genetic makeup. In other words, we are so entangled with our local ecologies that not only do we humans ③transform the environment as we cull from it the various resources upon which we come to depend but also the environment, which we have so transformed, transforms us in its turn: at times exerting upon us profound biological pressures. In those regions of the world, for example, where our environmental exploitation has included the domestication of cattle-northern Europe, for instance, or East Africahuman populations have ④reduced adult lactose tolerance: the ability to digest milk past infancy.
*lactose 유당, 젖당
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “reduced”(감소시켰다)이며 “increased”(증가시켰다) 정도로 고쳐야 한다.
지문은 환경이 “exerting upon us profound biological pressures”(인간에게 생물학적 압력을 가한다)고 말한다. 소를 가축화한 지역에서는 유아기 이후에도 우유를 소화하는 “adult lactose tolerance”(성인 유당 내성)가 커졌다고 해야 이 사례가 된다.
- “identical”(동일한): 유전적으로 99.9퍼센트 넘게 같다는 뜻으로, “despite”가 이끄는 양보 내용으로, 다양한 환경 적응과 대조를 이룬다.
- “variation”(변이): 문화적 적응이 유전적 구성에 추가 변이를 일으킨다는 흐름에 맞다.
- “transform”(변형시키다): 뒤의 “which we have so transformed”와 호응한다.
문제 9
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A)We often speak of time as if it were money—for example, in everyday expressions such as “You’re wasting my time,” “This device will save you hours of work,” “How will you spend your weekend?” and “I’ve invested a lot of time in this relationship.”
(B)Every metaphor brokers what is made visible or invisible; this one highlights how time is like money and obscures ways it is not. Time thus becomes something that we can waste or lose, and something that diminishes as we grow older. It is abstracted in a very linear, orderly fashion.
(C)This metaphor, however, fails to disclose important phenomenological aspects of time, such as how it may speed up or slow down, depending on our engagement with what we are doing. We may instead conceive of time as quite fluid—as a stream, for example—thought we lose sight of this to the extent that we have adopted the worldview of Time Is Money.
*obscure 모호하게 하다
| Briefly consider a metaphor that plays a significant role in how we live our daily lives: Time Is Money. |
(A)We often speak of time as if it were money—for example, in everyday expressions such as “You’re wasting my time,” “This device will save you hours of work,” “How will you spend your weekend?” and “I’ve invested a lot of time in this relationship.”
(B)Every metaphor brokers what is made visible or invisible; this one highlights how time is like money and obscures ways it is not. Time thus becomes something that we can waste or lose, and something that diminishes as we grow older. It is abstracted in a very linear, orderly fashion.
(C)This metaphor, however, fails to disclose important phenomenological aspects of time, such as how it may speed up or slow down, depending on our engagement with what we are doing. We may instead conceive of time as quite fluid—as a stream, for example—thought we lose sight of this to the extent that we have adopted the worldview of Time Is Money.
*obscure 모호하게 하다
1(A) - (B) - (C)
2(A) - (C) - (B)
3(B) - (A) - (C)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설
가장 적절한 순서는 (A) - (B) - (C)이다.
(A)는 주어진 글의 Time Is Money 은유를 일상 표현 사례로 보여 준다. (B)는 “this one highlights how time is like money and obscures ways it is not”(이 은유는 유사점을 부각하고 차이를 가린다)로 받고, (C)는 “however, fails to disclose”(그러나 드러내지 못한다)로 가려진 측면을 구체화한다.
- “(A) - (C) - (B)”: (C)의 역접 “however”는 은유가 부각하는 측면을 말한 (B) 뒤에 와야 한다.
- “(B) - (A) - (C)”: 일상 사례 (A)가 없으면 (B)의 “waste or lose” 같은 시간 이해가 먼저 분석되어 흐름이 어색하다.
- “(C) - (B) - (A)”: “This metaphor, however”는 앞선 설명 없이 주어진 글 바로 뒤에 오기 어렵다.
문제 10
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
| His last thought were for his wife. “He is afraid she would ①hardly be able to bear it,” he said to Burnet, the bishop who was allowed to be with him the last few days. Tears came into his eyes when he spoke of her. The last day came, and Lady Russell brought the three little children to say good-bye for ever to their father. “Little Fubs” was only nine, her sister Catherine seven, and the baby three years old, too young to realize his loss. He kissed them all ②calmly, and sent them away. His wife stayed and they ate their last meal together. Then they kissed in silence, and silently she left him. When she had gone, Lord Russel broke down completely. “Oh, what a blessing she has been to me!” he cried. “It is a great comfort to me to leave my children in such a mother’s care; she has promised me to take care of ③her for their sake; she will do it,” he added resolutely. Lady Russell returned heavy-hearted to the sad home ④to which she would never welcome him again. On July 21st, 1683, she was a widow, and her children fatherless. They left their dreary London house, and went to an old abbey in the country. *bishop 주교(성직자) |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 것은 “her”이며 재귀대명사 “herself”로 고쳐야 한다.
재귀대명사 용법: “she has promised me to take care of …”에서 돌보는 주체와 대상이 모두 Lady Russell이다. 주어와 목적어가 같으므로 목적격 대신 재귀대명사를 써야 한다.
- “hardly”: “거의 ~않다”라는 부사로, 조동사와 동사 사이에서 “be able to bear it”을 부정하는 쓰임이 옳다.
- “calmly”: 동사 “kissed”를 수식하는 부사이므로 옳다.
- “to which”: 선행사 “home”을 받아 “welcome him to the home”의 전치사를 앞세운 전치사+관계대명사로 옳다.
문제 11
The gig economy에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
| The gig economy, referring to the workforce of people engaged in freelance and side-hustle work, is growing rapidly in the United States, with 36% of employed participants in a 2022 McKinsey survey identifying as independent workers, up from 27% in 2016. This workforce includes a wide range of jobs from highly-paid professionals like lawyers to lower-earning roles like delivery drivers. Despite the flexibility and autonomy it offers, most independent workers desire more stable employment; 62% prefer permanent positions due to concerns over job security and benefits. The challenges faced by gig workers include limited access to healthcare, housing, and other basic needs, with a significant reliance on government assistance. Technological advancements have facilitated the rise in independent work, making remote and freelance jobs more accessible and appealing. The trend reflects broader economic pressures such as inflation and job market dynamics, influencing individuals to choose gig work for survival, flexibility, or enjoyment. *side-hustle work 부업 |
1조사에 참가한 사람들 중 독립 근로자의 비율이 2016년의 27%에서 36%까지 상승하였다.
2대부분의 독립 근로자들은 안정적인 고용보다는 직업이 제공하는 유연성과 자율성을 선호하고 있다.
3근로자들이 직면한 어려움에는 의료, 주거 및 기타 기본 요구 사항에 대한 제한된 접근성이 포함된다.
4기술 발전은 독립 근로의 증가를 촉진하여 원격 및 프리랜서 일자리를 접근하기 쉽고 매력적인 것으로 만들고 있다.
정답 및 해설
일치하지 않는 내용은 안정적 고용보다 유연성과 자율성을 선호한다는 설명이다.
지문은 “most independent workers desire more stable employment”(대부분의 독립 근로자는 더 안정적인 고용을 원한다)라고 했고, “62% prefer permanent positions”(62%가 정규직을 선호)라고 덧붙였다.
- 독립 근로자 비율 27%에서 36%로 상승: “36% … up from 27% in 2016”과 일치한다.
- 의료·주거 등 기본 요구에 대한 제한된 접근성: “limited access to healthcare, housing, and other basic needs”와 일치한다.
- 기술 발전에 따른 독립 근로 증가: “Technological advancements have facilitated the rise in independent work”와 일치한다.
문제 12
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) The notion of an animal species, for instance, might in one setting best be thought of as described by folklore and myth, in another as a detailed legal construct, and in another as a system of scientific classification.
(B)Ordinary communication is the most immediate expression of this faculty. We refer to things through sounds and words, and we attach ideas to them that we call concepts.
(C)Some of our categories remain tacit; others are explicitly governed by custom, law, politics, or science. The application of category systems for the same things varies by context and in use.
*tacit 암묵적인, 무언의
| We come to know and relate to the world by way of categories. |
(A) The notion of an animal species, for instance, might in one setting best be thought of as described by folklore and myth, in another as a detailed legal construct, and in another as a system of scientific classification.
(B)Ordinary communication is the most immediate expression of this faculty. We refer to things through sounds and words, and we attach ideas to them that we call concepts.
(C)Some of our categories remain tacit; others are explicitly governed by custom, law, politics, or science. The application of category systems for the same things varies by context and in use.
*tacit 암묵적인, 무언의
1(B)-(A)-(C)
2(B)-(C)-(A)
3(C)-(A)-(B)
4(C)-(B)-(A)
정답 및 해설
가장 적절한 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.
(B)의 “this faculty”(이 능력)는 주어진 글의 범주로 세계를 아는 능력을 가리키므로 바로 뒤에 온다. (C)는 범주 체계의 적용이 “varies by context”(맥락에 따라 달라진다)고 말하고, (A)가 “for instance”로 동물 종의 개념을 들어 이를 예시한다.
- “(B) - (A) - (C)”: (A)의 예시는 맥락 의존성을 말한 (C) 뒤에 와야 한다.
- “(C) - (A) - (B)”: “this faculty”가 든 (B)가 주어진 글에서 멀어져 지시 대상이 흐려진다.
- “(C) - (B) - (A)”: (B)가 (C)와 그 예시 (A) 사이를 끊는다.
문제 13
다음 글에 나타난 화자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| It’s three in the morning, and we are making our way from southern to northern Utah, when the weather changes from the dry chill of the desert to the freezing gales of an alpine winter. Ice claims the road. Snowflakes flick against the windshield like tiny insects, a few at first, then so many the road disappears. We push forward into the heart of the storm. The van skids and jerks. The wind is furious, the view out the window pure white. Richard pulls over. He says we can’t go any further. Dad takes the wheel, Richard moves to the passenger seat, and Mother lies next to me and Audrey on the mattress. Dad pulls onto the highway and accelerates, rapidly, as if to make a point, until he has doubled Richard’s speed. “Shouldn’t we drive slower?” Mother asks. Dad grins. “I’m not driving faster than our angels can fly.” The van is still accelerating. To fifty, then to sixty. Richard sits tensely, his hand clutching the armrest, his knuckles bleaching each time the tires slip. Mother lies on her side, her face next to mine, taking small sips of air each time the van fishtails, then holding her breath as Dad corrects and it snakes back into the lane. She is so rigid, I think she might shatter. My body tenses with hers; together we brace a hundred times for impact. *gale 강풍, 돌풍 **skid 미끄러지다 ***jerk 홱 움직이다 ****fishtail(차량)뒷부분이 좌우로 미끄러지다 |
1excited and thrilled
2anxious and fearful
3cautious but settled
4comfortable and relaxed
정답 및 해설
화자의 심경은 “anxious and fearful”(불안하고 두려운)이다.
폭설 속에서 아버지가 차를 가속하자 어머니는 “taking small sips of air”(숨을 조금씩 들이쉬며) 굳어 있고, 화자도 “My body tenses with hers; together we brace a hundred times for impact”(어머니와 함께 몸이 굳어 수없이 충돌에 대비한다)라고 말한다.
- “excited and thrilled”(신나고 짜릿한): 즐기는 기색은 화자에게 없다.
- “cautious but settled”(조심스럽지만 차분한): 몸이 굳고 충돌에 대비하는 긴장 상태라 차분하지 않다.
- “comfortable and relaxed”(편안하고 느긋한): 긴장한 묘사와 정반대이다.
문제 14
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
The city lockdown policy during COVID-19 has facilitated the rapid growth of numerous takeaways, vegetable shopping, community group buying, and other businesses. ( ① )Last-mile delivery became an important livelihood support during the epidemic. ( ② )At the same time, as viruses can be transmitted through aerosols, the need for contactless delivery for last-mile delivery has gradually increased, thus accelerating the use of unmanned logistics to some extent. ( ③ )For example, the community space is not suitable for the operation of unmanned delivery facilities due to the lack of supporting logistics infrastructure. ( ④ )In addition, the current technology is unable to complete the delivery process and requires the collaboration of relevant space as well as personnel to help dock unmanned delivery nodes.
*last-mile delivery 최종 단계의 배송
| However, there are now a lot of issues with the current application of unmanned distribution. |
The city lockdown policy during COVID-19 has facilitated the rapid growth of numerous takeaways, vegetable shopping, community group buying, and other businesses. ( ① )Last-mile delivery became an important livelihood support during the epidemic. ( ② )At the same time, as viruses can be transmitted through aerosols, the need for contactless delivery for last-mile delivery has gradually increased, thus accelerating the use of unmanned logistics to some extent. ( ③ )For example, the community space is not suitable for the operation of unmanned delivery facilities due to the lack of supporting logistics infrastructure. ( ④ )In addition, the current technology is unable to complete the delivery process and requires the collaboration of relevant space as well as personnel to help dock unmanned delivery nodes.
*last-mile delivery 최종 단계의 배송
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “For example, the community space …” 문장 바로 앞에 들어가야 한다.
“However, … a lot of issues”(그러나 많은 문제)는 무인 물류 활용이 가속되었다는 내용을 뒤집고, 뒤의 “For example”이 그 문제의 사례로 기반 시설 부족을 든다.
- “Last-mile delivery became …” 문장 앞 자리: 아직 무인 배송이 언급되지 않아 “unmanned distribution”을 받을 내용이 없다.
- “At the same time …” 문장 앞 자리: 뒤따르는 문장이 문제가 아니라 무인 물류의 확대를 말하므로 역접이 어색하다.
- “In addition …” 문장 앞 자리: “For example”과 “In addition”으로 이어지는 문제 나열을 끊는다.
문제 15
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A)Yet conflict isn’t just an unpopular source of pressure to act. There’s also a lot of energy inherent to it, which can be harnessed to create positive change, or, in other words, improvements, with the help of a skillful approach. Basically, today’s misery is the starting shot in the race towards a better future.
(B)A deviating opinion is quickly accompanied by devaluation, denigration, insults, or even physical confrontations. If you look at the “discussions” taking place on social media networks, you don’t even have to look to such hot potatoes as the refugee crisis or terrorism to see a clear degradation in the way people exchange opinions.
(C)You probably know this from your own experience, too, when you have succeeded in finding a constructive solution to a conflict and, at the end of an arduous clarification process, realize that the successful outcome has been worth all the effort.
*denigration 명예훼손 **arduous 몹시 힘든 고된
| People are too seldom interested in having a genuine exchange of points of view where a desire to understand takes precedence over the desire to convince at any price. |
(A)Yet conflict isn’t just an unpopular source of pressure to act. There’s also a lot of energy inherent to it, which can be harnessed to create positive change, or, in other words, improvements, with the help of a skillful approach. Basically, today’s misery is the starting shot in the race towards a better future.
(B)A deviating opinion is quickly accompanied by devaluation, denigration, insults, or even physical confrontations. If you look at the “discussions” taking place on social media networks, you don’t even have to look to such hot potatoes as the refugee crisis or terrorism to see a clear degradation in the way people exchange opinions.
(C)You probably know this from your own experience, too, when you have succeeded in finding a constructive solution to a conflict and, at the end of an arduous clarification process, realize that the successful outcome has been worth all the effort.
*denigration 명예훼손 **arduous 몹시 힘든 고된
1(B)-(A)-(C)
2(B)-(C)-(A)
3(C)-(A)-(B)
4(C)-(B)-(A)
정답 및 해설
가장 적절한 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)이다.
(B)는 진정한 의견 교환이 드물다는 주어진 글을 받아 비방과 소셜 미디어의 사례를 든다. (A)는 “Yet conflict isn't just an unpopular source of pressure”(그러나 갈등은 달갑지 않은 압력에 그치지 않는다)로 전환하고, (C)의 “You probably know this”(이것을 경험으로 알 것이다)가 갈등의 긍정적 결과를 경험으로 뒷받침한다.
- “(B) - (C) - (A)”: (C)의 “this”는 긍정적 변화를 말한 (A)가 앞에 있어야 가리킬 대상이 생긴다.
- “(C) - (A) - (B)”: 건설적 해결을 말하는 (C)는 주어진 글의 부정적 내용 바로 뒤에 올 수 없다.
- “(C) - (B) - (A)”: 같은 이유로 (C)가 먼저 올 수 없고, (B)의 비방 사례도 (C)와 이어지지 않는다.
문제 16
다음 중 Belus Smawley에 대한 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
| Belus Smawley grew up on a farm with his parents and six siblings. In his freshman years, he was tall and able to jump higher than any other boy, trying to improve his leaping ability by touching higher and higher limbs of the oak tree on their farm. This is where his first jump shot attempt is said to have taken place. When Belus Smawley started using his shot regularly, he became the leading scorer. At the age of 18, he got accepted for a position on an AAU18 basketball team. He finished high school afterwards and got an All-American athletic scholarship for Appalachian State University (majoring in history and physical education). He became player-coach until he went to the Navy. He started playing in their basketball team and refined his jump shot. He got married and either worked as a high school teacher and basketball coach or further pursued his NBA basketball career playing fulltime for several teams. Eventually he focused on family and his teaching career, becoming the principal of a junior high school. |
1부모님과 여섯 형제와 함께 농장에서 자랐다.
2나무의 더 높은 가지를 만지면서 점프 연습을 하였다.
3애팔래치아 주립대학교에서 전미 체육 장학금을 받았다.
4결혼 후 NBA 농구 선수로서 한 팀에서 활동했다.
정답 및 해설
일치하지 않는 내용은 NBA에서 한 팀에서 활동했다는 설명이다.
지문은 결혼 후 “further pursued his NBA basketball career playing fulltime for several teams”(여러 팀에서 전업으로 뛰며 NBA 경력을 이어 갔다)라고 했다.
- 부모님과 여섯 형제와의 농장 생활: “grew up on a farm with his parents and six siblings”와 일치한다.
- 나뭇가지를 만지는 점프 연습: “touching higher and higher limbs of the oak tree”와 일치한다.
- 애팔래치아 주립대학교의 전미 체육 장학금: “an All-American athletic scholarship for Appalachian State University”와 일치한다.
문제 17
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Humans, relative to most other species, have distinctly large and visible sclera—the whites of our eyes—and as a result we are uniquely exposed in how we direct our attention, or at the very least, our gaze. ( ① ) Evolutionary biologists have argued, via the “cooperative eye hypothesis,” that this must be a feature, not a bug: that it must point to the fact that cooperation has been uncommonly important in our survival as a species, to the point that the benefits of shared attention outweigh the loss of a certain degree of privacy or discretion. ( ② ) This idea in machine learning goes by the name of “saliency”: the idea is that if a system is looking at an image and assigning it to some category, then presumably some parts of the image were more important or more influential than others in making that determination. ( ③ ) If we could see a kind of “heat map” that highlighted these critical portions of the image, we might obtain some crucial diagnostic information that we could use as a kind of sanity check to make sure the system is behaving the way we think it should be. ( ④ )
*sclera (눈의)공막 **outweigh 보다 더 크다
***discretion 신중함 ****saliency 특징, 중요점
| It might be understandable, then, for us to want to expect something similar from our machines: to know not only what they think they see but where, in particular, they are looking. |
Humans, relative to most other species, have distinctly large and visible sclera—the whites of our eyes—and as a result we are uniquely exposed in how we direct our attention, or at the very least, our gaze. ( ① ) Evolutionary biologists have argued, via the “cooperative eye hypothesis,” that this must be a feature, not a bug: that it must point to the fact that cooperation has been uncommonly important in our survival as a species, to the point that the benefits of shared attention outweigh the loss of a certain degree of privacy or discretion. ( ② ) This idea in machine learning goes by the name of “saliency”: the idea is that if a system is looking at an image and assigning it to some category, then presumably some parts of the image were more important or more influential than others in making that determination. ( ③ ) If we could see a kind of “heat map” that highlighted these critical portions of the image, we might obtain some crucial diagnostic information that we could use as a kind of sanity check to make sure the system is behaving the way we think it should be. ( ④ )
*sclera (눈의)공막 **outweigh 보다 더 크다
***discretion 신중함 ****saliency 특징, 중요점
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “This idea in machine learning …” 문장 바로 앞에 들어가야 한다.
“something similar from our machines”(기계에게도 비슷한 것)는 앞의 인간의 시선 공유를 받고, 뒤의 “This idea”는 주어진 문장의 ‘기계가 어디를 보는지 알고 싶다’는 생각을 가리킨다.
- “Evolutionary biologists …” 문장 앞 자리: 시선 공유의 협력적 의미가 나오기 전이라 “then”으로 받을 내용이 부족하다.
- “If we could see a kind of “heat map” …” 문장 앞 자리: “saliency” 설명과 그 활용 사이를 끊는다.
- 마지막 자리: 뒤따르는 문장이 없고, “saliency”가 이미 설명된 뒤라 “This idea”의 지시 대상이 앞서지 못한다.
문제 18
다음 (A), (B), (C) 중, 어법상 옳은 것끼리 고른 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
| The climate of the irrigated plains can be glimpsed in the murals. The summer sun beats down on the hard ground, and the king himself is shaded by a large umbrella. War, often present, is also carved in vivid detail. In or about 878 BC, three men are depicted (A)(fleeing/fled) from a city which has probably been captured. Dressed in long robes, they jump into the Euphrates River (B)(which / where) one is swimming while the others hug a lifebuoy to their chests. Like a long pillow, the lifebuoy consists of the skin of an animal, inflated with air. As the hands of the refugees (C)(is / are) clutching the inflated lifebuoy, and as much of their breath is expended in blowing air into it, they can only stay afloat by swimming with their legs. Whether they reached the opposite shore will never be known. |
(A) (B) (C)
1fleeing which is
2fleeing where are
3fled which is
4fled where are
정답 및 해설
어법상 옳은 조합은 “fleeing where are”이다.
(A) 분사의 태: 세 사람이 직접 달아나는 것이고 여기서 “flee”는 “from”을 동반한 자동사이므로 현재분사 “fleeing”이 옳다. (B) 관계부사 where: 뒤에 “one is swimming”이라는 완전한 절이 오고 선행사가 장소 “the Euphrates River”이므로 “where”가 옳다. (C) 주어-동사 수일치: 주어가 복수 “the hands”이므로 “are”가 옳다.
- “fleeing which is”: 완전한 절 앞에 관계대명사 “which”를 쓸 수 없고, 복수 주어에 “is”도 맞지 않는다.
- “fled which is”: 세 군데 모두 틀린 조합이다.
- “fled where are”: “fled”를 쓰면 능동의 의미를 나타내는 분사 자리에 맞지 않는다.
문제 19
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
| When the Dutch arrived in the 17th century in what’s now New York City, their encounters with the indigenous peoples, known as the Lenape, were, at first, mostly amicable, according to historical records. They shared the land and traded guns, beads and wool for beaver furs. The Dutch even “purchased” Manahatta island from the Lenape in 1626. The transaction, enforced by the eventual building of wall around New Amsterdam, marked the very beginning of the Lenape’s forced mass migration out of their homeland. The wall, which started showing up on maps in the 1660s, was built to keep out the Native Americans and the British. It eventually became Wall Street, and Manahatta became Manhattan, where part of the Lenape trade route, known as Wickquasgeck, became Brede weg, later Broadway. The Lenape helped shape the geography of modern-day New York City, but other traces of their legacy have all but vanished. |
1네덜란드인과 르나페 원주민들은 총과 동물의 털을 교환하는 무역을 했다.
2이후에 월스트리트가 된 지역에 지어진 벽은 르나페 원주민이 영국인을 막기 위해 세웠다.
3르나페 원주민의 무역로의 일부가 나중에 브로드웨이가 되었다.
4르나페 원주민은 현대 뉴욕시의 지형을 형성하는데 도움을 주었다.
정답 및 해설
일치하지 않는 내용은 르나페 원주민이 벽을 세웠다는 설명이다.
벽은 “built to keep out the Native Americans and the British”(원주민과 영국인을 막기 위해 세워졌다)이므로, 르나페 원주민은 벽을 세운 쪽이 아니라 막히는 대상이다.
- 총과 동물 털을 교환한 무역: “traded guns, beads and wool for beaver furs”와 일치한다.
- 무역로의 일부가 브로드웨이로 변화: “part of the Lenape trade route … later Broadway”와 일치한다.
- 뉴욕시 지형 형성에 기여: “helped shape the geography of modern-day New York City”와 일치한다.
문제 20
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Today, we take for granted that the media and the celebrity culture it sustains have created new forms of publicness, ①through which we might have intimate relationships with people we have never met. Thanks to media technologies we ②are brought ever closer to the famous, allowing us to enjoy an illusion of intimacy with them. To a greater or lesser degree, we have internalized celebrities, unconsciously made them a part of our consciousness, just ③as if they were, in fact, friends. Celebrities take up permanent residence in our inner lives as well, ④become central to our reveries and fantasies, guides to action, to ambition. Now, indeed, celebrity culture can be permanently insinuated into our sensibilities, as many of us carry them, their traits, and our relationships with them around as part of our mental luggage.
*reverie 몽상 **insinuate 암시하다, 일부가 되다
Today, we take for granted that the media and the celebrity culture it sustains have created new forms of publicness, ①through which we might have intimate relationships with people we have never met. Thanks to media technologies we ②are brought ever closer to the famous, allowing us to enjoy an illusion of intimacy with them. To a greater or lesser degree, we have internalized celebrities, unconsciously made them a part of our consciousness, just ③as if they were, in fact, friends. Celebrities take up permanent residence in our inner lives as well, ④become central to our reveries and fantasies, guides to action, to ambition. Now, indeed, celebrity culture can be permanently insinuated into our sensibilities, as many of us carry them, their traits, and our relationships with them around as part of our mental luggage.
*reverie 몽상 **insinuate 암시하다, 일부가 되다
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 것은 “become”이며 현재분사 “becoming”으로 고쳐야 한다.
분사구문: “Celebrities take up permanent residence …”로 절이 완성된 뒤 콤마가 왔고 접속사가 없으므로 동사가 다시 올 수 없다. 주어 “Celebrities”가 ‘되는’ 능동 관계이므로 현재분사 분사구문으로 써야 한다.
- “through which”: 선행사 “new forms of publicness”를 받고 뒤에 완전한 절이 오므로 전치사+관계대명사로 옳다.
- “are brought”: 우리가 유명인에게 더 가까이 ‘데려와지는’ 대상이므로 수동태가 옳다.
- “as if”: 사실과 반대되는 내용을 “they were”로 잇는 가정법 표현으로 옳다.