The Reasoning with Machines Laboratory at the University of Oxford got a team of doctors to create detailed, realistic scenarios that ranged from mild health issues you could deal with at home; through to needing a routine *GP appointment, an **A&E trip, or requiring calling an ambulance. When the chatbots were given the complete picture they were 95% accurate. “They were amazing, actually, nearly perfect,” researcher Prof Adam Mahdi tells me. But it was a very different story when 1,300 people were given a scenario to have a conversation with a chatbot about in order to get a diagnosis and advice. It was the human-AI interaction that made things unravel as the accuracy fell to 35% - two thirds of the time people were getting the wrong diagnosis or care.
*GP 일반의
**A&E 응급실
| Chatbots show high accuracy when given (A) information, but their (B) drops sharply during human interaction due to limitations in how information is communicated. |
요약문의 두 빈칸에는 “full / performance”가 들어간다.
“When the chatbots were given the complete picture they were 95% accurate”(완전한 정보를 받았을 때 95% 정확했다)는 (A)의 “full”(완전한)로 이어진다. “the accuracy fell to 35%”(정확도가 35%로 떨어졌다)는 챗봇의 “performance”(성능) 급락을 뜻하므로 (B)에 맞다.
- “medical / response”: (A) “medical”(의료의)은 정보가 완전했다는 핵심을 담지 못하고, (B) “response”(응답)는 수치가 떨어진 정확도를 나타내지 못한다.
- “broken / accuracy”: (B) “accuracy”(정확도)는 맞지만, (A) “broken”(깨진)은 온전한 정보를 받았다는 지문과 반대다.
- “complete / stimulus”: (A) “complete”(완전한)는 맞지만, (B) “stimulus”(자극)는 지문에서 떨어졌다고 한 대상이 아니다.
| We’ve all experienced craving in the aftermath of pleasure. |
(A)The simple solution is to keep eating, or playing, or watching, or reading. But there’s a problem with that. With repeated exposure to the same or similar pleasure stimulus, the initial *deviation to the side of pleasure gets weaker and shorter and the after-response to the side of pain gets stronger and longer, a process scientists call neuroadaptation.
(B)Whether it’s reaching for a second potato chip or clicking the link for another round of video games, it’s natural to want to re-create those good feelings or try not to let them fade away.
(C)That is, with repetition, our **gremlins get bigger, faster, and more numerous, and we need more of our drug of choice to get the same effect. Needing more of a substance to feel pleasure, or experiencing less pleasure at a given dose, is called tolerance. Tolerance is an important factor in the development of addiction.
*deviation 일탈, 편향
**gremlin 그렘린(기계에 고장을 일으키는 것으로 여겨지는 가상의 존재)
이어질 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)이다.
주어진 문장의 “craving in the aftermath of pleasure”(쾌락 뒤의 갈망)를 (B)가 “reaching for a second potato chip”(감자칩을 하나 더 집는 것) 같은 사례로 받는다. (A)는 그 바람의 해법과 “neuroadaptation”(신경적응)을 제시하고, (C)가 “That is”(즉)로 풀어 “tolerance”(내성)로 맺는다.
- “(A) - (C) - (B)”: (A)의 “keep eating, or playing”이 전제하는 먹기·게임 사례가 (B)에 있으므로 (A)가 (B)보다 앞설 수 없다.
- “(B) - (C) - (A)”: (C)의 “That is”가 풀어 말하는 신경적응 내용이 (A)에 있으므로 (C)가 (A)보다 앞설 수 없다.
- “(C) - (B) - (A)”: (C)의 “with repetition”(반복되면서)은 (A)의 “repeated exposure”(반복 노출)를 받으므로 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
| You can hardly blame a dark-skinned person for not whitening his skin, but people can and do accuse Africans or Muslims of failing to adopt the norms and values of Western culture. Which is not to say that such accusations are necessarily justified. In many cases there is little reason to adopt the dominant culture, and in many other cases it is an all but impossible mission. African Americans from a poverty-stricken slum who honestly try to fit into the hegemonic American culture might first find their way blocked by institutional discrimination-only to be accused later of not having made sufficient effort, and so they have nobody but themselves to blame for their troubles. |
글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “The Unfair Blame on Minorities”(소수자에 대한 부당한 비난)이다.
지문은 “people can and do accuse Africans or Muslims of failing to adopt the norms and values of Western culture”(서구 문화를 받아들이지 않는다고 비난한다)라면서 그 비난이 정당하지 않을 수 있다고 말한다. 제도적 차별에 막힌 뒤 “accused later of not having made sufficient effort”(노력이 부족했다고 비난받는다)는 사례가 비난의 부당함을 보여 준다.
- “The Disadvantages of Racism”(인종차별의 불이익): 초점은 불이익 일반이 아니라 소수자에게 돌아가는 비난이다.
- “The Fall of the Western Culture”(서구 문화의 몰락): 지문은 오히려 “hegemonic American culture”(패권적 미국 문화)를 말하며, 몰락은 언급되지 않는다.
- “Why Do the Minorities Blame Themselves for Being Discriminated?”(소수자는 왜 자신을 탓하는가): 비난하는 쪽은 소수자 자신이 아니라 주류 사회다.
NASA’s Earth Science Division(ESD) established the CSDA(Commercial Satellite Data Acquisition) program to identify, evaluate, and acquire commercial remote sensing data that ①enhances NASA’s Earth science research and applications. CSDA provides structured *on-ramping opportunities for emerging commercial satellite data vendors, ②enabling NASA to continuously integrate innovative data sources as the private sector evolves. By leveraging these partnerships, NASA’s ESD aims to accelerate scientific discovery and ③restrict applications of Earth observation data for the NASA Earth science research and applications community and societal benefit. Since its initial pilot, the CSDA Program has conducted three on-ramp activities, resulting in the addition of several vendors into ④sustainment.
*on-ramping 새롭게 등장하는
문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “restrict”(제한하다)이다.
민간 파트너십으로 “accelerate scientific discovery”(과학적 발견을 가속화)하려 한다는 흐름이므로, 지구 관측 데이터의 활용은 제한이 아니라 “expand”(확대하다)의 대상이어야 한다.
- “enhances”(향상시키다): 상업 원격탐사 데이터가 NASA의 연구를 강화한다는 프로그램의 목적과 맞다.
- “enabling”(가능하게 하다): 신규 업체 진입 기회가 혁신적 데이터 통합을 가능하게 한다는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
- “sustainment”(유지·지속): 시험 도입을 거친 업체들이 지속 운용 단계에 추가되었다는 뜻으로 알맞다.
Students at R.E. Mountain Secondary will benefit from modern learning spaces, ①improving the quality of education and daily school experience. The addition will include new classrooms as well as specialty learning spaces, creating more opportunities for students to select electives, such as art and cooking, ②that further support their learning and growth. The Province is investing approximately $42 million in the addition. “Families in Langley are part of a growing community, and students need space to learn and thrive,” said Lisa Beare, Minister of Education and Child Care. “This new addition creates 300 more seats and helps ③meeting rising enrolment in Willoughby. It also means more access to modern classrooms and learning spaces. We are making sure students have the tools they need today, while ④building strong school communities for the future.”
어법상 틀린 것은 “meeting”으로, “meet” 또는 “to meet”로 고쳐야 한다.
동사 help는 목적어로 동사원형이나 to부정사를 취하고 동명사는 취하지 않는다. 따라서 “helps meet rising enrolment”(늘어나는 등록 수요를 맞추는 데 도움이 된다)가 올바른 형태다.
- “improving”: 교육의 질을 향상시킨다는 능동의 현재분사구문이다.
- “that”: 선행사 “electives”(선택 과목)를 받는 주격 관계대명사로, 복수 동사 “support”와 수가 일치한다.
- “building”: 접속사 while 뒤의 분사구문으로, 주어 “We”가 공동체를 만드는 능동 관계다.
| “Why won’t you include me?” I whined into my cell phone as if I were tattling on an older child for neglecting me. As if I hadn’t been invited to a birthday party. “You have to live your life,” my mother said. “You’re twenty-five. It’s an important year. Your dad and I can handle this together.” More news had come and none of it was good. Dr. Lee, an *oncologist in Eugene, had diagnosed her with stage IV **pancreatic cancer. There was a 3 percent chance of survival without surgery. With surgery, it would take months to recover, and even then, there was only a 20 percent chance of emerging cancer-free. My father was fighting for an appointment at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for a second opinion. Over the phone my mom pronounced it “pancry-arty” cancer and “Andy Anderson,” which led me to believe our only hope lay in the hands of some kind of Toy Story character. *oncologist 종양전문의 **pancreatic cancer 췌장암 |
필자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은 “worried and helpless”(걱정되고 무력한)이다.
어머니가 “stage IV pancreatic cancer”(췌장암 4기) 진단을 받았고 생존 가능성도 낮다. 필자는 “Why won’t you include me?”(왜 나를 끼워 주지 않나요?)라고 매달리지만 할 수 있는 일이 없고, 유일한 희망이 “some kind of Toy Story character”(토이 스토리 캐릭터 같은 존재)에게 달린 것 같다며 막막함을 드러낸다.
- “indifferent and sarcastic”(무관심하고 냉소적인): 필자는 함께하게 해 달라고 조르고 있어 무관심과 거리가 멀다.
- “excluded and independent”(소외되고 독립적인): 소외감은 비치지만 “whined”(징징거렸다)는 모습은 독립적이지 않다.
- “angry and frightened”(화나고 겁먹은): 두려움은 있어도 핵심 감정은 분노가 아니라 어머니에 대한 걱정이다.
Humankind is facing ①unprecedented revolutions, all our old stories are crumbling, and no new story has so far emerged to replace them. How can we prepare ②ourselves and our children for a world of such transformations and radical uncertainties? A baby born today will be thirty-something in 2050. If all goes well, that baby will be around in 2100, and might even be an active citizen of the twenty-second century. What should we teach that baby that will help him or her ③to survive in the world of 2050 or of the twenty-second century? What kind of skills will he or she need in order to get a job, understand what is happening around him or her, and ④navigating the maze of life?
어법상 틀린 것은 “navigating”으로, “navigate”로 고쳐야 한다.
병렬 구조 문제다. “in order to” 뒤의 “get a job, understand what is happening ..., and navigate the maze of life”는 등위접속사 and로 연결된 동사원형 세 개여야 한다.
- “unprecedented”(전례 없는): 명사 “revolutions”를 수식하는 형용사로 알맞다.
- “ourselves”: 주어 we와 목적어가 같으므로 재귀대명사를 쓴다.
- “to survive”: “help + 목적어 + (to) 동사원형” 구조로, 목적격 보어 자리에 to부정사를 쓸 수 있다.
I started taking lessons once a week at the most ①embarrassing place one ②can learn how to play the guitar—the Lesson Factory. The Lesson Factory was like the Walmart of guitar lessons. It was connected to the Guitar Center and inside there were about ten soundproof cubicles, each ③equipped with two chairs and two amplifiers and your very own defeated musician recruited off Craigslist. I was lucky enough to be paired with a teacher I actually liked, who ④must consider me a welcome break from prepubescent boys who exclusively wanted to learn how to play Green Day songs and the intro to “Stairway to Heaven.”
어법상 틀린 것은 “must consider”로, “must have considered”로 고쳐야 한다.
글은 “started”, “liked”처럼 과거 경험을 서술하고, 이 자리는 그 당시 교사의 생각에 대한 강한 추측이다. 과거 사실의 추측은 “must have + 과거분사”(~했음이 틀림없다)로 나타낸다.
- “embarrassing”: 장소가 당혹감을 유발하는 능동 관계이므로 현재분사가 맞다.
- “can”: 관계부사가 생략된 “place one can learn”의 조동사로, 뒤에 동사원형 “learn”이 온다.
- “equipped”: 각 방이 장비를 갖추게 된 수동 관계이므로 “each equipped with”의 과거분사가 맞다.
| Social scientists have long studied traps where each individual does what she thinks is best for herself (such as overfishing in a local pond), even though, when everyone makes the same choice, it leads to a bad outcome for all (the pond stops producing any fish). If the group could coordinate (such as by setting a limit on how many fish each resident can take), the long-term outcome would be far more fish for everyone. These traps are called collective action problems (or sometimes social dilemmas). Preteens are trapped in a collective action problem when they arrive for their first day of sixth grade and see that some of their classmates have gotten smartphones and are connecting on Instagram and Snapchat, even during class time. That puts pressure on them to get a smartphone and social media, even though all students would be better off if none of them had these things. |
글의 주제는 “the inescapable cycle of peer-driven tech adoption among preteens”(10대 초반 아이들이 벗어나기 어려운 또래 주도 기술 수용의 굴레)이다.
지문은 집단행동 문제를 설명한 뒤 “Preteens are trapped in a collective action problem”(10대 초반 아이들이 집단행동 문제에 갇힌다)이라고 적용한다. 아무도 갖지 않는 편이 모두에게 낫지만 또래 압력 때문에 스마트폰을 갖게 된다는 것이 핵심이다.
- “the positive long-term result of a limit on overfishing”(남획 제한의 장기적 효과): 남획은 개념을 설명하는 예시일 뿐이다.
- “the influence of adopting technologies from early ages”(이른 나이의 기술 수용이 미치는 영향): 영향 일반이 아니라 또래 압력의 덫이 초점이다.
- “the importance of individual egoism in solving social dilemmas”(사회적 딜레마 해결에서 개인 이기심의 중요성): 해결책은 “If the group could coordinate”(집단이 조율할 수 있다면)로 제시되며, 이기적 선택은 문제의 원인이다.
| When school started up for the summer session, before the crops had to be harvested, Anette was told that she could attend when she wasn’t needed at home. Mother Pedersen gave her a slate and a shiny new lunch bucket but warned her, “They cost a dime. A whole dime, do you understand? If you lose them, you can’t go to school anymore. And come right home after. No *dawdling.” Anette ran the mile north carrying the slate and bucket along with a **flicker of hope, hugging them carefully, terrified that all three would be taken away from her, or fall to the earth and break into pieces. But school hadn’t turned out to be much better than her new home; she couldn’t understand English, her overworked muscles ***cramped up from sitting at the bench for so long, and sometimes she fell asleep without warning. The other children—twelve assorted Norwegians, Swedes, and Germans—were polite, but they all knew that she was only a hired girl with no family. So they kept their distance. *dawdle 꾸물거리다 **flicker 깜빡거림 ***cramp up 경련이 일다 |
Anette의 심경 변화는 “expectant → frustrated”(기대하는 → 좌절한)이다.
Anette는 “a flicker of hope”(희미한 희망)를 안고 학교로 달려갔다. 그러나 “school hadn’t turned out to be much better than her new home”(학교는 새집보다 별로 나을 것이 없었다). 영어도 알아듣지 못하고 아이들도 “kept their distance”(거리를 두었다)여서 희망은 좌절로 바뀐다.
- “indifferent → passionate”(무관심한 → 열정적인): 처음부터 희망을 품었고, 뒤에 열정이 생기는 장면도 없다.
- “doubtful → comforted”(의심하는 → 위안을 얻은): 위로받는 장면 없이 아이들이 거리를 둘 뿐이다.
- “confident → insecure”(자신만만한 → 불안한): 처음에도 “terrified”(몹시 두려워하며) 물건을 끌어안고 있어 자신만만하지 않다.
| You might be thinking: No, humans are different! We are smarter than animals, we are rational beings, we are self-aware, we plan ahead, we are free, we are moral agents. Hence we have rights that other animals do not have, and we are entitled to use other animals as we wish. But, as Bentham pointed out, this argument has the implication that human infants—who are less rational, less self-aware, and less capable of planning ahead than many nonhuman animals—would also lack rights, and we would thus be entitled to use them as we use animals. The same would hold for some humans beyond infancy who, whether from a genetic abnormality, or brain damage, will never match the cognitive capacities of some nonhuman animals. Moreover, a series of studies has shown that differences in mental capacities don’t really explain why people give humans moral priority over other animals. On the contrary, when subjects were asked to say whom they would help in a situation in which they must choose between a human and a chimpanzee, 66 percent chose to help the human, even when told that the chimpanzee had more advanced mental capacities than the human. |
글의 요지는 인지 능력의 차이가 인간의 도덕적 우선권을 부여할 근거가 되지 않는다는 것이다.
벤담의 논증대로 그 기준을 따르면 “human infants”(인간 유아)도 권리가 없게 된다. 또한 “differences in mental capacities don’t really explain why people give humans moral priority”(정신 능력의 차이는 사람들이 인간에게 도덕적 우선권을 주는 이유를 설명하지 못한다)라고 밝힌다.
- “인간은 동물보다 뛰어난 인지 능력을 갖춘 이성적 존재이다.”: 글이 반박하기 위해 먼저 소개한 주장이다.
- “유아를 성인보다 인지 능력이 낮다는 이유로 함부로 대해서는 안 된다.”: 유아는 논증의 반례로 등장할 뿐 유아 처우가 요지는 아니다.
- “동물의 인지 능력이 인간을 능가할 수 있으므로 동물권은 보호되어야 한다.”: 일부 인간을 능가할 수 있다는 언급은 있으나 동물권 보호를 결론으로 삼지 않는다.
The arts are a study on what it is to be human; they tap into our subjective experience of the world and help us to make sense of our lives. This ①enrichment of the subjective *realm is difficult to quantify and by trying we reduce the very art we wish to protect. A school that shrinks the arts provision that its pupils can access is making a decision about what they think their ②priorities should be. If they are guided by **utilitarian choices then it is easy for them to cut back on arts programmes because it is far less ③difficult to justify the arts on these terms than, say, maths. But if they are guided by the desire to educate their pupils as to what is important to them as human beings to make sense of the world and their place within it, then they will do their very best to ④ensure the arts have a proper and sustainable place in their curriculum.
*realm 영역, 왕국
**utilitarian 실용적인, 공리주의의
문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “difficult”(어려운)로, “easy”(쉬운)로 바꿔야 한다.
“utilitarian choices”(실용적 선택)를 따르는 학교가 예술 교육을 쉽게 줄이는 이유는, 실용 기준으로는 예술을 정당화하기가 수학보다 “far less easy”(훨씬 덜 쉽기) 때문이다. “far less difficult”라면 정당화가 쉽다는 뜻이 되어 앞뒤가 어긋난다.
- “enrichment”(풍요롭게 함): 예술이 주관적 경험을 풍요롭게 한다는 앞 문장의 내용과 맞다.
- “priorities”(우선순위): 예술 축소가 무엇을 우선할지에 관한 결정이라는 뜻으로 알맞다.
- “ensure”(보장하다): 예술이 교육과정에 제자리를 갖도록 최선을 다한다는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
| England’s updated school food standards aim to tackle rising childhood obesity by removing deep-fried foods and sugary desserts. School meals are vital for children’s health and learning, especially for disadvantaged groups most affected by obesity. However, a Brighton pilot showed a 15% drop in meal uptake, with students preferring packed lunches that are often less healthy. Schools and caterers face budget cuts when uptake falls, while older pupils may reject unappealing food. Ministers must balance stricter nutrition rules with maintaining participation, adequate funding, and student preferences. The government seeks a “transformation in enjoyment” alongside better nutrition, but success requires evidence-based adjustments, listening to schools, and recognizing that school food alone cannot solve poverty and diet problems. Simply tightening standards risks unintended consequences. |
글의 주제는 “Government should consider various issues for school meal reform.”(정부는 학교 급식 개혁에서 여러 문제를 고려해야 한다)이다.
“Ministers must balance stricter nutrition rules with maintaining participation, adequate funding, and student preferences”(영양 기준 강화와 참여율·재정·학생 선호 사이에서 균형을 잡아야 한다)가 핵심이다. 마지막의 “Simply tightening standards risks unintended consequences”(기준 강화만으로는 예상치 못한 결과의 위험이 있다)도 같은 내용이다.
- “Students should participate in school meal reform.”(학생이 개혁에 참여해야 한다): 학생 선호는 고려 사항의 하나일 뿐이다.
- “Both taste and nutrition should be the sole major concerns in school catering.”(맛과 영양만이 주요 관심사여야 한다): 재정과 참여율도 들고 있어 “sole”(유일한)이 지문과 어긋난다.
- “Government must pass a law to lower the standards for school meals.”(기준을 낮추는 법을 제정해야 한다): 기준 완화 입법은 언급되지 않는다.
| The last few decades have been the most peaceful era in human history. Whereas in early agricultural societies human violence caused up to 15 percent of all human deaths, and in the twentieth century it caused 5 percent, today it is responsible for only 1 percent. Yet since the global financial crisis of 2008 the international situation is rapidly *deteriorating, **warmongering is back in vogue, and military expenditures are ballooning. Both laypeople and experts fear that just as in 1914 the murder of an Austrian ***archduke sparked the First World War, so in 2018 some incident in the Syrian desert or an unwise move in the Korean Peninsula might ignite a global conflict. *deteriorate 악화되다 **warmongering 호전주의 ***archduke 대공 |
글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 “2008년 세계 금융위기 이후 군비지출이 감소했다.”이다.
지문은 금융위기 이후 “military expenditures are ballooning”(군비 지출이 급증하고 있다)이라고 하므로, 감소가 아니라 증가가 맞다.
- “지난 수십 년간은 평화의 시기였다.”: “the most peaceful era in human history”(인류 역사상 가장 평화로운 시대)와 일치한다.
- “전체 사망 중 폭력의 비율은 농경시대부터 지금까지 14퍼센트포인트 하락했다.”: 초기 농경사회 15퍼센트에서 오늘날 1퍼센트로 줄었으므로 일치한다.
- “시리아 사막의 사건과 한반도의 움직임이 세계적 분쟁의 원인이 될 수 있다.”: “might ignite a global conflict”(세계적 분쟁에 불을 붙일 수 있다)와 일치한다.
Because lying takes increased mental effort, some experts on lie detection believe that increasing overall cognitive load may make lying behavior easier to detect in real time because the individual would have fewer cognitive resources to devote to constructing and maintaining a *plausible lie. This cognitive perspective of lie detection suggests an overload should more dramatically increase the amount of time it takes to construct a convincing lie, as compared to when an individual is telling the truth. ① However, most adults have a truth bias and can only detect deception about 50 percent of the time or at about chance levels. ② To overload mental resources, interviewers may ask people to complete additional tasks while being interviewed or **interrogated. ③ They may also add time pressure by asking the person to answer the questions quickly, increase stress, or increase the intensity of ***physiological cues such as tiredness or hunger. ④ All of these extra stressors increase demands on mental effort, which should increase the differences in response times between lying and honest responses.
*plausible 그럴 듯한
**interrogate 심문하다
***physiological 생리적
전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “However, most adults have a truth bias”로 시작하는 문장이다.
글은 인지 부하를 높여 거짓말을 탐지하는 방법을 다룬다. 이 문장만 사람들의 탐지 능력이 우연 수준이라는 내용으로, 인지 부하를 높이는 방법의 흐름을 끊는다.
- “To overload mental resources”로 시작하는 문장: 신문 중 추가 과제를 주는 방법을 소개해 앞 내용을 구체화한다.
- “They may also add time pressure”로 시작하는 문장: 시간 압박 등 또 다른 부하 방법을 덧붙인다.
- “All of these extra stressors”로 시작하는 문장: 이런 부담이 응답 시간 차이를 키운다고 정리한다.
| You thought the beaver was a *rodent of unusual size? The capybara is twice that big—the biggest rodent on Earth. These impressive semi-aquatic mammals are found throughout northern and central South America. Like beavers, capybaras are strong swimmers. Their pig-shaped bodies are adapted for life in bodies of water found in forests, seasonally flooded savannas, and wetlands. Their toes are partially webbed for paddling around, and their reddish to dark brown fur is long and rough—perfect for drying out quickly on land. Like other rodents, capybaras’ teeth grow continuously, and they wear them down by grazing on aquatic plants, grasses, and other plentiful plants. *rodent 설치류 |
글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 “카피바라는 북아메리카 남부와 중부에 걸쳐 서식한다.”이다.
지문은 “found throughout northern and central South America”라고 하므로 서식지는 남아메리카 북부와 중부다.
- “카피바라는 지구상에서 가장 큰 설치류로, 비버보다 두 배 크다.”: “twice that big—the biggest rodent on Earth”와 일치한다.
- “카피바라는 발가락에 부분적으로 물갈퀴가 있고, 털은 길고 거칠어 육지에서 빠르게 마른다.”: “partially webbed”(부분적으로 물갈퀴가 있는), “perfect for drying out quickly on land”(육지에서 빨리 마르기에 알맞은)와 일치한다.
- “카피바라의 이빨은 계속 자라며, 수생 식물과 풀, 그리고 다양한 식물을 먹으면서 이를 닳게 한다.”: “teeth grow continuously”(이빨이 계속 자란다)와 “wear them down by grazing”(뜯어 먹으며 닳게 한다)에 부합한다.
| The revolutions in biotech and infotech will give us control of the world inside us and will enable us to engineer and manufacture life. We will learn how to design brains, extend lives, and kill thoughts at our *discretion. Nobody knows what the consequences will be. Humans were always far better at inventing tools than using them wisely. It is easier to manipulate a river by building a dam than it is to predict all the complex consequences this will have for the wider ecological system. Similarly, it will ____________________________ than to **divine what that will do to our personal psychology or to our social systems. *discretion 재량권 **divine 예측하다 |
빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “be easier to redirect the flow of our minds”(마음의 흐름을 돌리는 것이 더 쉬울 것이다)이다.
“Similarly”(마찬가지로)로 앞 문장의 비교 구조를 잇는다. 강을 댐으로 조작하기는 쉬워도 결과 예측은 어렵듯이, 마음을 조작하는 일이 그 결과를 “divine”(예측하다)하는 일보다 쉽다는 대응이다.
- “be simpler to avoid using the new technology”(새 기술 사용을 피하는 것이 더 간단할 것이다): 지문은 기술 회피가 아니라 조작과 예측의 격차를 말한다.
- “be more difficult to invent new global systems”(새로운 세계 체계를 만드는 것이 더 어려울 것이다): 앞 문장의 “easier” 비교와 반대이고 체계 발명도 언급되지 않는다.
- “be less complicated to reflect our social systems”(사회 체계를 반영하는 것이 덜 복잡할 것이다): 사회 체계는 “than” 뒤의 예측 대상이므로 조작 대상의 자리에 맞지 않는다.
| Exactly who should be taking aspirin regularly, and when, ___________________________. Some researchers believe that the combined benefits for cardiovascular disease and cancer should inspire wider uptake. Burn, who has taken aspirin as a preventative measure in the past, is optimistic about its potential for public health. “We did a big study where we showed that if every 50-something year-old took a baby aspirin for ten years, the national mortality from all causes would be reduced by 4%,” says Burn. Most researchers argue that it should only be restricted to particular patients, however. “It’s one thing to give aspirin to a cancer population but it’s a totally different thing to offer the healthy population something that might harm them as well,” says Martling. That’s because aspirin can have serious adverse effects, and it isn’t likely to work for all people or all cancers. |
빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “remains an ongoing matter of heated debate”(여전히 뜨거운 논쟁거리다)이다.
“Some researchers believe”로 시작하는 쪽은 더 널리 복용하자고 하고, “Most researchers argue”로 시작하는 쪽은 특정 환자로 제한하자고 한다. 글 전체가 견해 대립을 보여 준다.
- “has been conclusively determined on scientific grounds”(과학적으로 결론이 났다): 연구자들의 의견이 갈린다는 내용과 반대다.
- “constitutes a pivotal public health priority”(핵심 공중보건 과제다): Burn의 낙관적 견해에 가깝고, 반대 견해까지 아우르지 못한다.
- “paves the way for innovative therapeutic paradigms”(혁신적 치료 패러다임의 길을 연다): 새 치료 패러다임은 언급되지 않는다.
| As the largest species of eared seals, male steller sea lions can reach eleven to twelve feet and weigh up to 2,500 pounds. Once fully mature, they also sport a mane of fur around their necks, like a lion. Females are much smaller, growing to about nine feet and around a thousand pounds. Living in cold ocean waters, these sea lions rely on a thick layer of fat called blubber to stay warm. Their large bodies also help them dive deep—more than a thousand feet—to hunt fish and squid at night. |
글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 “암컷은 약 11~12피트까지 자라고, 무게는 약 1000파운드 정도로 자란다.”이다.
“Females are much smaller, growing to about nine feet”이므로 암컷은 약 9피트까지 자라고, 11~12피트는 수컷의 수치다.
- “귀가 있는 물개류 중 가장 큰 종이다.”: “the largest species of eared seals”와 일치한다.
- “수컷은 완전히 성숙하면 목 주변에 사자와 같은 갈기 형태의 털을 갖게 된다.”: “sport a mane of fur around their necks, like a lion”과 일치한다.
- “차가운 바다에 살며 1000피트가 넘는 깊이까지 잠수하여 물고기와 오징어를 사냥한다.”: “dive deep—more than a thousand feet—to hunt fish and squid”와 일치한다.
| I didn’t make the team, though I did show enough improvement to justify practicing with my friends who had made the team, and that was all I really wanted. I learned that grandma was right: Golf was a rich person’s game. |
(A)I resisted the urge to bury my putter in his ear, remembering grandma’s *sage advice to “act like you’ve been there.”
(B)At the course where I worked, few of our customers came from Middletown’s working-class neighborhoods. On my first day of golf practice, I showed up in dress shoes, thinking that was what golf shoes were.
(C)When an enterprising young bully noticed before the first tee that I was wearing a pair of Kmart brown loafers, he proceeded to mock me mercilessly for the next four hours.
*sage 현명한
이어질 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.
주어진 글의 “Golf was a rich person’s game”(골프는 부자의 운동이었다)을 (B)가 노동계층 손님이 드물었다는 말로 받고, 첫 연습에 “dress shoes”(구두)를 신고 간 일화를 꺼낸다. (C)에서 그 “brown loafers”(갈색 로퍼)를 조롱당하고, (A)에서 충동을 참는 것으로 끝난다.
- “(B) - (A) - (C)”: (A)의 “his ear”에서 his가 가리키는 “bully”(괴롭히는 아이)가 (C)에 나오므로 (A)가 (C)보다 앞설 수 없다.
- “(C) - (A) - (B)”: (C)의 로퍼는 (B)의 구두 일화를 전제하므로 (C)가 (B)보다 앞설 수 없다.
- “(C) - (B) - (A)”: (C)로 시작하면 조롱 장면이 첫 연습 날이라는 배경 없이 나오고, 연습 날 설명이 (C) 뒤로 밀려 시간 순서도 어긋난다.