[국회직 8급 영어] 19년 1회차
국회직 8급 영어 기출문제

19년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · A4 약 1장

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A4정답 포함
국회직 8급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com

19년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Some unequivocal mistakes are avoidable. These mistakes may result, for example, from careproviders' habitually behaving toward patients in a manner that is cavalier.
1serious
2reticent
3snobbish
4apathetic
5appalling
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “cavalier”(무신경한, 대수롭지 않게 여기는)와 가장 가까운 말은 “apathetic”(무관심한, 냉담한)이다.

지문은 피할 수 있는 실수(“avoidable” mistakes)가 환자를 대하는 의료진의 습관적 태도에서 비롯된다고 말한다. 따라서 밑줄 어휘는 환자에 대한 관심과 주의가 부족한 태도를 가리킨다.

  • “serious”(진지한, 심각한): 가볍게 여기는 태도와 반대되는 말이다.
  • “reticent”(과묵한): 말수에 관한 말로, 실수를 부르는 태도와 맞지 않는다.
  • “snobbish”(속물적인, 잘난 체하는): 우월감을 드러내는 말로, 부주의에서 비롯되는 실수와는 초점이 다르다.
  • “appalling”(끔찍한, 형편없는): 충격적으로 나쁘다는 평가의 말일 뿐 태도의 성격을 나타내지 않는다.
문제 2
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined expression?
For Netflix, an Oscar can be used to court talent and help create more exclusive content for subscribers. It can also make Netflix's method of releasing films the industry norm. Netflix has been releasing its original films on its service at the same time they are in theaters, and sometimes does not release them in theaters at all. That's a threat to the bottom line of the theater industry, which makes its money from the box office and concession sales.
1final conclusion
2founding principles
3lowest acceptable price
4settled accounts
5potential of growth
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “bottom line”은 여기서 극장 업계의 최종 손익을 뜻하므로 “settled accounts”(결산, 최종 정산 결과)와 의미가 가장 가깝다.

바로 뒤의 “which makes its money from the box office and concession sales”(입장권과 매점 판매로 돈을 번다)가 단서다. 넷플릭스의 방식이 위협하는 대상은 극장의 수익이다.

  • “final conclusion”(최종 결론): “bottom line”의 다른 뜻이지만 수익을 다루는 이 문맥에는 맞지 않는다.
  • “founding principles”(창립 원칙): 지문에서 극장 업계의 원칙은 다루지 않는다.
  • “lowest acceptable price”(수용 가능한 최저 가격): 가격 하한에 관한 언급은 없다.
  • “potential of growth”(성장 잠재력): 미래의 성장이 아니라 현재 벌어들이는 수익이 위협받는다는 내용이다.
문제 3
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
The interview is a natural and ①socially acceptable way of collecting information ②that most people feel ③comfortable with and ④what can be used ⑤in a variety of situations.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 곳은 “what”으로, “and that can be used”처럼 관계대명사 “that”으로 고쳐야 한다.

관계대명사 what vs that 구분 문제다. what은 선행사를 포함하므로 앞에 명사가 올 수 없는데, 여기에는 선행사 “way”가 있고 앞선 관계절 “that most people feel comfortable with”와 and로 병렬되어 있다.

  • “socially acceptable”: 부사가 형용사를 수식하는 바른 형태다.
  • “that”: 선행사 “way”를 받는 목적격 관계대명사로, 전치사 with의 목적어 자리가 비어 있다.
  • “comfortable with”: feel의 보어 형용사에 전치사 with가 이어진 바른 표현이다.
  • “in a variety of situations”: 동사구 “can be used”를 수식하는 전치사구로 문제없다.
문제 4
Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?
(A)Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) tablets are associated with a higher risk of rare but serious blood clots, finds a large study in The BMJ today. (B)No increased risk was found for HRT skin patches, gels or creams, despite the vast majority of women choosing HRT continue to be prescribed oral preparations. (C)The researchers say these findings provide important information for women and her doctors to help them make the best treatment choices. (D)HRT is used to relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats. (E)Different treatments is available depending on the symptoms.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설

어법상 옳은 문장은 “Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) tablets are associated with …”로 시작하는 첫 문장이다.

복수 주어 “tablets”에 “are”가 맞고, “be associated with”(~와 관련되다)도 바르다. 뒤의 “finds a large study”는 인용 내용 뒤에서 동사와 주어가 도치된 형태로 문제없다.

  • “No increased risk was found …” 문장: 전치사 despite의 목적어 안에서 “the vast majority of women choosing HRT”가 의미상 주어이므로 “continue”를 동명사 “continuing”으로 고쳐야 한다.
  • “The researchers say …” 문장: 대명사의 수일치 오류로, 복수 “women”을 받는 “her”는 “their”여야 한다.
  • “HRT is used to relieving …” 문장: “be used to 동사원형”(~하는 데 사용되다)이 맞으므로 “to relieve”로 고쳐야 한다.
  • “Different treatments is available …” 문장: 주어-동사 수일치 오류로, 복수 주어에 맞게 “are”로 고쳐야 한다.
문제 5
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
Sport ①reflects the norms and values of the general culture of a society. In American culture, as in most world cultures, winning and success are highly ②valued commodities. Sport can serve as an excellent exemplar of the cherished “win-at-all-costs” philosophy. This prevailing attitude often leads to elitism, racism, nationalism, extreme competitiveness, abuse of drugs (including performance- enhancing drugs), gambling, and a number of other ③deviant behaviors. However, the true spirit of sport often reveals itself as well. The notions of cooperation and team work, fair play, sportsmanship, hard work, dedication, reaching to achieve personal excellence, obedience to rules, commitment and loyalty are also revered values of American society, and that is, perhaps, the ④primary reason that Americans love sports so much. Despite the highly publicized negative sport stories that are often sensationalized by the mass media, there are far more positive sport-related stories which help to ⑤disprove that our support of our favorite teams and athletes is not a wasted endeavor.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞지 않는 말은 “disprove”(틀렸음을 입증하다)이며, “prove”(입증하다)로 바꿔야 한다.

“that our support … is not a wasted endeavor”(응원이 헛된 노력이 아니라는 것)는 필자의 주장이다. 긍정적인 스포츠 이야기가 많다는 내용은 이 주장을 뒷받침하므로, 부정하는 말은 흐름에 어긋난다.

  • “reflects”(반영하다): 스포츠가 사회 문화의 규범과 가치를 반영한다는 첫 문장의 내용에 맞다.
  • “valued”(가치 있게 여겨지는): 승리와 성공이 높이 평가되는 “commodities”라는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
  • “deviant”(일탈적인): 앞서 나열한 약물 남용·도박 같은 행동을 묶어 표현하는 말로 적절하다.
  • “primary”(주된): 미국인이 스포츠를 사랑하는 주된 이유라는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
문제 6
Choose the one that the underlined "it" refers to.
Transcendental idealism, also called formalistic idealism, is a term applied to the epistemology of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who held that the human self, or transcendental ego, constructs knowledge out of sense impressions and from universal concepts called categories that it imposes upon them.
1transcendental idealism
2epistemology
3the human self
4knowledge
5a term
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “it”이 가리키는 것은 “the human self”(인간의 자아)이다.

“who held that” 이하에서 “the human self”가 주어로 나와 “constructs knowledge”(지식을 구성한다)라고 서술한다. 관계절 “that it imposes upon them”에서 범주를 감각 인상(them)에 부과하는 주체도 지식을 구성하는 바로 그 자아다.

  • “transcendental idealism”(선험적 관념론): 칸트 인식론을 부르는 이름일 뿐 범주를 부과하는 주체가 아니다.
  • “epistemology”(인식론): 칸트의 이론 자체를 가리키는 말로 행위 주체가 될 수 없다.
  • “knowledge”(지식): “constructs”의 목적어로, 범주가 적용되어 만들어지는 결과물이다.
  • “a term”(용어): 관념론이 어떤 용어인지 설명하는 말이며, 관계절의 내용과 무관하다.
문제 7
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined expression?
Today, China is the country best positioned to send its sons and daughters into the same lunar unknown*—a goal it is aiming to reach as early as the late 2020s—and represent the entire 7.5 billion of us if it does. The Chinese edge is due in large part to the monomaniacally focused way Beijing pursues all of its grand projects, like the 2008 Olympics, the country's sprawling rail and subway grid, and the global Belt and Road Initiative. A top-down system that exerts complete control of all aspects of the economy and society can pretty much will its great works into existence. “Odds of the next voice transmission from the moon being in Mandarin are high,” said Joan Johnson -Freese, a professor at the U.S. Naval War College, on CNN Thursday.
* the lunar unknown: the far side of the moon
1Chances are China will be the next to land a manned spaceship on the moon.
2It is highly likely that Chinese will be adopted as the standard language for all astronauts.
3There is a real possibility that whoever next gets to the moon will first notify their arrival to China.
4China will educate their astronauts to speak its official language perfectly on the moon.
5It is possible that China will finally succeed in sending its children to the moon.
정답 및 해설

밑줄 부분과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 “Chances are China will be the next to land a manned spaceship on the moon.”(다음에 달에 유인 우주선을 착륙시킬 나라는 중국일 가능성이 크다)이다.

“Odds of … being in Mandarin are high”는 달에서 오는 다음 음성이 중국어일 가능성이 높다는 뜻이다. 지문이 중국을 달에 사람을 보내기에 가장 유리한 나라로 소개하므로, 이는 다음 유인 달 착륙국이 중국이라는 비유적 표현이다.

  • “Chinese will be adopted as the standard language …”: 우주인의 표준어를 정한다는 내용이 아니다.
  • “whoever next gets to the moon will first notify their arrival to China”: 도착을 중국에 알린다는 말은 지문에 없다.
  • “China will educate their astronauts …”: 우주인의 언어 교육은 지문의 논점이 아니다.
  • “succeed in sending its children to the moon”: “sons and daughters”는 자국민 우주인을 뜻하며, “possible”은 “high”보다 가능성이 약하다.
문제 8
Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A) and (B)?
The U.S. Congress, the legislative body of the U.S. government (USG), plays an important role in determining and shaping the government's global health policy and programs. Although only one of many USG entities involved in global health, its engagement has been particularly notable over the last 15 years, which have been marked by unprecedented bipartisan support for U.S. global heath efforts and resulted in the authorization of the U.S. President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief, the U.S. government's coordinated response to global HIV and the largest program focused on a single global health issue in the world, as well as the (A) of significantly increased funding. Indeed, Congress fulfills a key role in U.S. global health policy by setting the broad parameters and priorities of U.S. global health programs, determining their funding levels, and (B) the implementation and effectiveness of supported efforts. Its activities in this area are complemented and influenced to varying degrees by those of numerous stakeholder groups and individuals that, while not examined in this primer, are key actors in the policymaking process. Such stakeholders include: advocates, the private sector, think tanks, academic institutions, religious communities and organizations, people directly affected by global health issues (such as people living with HIV), and others.
1(A)00 appropriation / (B)00 overseeing
2(A)00 endorsement / (B)00 superintending
3(A)00 ratification / (B)00 overlooking
4(A)00 enactment / (B)00 shepherding
5(A)00 inspection / (B)00 commanding
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 (A) “appropriation”(예산 책정)과 (B) “overseeing”(감독)이다.

(A)는 “of significantly increased funding”을 받으므로 자금을 배정한다는 말이 필요하다. (B)는 “the implementation and effectiveness”(이행과 효과)를 목적어로 받으며, 의회의 역할을 나열하는 자리이므로 감독의 뜻이 맞다.

  • “endorsement / superintending”: (B)의 “superintending”(감독)은 가능하지만 (A)의 “endorsement”(지지)는 자금 배정을 나타내지 못한다.
  • “ratification / overlooking”: “ratification”(비준)은 자금과 어울리지 않고 “overlooking”(간과)은 의회의 역할과 반대된다.
  • “enactment / shepherding”: “enactment”(제정)는 법률에 쓰는 말이고 “shepherding”(인도)은 이행과 효과를 살핀다는 뜻이 아니다.
  • “inspection / commanding”: 자금을 “inspection”(검사)한다는 말은 증액 문맥에 맞지 않고 “commanding”(지휘)도 효과를 점검하는 뜻이 아니다.
문제 9
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
For a desirable learning situation to ①prevail, adults should consider certain features about purposeful goals that guide learning activities. Of utmost importance is that the goal must seem ②worthwhile to the child. This will ③involve such factors as interest, attention, and motivation. Fortunately in sports, interest, attention, and motivation are likely to be ④“built-in” qualities. Thus, the adult does not necessarily need to “arouse” the child with various kinds of ⑤intrinsic motivating devices.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞지 않는 말은 “intrinsic”(내재적인)이며, “extrinsic”(외재적인)으로 바꿔야 한다.

앞 문장은 스포츠에서 흥미와 동기가 “built-in”, 즉 이미 내재된 자질이라고 말한다. 그래서 어른이 “arouse”(자극)할 필요가 없다는 결론이 나오므로, 필요 없는 것은 바깥에서 동기를 불어넣는 장치다.

  • “prevail”(자리 잡다, 널리 퍼지다): 바람직한 학습 상황이 조성된다는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
  • “worthwhile”(가치 있는): 목표가 아이에게 가치 있어 보여야 한다는 내용으로 적절하다.
  • “involve”(수반하다): 그 일이 흥미·주의·동기 같은 요인을 수반한다는 뜻으로 맞다.
  • “built-in”(내재된): 스포츠 자체에 동기가 들어 있다는 뒤 문장의 결론과 이어진다.
문제 10
Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the three parts to complete the passage?
Differences among cultures influence us in many ways―including the ways we think about other people's behavior.
(A) Likewise, members of these cultures tend to view poor performance on a test as a sign of low intelligence (disposition) rather than as a result of an overly difficult exam (situation). This bias is so pervasive that it is called the fundamental attribution error.
(B) In particular, people from individualistic cultures routinely ascribe others' behavior to dispositions and not to situations―even when there is ample reason to believe that situations are playing a crucial role.
(C) Thus North Americans of European heritage tend to see people on public assistance as lazy (a dispositional attribution), for example, rather than struggling in an economy with high unemployment and few entry-level positions (a situational attribution).
1(A)-(C)-(B)
2(B)-(A)-(C)
3(B)-(C)-(A)
4(C)-(A)-(B)
5(C)-(B)-(A)
정답 및 해설

글의 흐름에 맞는 순서는 (B)-(C)-(A)이다.

“the ways we think about other people's behavior”를 “In particular”로 구체화하는 (B)가 먼저 온다. 이어 “Thus”로 첫 사례를 드는 (C), “Likewise”로 다음 사례를 들고 “This bias”로 편향의 이름을 밝히는 (A)가 온다.

  • (A)-(C)-(B): “Likewise”로 시작하는 (A)는 앞선 사례 없이 첫머리에 올 수 없다.
  • (B)-(A)-(C): (C)의 첫 사례 없이 “Likewise”가 올 수 없고, 편향의 이름을 밝힌 뒤 다시 사례로 돌아가면 어색하다.
  • (C)-(A)-(B): “these cultures”의 근거가 되는 “individualistic cultures”가 뒤로 밀려 (A)의 지칭이 성립하지 않는다.
  • (C)-(B)-(A): “Thus”로 사례부터 내면 일반 진술인 (B)가 사례 뒤로 밀려 결과를 나타내는 연결이 깨진다.
문제 11
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
The song may engage my daughter without the insipidness that comes with much children's music.
1tirade
2vibrancy
3dereliction
4blandness
5perturbation
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “insipidness”(무미건조함, 싱거움)와 가장 가까운 말은 “blandness”(밋밋함, 단조로움)이다.

“without the insipidness that comes with much children's music”은 많은 동요에 따라붙는 지루한 밋밋함 없이 아이를 사로잡는다는 뜻이다.

  • “tirade”(장황한 비난): 음악의 성격을 나타내는 말이 아니다.
  • “vibrancy”(활기): 밋밋함과 반대되는 말이다.
  • “dereliction”(직무 태만): 책임을 저버린다는 뜻으로 문맥과 무관하다.
  • “perturbation”(동요, 불안): 마음이 흔들리는 상태를 뜻해 맞지 않는다.
문제 12
Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Hundred Days in French history is a term for the period between March 20, 1815, the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris after escaping from exile on Elba, and July 8, 1815, the date of the return of Louis XVIII to Paris. The phrase was first used by the prefect of the Seine, comte de Chabrol de Volvic, in his speech welcoming the king. Less than a year following his abdication (April 6, 1814) and the Bourbon Restoration, Napoleon left his island exile in the Tyrrhenian Sea and landed at Cannes on March 1, leading 1,500 men, and marched at once upon Paris. Louis XVIII fled to Ghent on March 13, and Napoleon entered Paris one week later. To broaden his support, Napoleon made liberal changes to the Imperial Constitution, which led a number of former opponents, most notably Benjamin Constant, to rally to his cause. On March 25 Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia concluded an alliance against Napoleon and forced a series of military engagements leading up to the fatal Battle of Waterloo (June 18). On June 22 Napoleon abdicated a second time; on July 15 he boarded a British warship at Rochefort, essentially a prisoner; and exactly three months later he was landed at St. Helena, a British island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, on July 8, Louis XVIII had returned to Paris in the second Bourbon Restoration.
1Napoleon remained on Elba for over a year against his will.
2Napoleon abdicated again on July 8, 1815 when Louis XVIII returned to Paris.
3Napoleon changed the Imperial Constitution to oppress his rivals.
4Napoleon's march from Cannes to Paris ended on March 20.
5Napoleon disembarked from Rochefort which carried him to St. Helena on September 15.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하는 내용은 “Napoleon's march from Cannes to Paris ended on March 20.”이다.

나폴레옹은 3월 1일 칸에 상륙해 곧바로 파리로 진군했고, 3월 13일 루이 18세가 달아난 뒤 “one week later”에 파리에 입성했다. 첫 문장도 파리 도착일을 March 20로 밝힌다.

  • “remained on Elba for over a year”: “Less than a year following his abdication”이라 했으므로 1년이 되지 않는다.
  • “abdicated again on July 8, 1815”: 두 번째 퇴위는 “On June 22”이고, 7월 8일은 루이 18세의 파리 복귀일이다.
  • “changed the Imperial Constitution to oppress his rivals”: 헌법을 “liberal” 하게 고쳐 지지를 넓혔고 옛 반대자들까지 끌어들였다.
  • “disembarked from Rochefort … on September 15”: 7월 15일에 승선하고 “exactly three months later” 도착했으므로 9월이 아닌 10월 15일이다.
문제 13
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
According to Foucault, morality is concerned with systems of injunction and interdiction constructed in relation to formalized codes. Ethics are concerned with advice as to how one should concern oneself in everyday life. While morality operates through a set of        rules and prohibitions, ethics are concerned with the actual practices of subjects in relation to the rules which are recommended to them. These rules are enacted with varying degrees of compliance and creativity.
1discarded
2diverted
3constricted
4imposed
5intimated
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “imposed”(부과된, 강제된)이다.

도덕은 “injunction and interdiction”(명령과 금지)과 “formalized codes”(공식화된 규범)로 작동한다. 뒤의 윤리는 “recommended”(권고된) 규칙을 다루므로, “While”로 대조되는 빈칸에는 위에서 강제되는 규칙의 뜻이 와야 한다.

  • “discarded”(폐기된): 도덕이 작동하는 수단이 폐기된 규칙일 수는 없다.
  • “diverted”(방향이 바뀐): 규칙의 강제성과 관련이 없다.
  • “constricted”(위축된, 좁아진): 규칙의 범위가 좁다는 언급은 없다.
  • “intimated”(넌지시 암시된): 공식화된 명령·금지와 정반대의 느낌이다.
문제 14
Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
We normally think of an archive as a collection of papers or documents. Yet a city, town, or national park area can also function as a kind of archive—a place where you will find sites of historic, political, or cultural importance.
Certainly one of the best ways to learn about a public space and its archive is to take a walking tour. Cities, towns, local and national parks, botanical gardens, museums, campuses, cemeteries, and historical buildings across this country have walking tours designed to show visitors the history of the place; the best places to shop; popular restaurants, homes of poets, artists, and politicians; little-known places of historic interest; and more. These tours usually include a step-by-step guide to the places on the tour, an easy-to-follow map, and a succinct description of the importance of each stop.
1The Values of Walking Tours
2The Importance of Archive
3The Functions of City Tours
4Tourist Attractions and Visitors
5The Elements of Tourism
정답 및 해설

지문의 제목으로 가장 알맞은 것은 “The Values of Walking Tours”(도보 투어의 가치)이다.

핵심 문장은 “one of the best ways to learn about a public space and its archive is to take a walking tour”이다. 이후 내용도 도보 투어가 장소의 역사와 볼거리를 어떻게 알려 주는지 설명하므로, 글의 초점은 도보 투어의 유용성에 있다.

  • “The Importance of Archive”: 아카이브는 공공장소를 설명하기 위한 도입 소재일 뿐이다.
  • “The Functions of City Tours”: 도시뿐 아니라 공원·박물관·캠퍼스 등도 다루므로 범위가 좁다.
  • “Tourist Attractions and Visitors”: 관광지와 방문객의 관계를 논하는 글이 아니다.
  • “The Elements of Tourism”: 관광의 구성 요소를 분석하는 글이 아니다.
문제 15
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Entertainment is a luxury, not a necessity. Movies won't give you a dependable ride to work, and a downloaded song won't feed your family for a week. People will only consume entertainment when they have time, money, and the desire to do so. That desire comes about through any number of variables, but once it's there, you'd better deliver—now. Entertainment must be available to the public when the public wants it, not a minute sooner or a second later. It is this perishability that poses the biggest challenge to the industry. Trends in automobiles or home furnishings—large investments—may ebb and flow over several years. Those industries can follow a linear path in the life of a product, taking more time to create the new version, model, style. Entertainment? Today's hot thing can be cold as a clam tomorrow. The consuming public is fickle, so if you want to take advantage of their interest, you need to mobilize all your forces immediately.
1mass consumability
2temporal sensitivity
3technical dependency
4unlimited availability
5presumed certainty
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “perishability”(쉽게 소멸하는 성질)와 가장 가까운 말은 “temporal sensitivity”(시간에 민감함)이다.

“available to the public when the public wants it, not a minute sooner or a second later”와 “Today's hot thing can be cold as a clam tomorrow”가 근거다. 오락은 때를 놓치면 금세 가치를 잃는다는 뜻이다.

  • “mass consumability”(대량 소비성): 소비 규모가 아니라 시기가 문제라는 지문의 논점과 다르다.
  • “technical dependency”(기술 의존성): 기술에 관한 언급은 없다.
  • “unlimited availability”(무제한 이용 가능성): 원할 때 곧바로 제공해야 한다는 뜻이지 무제한 제공을 말하지 않는다.
  • “presumed certainty”(추정된 확실성): 대중은 “fickle”(변덕스러운)하다고 했으므로 반대되는 뜻이다.
문제 16
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
A free education for all is the American ideal. The general educational level in the United States (A)has risen steadily. The number of students attending school (B)have more than doubled during the last half-century. More than three-fourths of the population between the ages of 5 and 19 (C)has now enrolled. After World War II there (D)was a tremendous increase in college enrollment because many thousands of military veterans took advantage of the program of higher education that (E)was offered them at government expense.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 곳은 “have more than doubled”로, “has more than doubled”로 고쳐야 한다.

주어-동사 수일치 문제다. “The number of students”는 ‘학생의 수’를 뜻하므로 핵심 주어가 단수인 “number”이고, 복수 동사를 받는 “A number of”(많은)와 구별해야 한다.

  • “has risen steadily”: 단수 주어 “level”에 맞는 현재완료다.
  • “has now enrolled”: 분수 표현 뒤의 수는 of 뒤 명사를 따르므로 단수 “population”에 맞춰 “has”가 온다.
  • “was a tremendous increase”: there 구문에서 뒤의 단수 주어 “increase”에 수를 맞췄다.
  • “was offered them”: 선행사 “program”이 단수이고, 수동태 뒤에 간접목적어 them이 남은 형태다.
문제 17
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
1We now put up a screen for the weak-sighted, and now withdraw it from stronger eyes; thus we plague and please all parties.
2We are spending more and more effort and money trying to get a sufficient number of able high-school graduates, and we are having a difficult time finding enough of them.
3Despite greatly increased catches in the last several years, the fish population as a whole is growing faster than the human population.
4If she had explained to him properly why she wanted the fish watched, at the same time making special mention of a cat's fondness of fish, no doubt he watched it to better purpose.
5And because man cannot bear to live with these perplexing questions unanswered, every culture in every part of the world has its own myths, explaining certain ancient customs, dear beliefs or the facts of nature.
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 문장은 “If she had explained to him properly …”로 시작하는 문장이다.

가정법 과거완료 문제다. if절이 “had explained”이므로 주절은 “would have watched” 형태가 되어야 하는데, 직설법 과거 “watched”가 쓰였다.

  • “We now put up a screen …”: “now … now …”(때로는 ~, 때로는 ~)로 현재시제가 병렬되고 “thus” 이하도 현재시제로 이어져 바르다.
  • “We are spending more and more effort and money …”: “spend + 목적어 + -ing”와 “have a difficult time -ing”를 바르게 썼다.
  • “Despite greatly increased catches …”: 전치사 despite 뒤에 명사구가 왔고, 단수 주어 “population”에 “is”가 맞다.
  • “And because man cannot bear to live …”: “with + 목적어 + 과거분사”(unanswered)의 부대상황과 분사 “explaining”이 바르게 쓰였다.
문제 18
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
About 56 million people in the world died in 2017. This is (A)10 million more than in 1990, as the global population has increased and people live longer on average. (B) More than 70% die from non-communicable, chronic diseases. These are not passed from person to person and typically progress slowly. The biggest single killer is cardiovascular disease, which affects the heart and arteries and is responsible for (C)every third death. This is (D)twice of the rate of cancers―the second leading cause―which account for about (E)one in six of all deaths. Other non-contagious diseases such as diabetes, certain respiratory diseases and dementia are also near the top of the list.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 곳은 “twice of the rate”로, “twice the rate”로 고쳐야 한다.

배수사 구문 문제다. “twice”는 전치사 of 없이 “배수사 + the + 명사” 어순으로 바로 명사를 받는다.

  • “10 million more”: 수량 표현이 비교급 앞에서 차이를 나타내고, 뒤의 “than in 1990”과 호응한다.
  • “More than 70% die”: 사망자 중 70% 이상을 뜻하는 복수 주어에 복수 동사가 맞다.
  • “every third death”: “every + 서수 + 단수 명사”(세 건 중 한 건꼴)의 바른 표현이다.
  • “one in six”: 여섯 중 하나라는 비율 표현으로, “of all deaths”와 함께 쓸 수 있다.
문제 19
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a presidential system which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of―nor is appointed by―the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of governments, and governments cannot request an early        as may be the case for parliaments.
1dissolution
2disintegration
3disattachment
4disruption
5disrespect
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “dissolution”(의회 해산)이다.

지문은 의원내각제와 대통령제를 대조하며, 대통령제의 의회는 정부 수반을 선출·해임하지 못한다고 말한다. 그 대응으로 정부도 의회에 대해 “early dissolution”, 즉 조기 해산을 요청할 수 없다는 흐름이다.

  • “disintegration”(붕괴, 해체): 저절로 무너지는 현상을 뜻하며, 정부가 요청하는 절차가 아니다.
  • “disattachment”(분리): 의회 제도를 나타내는 말이 아니다.
  • “disruption”(혼란, 방해): 정부가 요청할 만한 대상이 아니다.
  • “disrespect”(무례): 문맥과 전혀 어울리지 않는다.
문제 20
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Dominic Thiem produced a special performance to claim the biggest title of his career on Sunday, surviving Roger Federer in the BNP Paribas Open final. The third time is the charm for the Austrian, who secured his first ATP* Masters 1,000 trophy in his third final appearance. Thiem denied Federer a record sixth BNP Paribas Open crown, battling back for the championship 3-6, 6-3, 7-5 in just over two hours. The 25-year-old produced an impressive display under the Southern California sun, storming back from a set down to stun the Swiss and leave everyone at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden       . “It's unreal,” said Thiem. “It's a pleasure to compete against Roger in this great final. I lost my last two Masters 1,000 finals, but I won this one and it feels as nice as a Grand Slam.
* ATP: Association of Tennis Professionals
1confounded
2gutted
3jubilant
4provoked
5in awe
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “in awe”(경탄하는)이다.

“impressive display”(인상적인 경기력)와 “storming back from a set down to stun the Swiss”(한 세트를 내주고 맹렬히 반격해 페더러를 놀라게 함)가 단서다. 경기장의 모든 사람을 감탄하게 했다는 “leave + 목적어 + 보어” 구조가 자연스럽다.

  • “confounded”(혼란스러워하는): 혼란이 아니라 뛰어난 경기력에 대한 감탄이 초점이다.
  • “gutted”(몹시 낙담한): 경기장의 모든 사람이 낙담했다는 근거는 없다.
  • “jubilant”(환희에 찬): 승자의 기쁨은 드러나지만 모든 관중의 환희를 말하는 맥락은 아니다.
  • “provoked”(화가 난): 분노를 일으켰다는 내용은 어디에도 없다.
문제 21
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Although it is the accepted designation, Abstract Expressionism is not an accurate description of the body of work created by these artists. Indeed, the movement comprised many different painterly styles varying in both technique and quality of expression. Despite this variety, Abstract Expressionist paintings share several broad characteristics. They are basically abstract—i.e., they depict forms not drawn from the visible world. They emphasize free, spontaneous, and personal emotional expression, and they exercise considerable freedom of technique and execution to attain this goal, with a particular emphasis laid on the exploitation of the variable physical character of paint to evoke expressive qualities (e.g., sensuousness, dynamism, violence, mystery, lyricism). They show similar emphasis on        in a form of psychic improvisation akin to the automatism of the Surrealists, with a similar intent of expressing the force of the creative unconscious in art.
1the carefully planned and accurately executed brush strokes
2the unstudied and intuitive application of that paint
3how to make the use of the paint and the brush appear sophisticated
4how freely they can invoke and express images seen in the artist's dreams
5the faithful representation of the artist's emotions
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “the unstudied and intuitive application of that paint”(물감을 꾸밈없이 직관적으로 사용함)이다.

빈칸 뒤의 “psychic improvisation”(정신적 즉흥)과 “automatism”(자동기술법)이 단서다. 앞 문장의 “spontaneous”와 “the variable physical character of paint”를 이어받아, 빈칸에는 즉흥적으로 물감을 쓰는 방식이 와야 한다.

  • “the carefully planned and accurately executed brush strokes”: 치밀한 계획은 “spontaneous”와 반대된다.
  • “how to make the use of the paint and the brush appear sophisticated”: 세련되어 보이게 하려는 의도는 지문에 없다.
  • “how freely they can invoke and express images seen in the artist's dreams”: 꿈속 이미지를 표현한다는 내용은 없고, 지문의 작품은 형상을 그리지 않는 추상이다.
  • “the faithful representation of the artist's emotions”: 감정 표현은 언급되지만 충실한 재현은 즉흥과 어긋난다.
문제 22
Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the five parts to complete the passage?
(A) There were few diversions, and they had more time to read novels of a length that seems to us now inordinate.
(B) Readers in the past seem to have been more patient than the readers of today.
(C) It may be that they were not irritated by the digressions and irrelevances that interrupted the narration.
(D) It is deplorable that on this account they should be less and less read.
(E) But some of the novels that suffer from these defects are among the greatest that have ever been written.
1(A)-(C)-(D)-(E)-(B)
2(A)-(E)-(C)-(D)-(B)
3(B)-(A)-(C)-(E)-(D)
4(B)-(A)-(E)-(D)-(C)
5(B)-(C)-(A)-(E)-(D)
정답 및 해설

글의 흐름에 맞는 순서는 (B)-(A)-(C)-(E)-(D)이다.

과거 독자의 인내심을 말하는 (B)가 먼저 오고, 그 이유를 밝히는 (A), 또 다른 추정을 더하는 (C)가 이어진다. (E)의 “these defects”는 (C)의 “digressions and irrelevances”를 받고, (D)의 “on this account”는 그 결함을 이유로 든다.

  • (A)-(C)-(D)-(E)-(B): (A)의 “they”가 가리킬 대상이 없어 첫 문장이 될 수 없다.
  • (A)-(E)-(C)-(D)-(B): 역시 “they”의 대상이 없고, (E)의 “these defects”도 앞에 받을 내용이 없다.
  • (B)-(A)-(E)-(D)-(C): “these defects”가 나온 뒤에야 (C)가 결함을 말하게 되어 지칭 순서가 뒤바뀐다.
  • (B)-(C)-(A)-(E)-(D): (C)와 (E) 사이에 (A)가 끼어 결함 내용과 “these defects”의 연결이 끊긴다.
문제 23
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Members of Congress have a clear advantage over challengers who want to unseat them. Current members are incumbents, candidates for reelection who already hold the office. As such, they have name recognition because the people in the district or state know them. They can use the franking privilege, of free use of the mail, to send out newsletters informing their constituents about their views or asking for input. Incumbents traditionally have easier access to campaign funds and volunteers to generate votes. It is not surprising that 90 percent of incumbents are reelected. The situation is not static, however. Legislators run for other offices, and vacancies are created by death, retirement, and resignation. Although term limits, restricting the number of consecutive terms an individual can serve, were rejected by the Supreme Court, the idea continues to enjoy the support of voters who       .
1make every effort to stay in touch with public opinions
2support the way the majority of the people in their districts want
3want to see more open contests
4take the views of their constituents into accounts
5use their own best judgement to vote
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “want to see more open contests”(더 열린 경쟁을 보고 싶어 한다)이다.

지문은 현직 의원의 이점과 “90 percent of incumbents are reelected”를 보여 준다. 임기 제한은 이런 독점을 깨는 제도이므로, 이를 지지하는 유권자는 도전자에게도 기회가 열린 경쟁을 원한다고 보는 것이 맞다.

  • “make every effort to stay in touch with public opinions”: 여론을 살피는 것은 유권자보다 의원에게 어울리는 서술이다.
  • “support the way the majority of the people in their districts want”: 지역구 다수를 따른다는 내용은 임기 제한을 지지할 이유가 되지 못한다.
  • “take the views of their constituents into accounts”: “constituents”(지역구민)의 견해를 고려하는 주체는 의원이다.
  • “use their own best judgement to vote”: 자기 판단에 따른 투표는 임기 제한 지지와 연결되지 않는다.
문제 24
Which of the following sentences does NOT fit in the passage?
People are described as consumers because they buy and use, store and maintain, manage and fantasize commodities. ①Yet we rarely ask ourselves to what extent people actually conceive themselves as consumers while they perform these assorted activities. ②Awareness of this issue should sensitize us to the multiplicity of meanings of consumption. ③We all consume, but we all do it differently, and certainly we think of it differently. ④This should mean that we ought to maintain the notion of ‘consumer culture.’ ⑤While conventionally we speak of ‘consumer culture’ in the singular, there are a variety of different, situated, institutionalized consumer cultures in the plural.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 문장은 “This should mean that we ought to maintain the notion of ‘consumer culture.’”이다.

지문은 소비의 다양한 의미를 강조하고, 마지막에 단수의 ‘consumer culture’가 아니라 복수의 소비자 문화들이 있다고 결론짓는다. 단일한 개념을 유지해야 한다는 문장은 이 흐름과 어긋난다.

  • “Yet we rarely ask ourselves …”: 소비자라는 규정에 사람들이 스스로를 어떻게 인식하는지 질문을 던지며 첫 문장을 잇는다.
  • “Awareness of this issue should sensitize us …”: “this issue”가 앞의 질문을 받아 소비의 의미가 다양하다는 쪽으로 나아간다.
  • “We all consume, but we all do it differently …”: 소비의 다양성을 구체화하는 문장이다.
  • “While conventionally we speak of ‘consumer culture’ in the singular …”: 단수에서 복수로 시각을 옮기는 결론이다.
문제 25
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
The energy changes associated with physicochemical processes are the province of thermodynamics, a subdiscipline of physics. The first two laws of thermodynamics state, in essence, that energy can be neither created nor destroyed and that the effect of physical and chemical changes is to increase the disorder, or randomness (i.e., entropy), of the universe. Although it might be supposed that biological processes—through which organisms grow in a highly ordered and complex manner, maintain order and complexity throughout their life, and pass on the instructions for order to succeeding generations—are in contravention of these laws, this is not so. Living organisms neither consume nor create energy: they can only transform it from one form to another. From the environment they absorb energy in a form useful to them; to the environment they return an equivalent amount of energy in a biologically less useful form. The useful energy, or free energy, may be defined as energy capable of doing work under isothermal conditions (conditions in which no temperature differential exists); free energy is associated with any chemical change. Energy less useful than free energy is returned to the environment, usually as heat. Heat cannot perform work in biological systems because all parts of cells have essentially the same temperature and pressure.
1According to the thermodynamics laws, physicochemical changes increase entropy.
2Organisms do not destroy energy in the process of growth.
3Free energy performs chemical change inside organisms.
4Energy unused in the process of chemical change is released usually as heat.
5Heat not only helps organisms maintain temperature but also accelerates chemical change.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 내용은 “Heat not only helps organisms maintain temperature but also accelerates chemical change.”이다.

지문에서 열은 덜 유용한 에너지로 환경에 되돌려지며, “Heat cannot perform work in biological systems”라고 했다. 열이 체온을 유지하거나 화학 변화를 가속한다는 내용은 어디에도 없다.

  • “physicochemical changes increase entropy”: “to increase the disorder, or randomness (i.e., entropy)”와 일치한다.
  • “Organisms do not destroy energy …”: “Living organisms neither consume nor create energy”와 “only transform it”에 부합한다.
  • “Free energy performs chemical change inside organisms.”: “capable of doing work”와 “free energy is associated with any chemical change”에 부합한다.
  • “Energy unused … is released usually as heat.”: “returned to the environment, usually as heat”와 일치한다.
국회직 8급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
19년 1회차
총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Some unequivocal mistakes are avoidable. These mistakes may result, for example, from careproviders' habitually behaving toward patients in a manner that is cavalier.
1serious
2reticent
3snobbish
4apathetic
5appalling
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “cavalier”(무신경한, 대수롭지 않게 여기는)와 가장 가까운 말은 “apathetic”(무관심한, 냉담한)이다.

지문은 피할 수 있는 실수(“avoidable” mistakes)가 환자를 대하는 의료진의 습관적 태도에서 비롯된다고 말한다. 따라서 밑줄 어휘는 환자에 대한 관심과 주의가 부족한 태도를 가리킨다.

  • “serious”(진지한, 심각한): 가볍게 여기는 태도와 반대되는 말이다.
  • “reticent”(과묵한): 말수에 관한 말로, 실수를 부르는 태도와 맞지 않는다.
  • “snobbish”(속물적인, 잘난 체하는): 우월감을 드러내는 말로, 부주의에서 비롯되는 실수와는 초점이 다르다.
  • “appalling”(끔찍한, 형편없는): 충격적으로 나쁘다는 평가의 말일 뿐 태도의 성격을 나타내지 않는다.
문제 2
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined expression?
For Netflix, an Oscar can be used to court talent and help create more exclusive content for subscribers. It can also make Netflix's method of releasing films the industry norm. Netflix has been releasing its original films on its service at the same time they are in theaters, and sometimes does not release them in theaters at all. That's a threat to the bottom line of the theater industry, which makes its money from the box office and concession sales.
1final conclusion
2founding principles
3lowest acceptable price
4settled accounts
5potential of growth
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “bottom line”은 여기서 극장 업계의 최종 손익을 뜻하므로 “settled accounts”(결산, 최종 정산 결과)와 의미가 가장 가깝다.

바로 뒤의 “which makes its money from the box office and concession sales”(입장권과 매점 판매로 돈을 번다)가 단서다. 넷플릭스의 방식이 위협하는 대상은 극장의 수익이다.

  • “final conclusion”(최종 결론): “bottom line”의 다른 뜻이지만 수익을 다루는 이 문맥에는 맞지 않는다.
  • “founding principles”(창립 원칙): 지문에서 극장 업계의 원칙은 다루지 않는다.
  • “lowest acceptable price”(수용 가능한 최저 가격): 가격 하한에 관한 언급은 없다.
  • “potential of growth”(성장 잠재력): 미래의 성장이 아니라 현재 벌어들이는 수익이 위협받는다는 내용이다.
문제 3
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
The interview is a natural and ①socially acceptable way of collecting information ②that most people feel ③comfortable with and ④what can be used ⑤in a variety of situations.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 곳은 “what”으로, “and that can be used”처럼 관계대명사 “that”으로 고쳐야 한다.

관계대명사 what vs that 구분 문제다. what은 선행사를 포함하므로 앞에 명사가 올 수 없는데, 여기에는 선행사 “way”가 있고 앞선 관계절 “that most people feel comfortable with”와 and로 병렬되어 있다.

  • “socially acceptable”: 부사가 형용사를 수식하는 바른 형태다.
  • “that”: 선행사 “way”를 받는 목적격 관계대명사로, 전치사 with의 목적어 자리가 비어 있다.
  • “comfortable with”: feel의 보어 형용사에 전치사 with가 이어진 바른 표현이다.
  • “in a variety of situations”: 동사구 “can be used”를 수식하는 전치사구로 문제없다.
문제 4
Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?
(A)Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) tablets are associated with a higher risk of rare but serious blood clots, finds a large study in The BMJ today. (B)No increased risk was found for HRT skin patches, gels or creams, despite the vast majority of women choosing HRT continue to be prescribed oral preparations. (C)The researchers say these findings provide important information for women and her doctors to help them make the best treatment choices. (D)HRT is used to relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats. (E)Different treatments is available depending on the symptoms.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설

어법상 옳은 문장은 “Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) tablets are associated with …”로 시작하는 첫 문장이다.

복수 주어 “tablets”에 “are”가 맞고, “be associated with”(~와 관련되다)도 바르다. 뒤의 “finds a large study”는 인용 내용 뒤에서 동사와 주어가 도치된 형태로 문제없다.

  • “No increased risk was found …” 문장: 전치사 despite의 목적어 안에서 “the vast majority of women choosing HRT”가 의미상 주어이므로 “continue”를 동명사 “continuing”으로 고쳐야 한다.
  • “The researchers say …” 문장: 대명사의 수일치 오류로, 복수 “women”을 받는 “her”는 “their”여야 한다.
  • “HRT is used to relieving …” 문장: “be used to 동사원형”(~하는 데 사용되다)이 맞으므로 “to relieve”로 고쳐야 한다.
  • “Different treatments is available …” 문장: 주어-동사 수일치 오류로, 복수 주어에 맞게 “are”로 고쳐야 한다.
문제 5
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
Sport ①reflects the norms and values of the general culture of a society. In American culture, as in most world cultures, winning and success are highly ②valued commodities. Sport can serve as an excellent exemplar of the cherished “win-at-all-costs” philosophy. This prevailing attitude often leads to elitism, racism, nationalism, extreme competitiveness, abuse of drugs (including performance- enhancing drugs), gambling, and a number of other ③deviant behaviors. However, the true spirit of sport often reveals itself as well. The notions of cooperation and team work, fair play, sportsmanship, hard work, dedication, reaching to achieve personal excellence, obedience to rules, commitment and loyalty are also revered values of American society, and that is, perhaps, the ④primary reason that Americans love sports so much. Despite the highly publicized negative sport stories that are often sensationalized by the mass media, there are far more positive sport-related stories which help to ⑤disprove that our support of our favorite teams and athletes is not a wasted endeavor.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞지 않는 말은 “disprove”(틀렸음을 입증하다)이며, “prove”(입증하다)로 바꿔야 한다.

“that our support … is not a wasted endeavor”(응원이 헛된 노력이 아니라는 것)는 필자의 주장이다. 긍정적인 스포츠 이야기가 많다는 내용은 이 주장을 뒷받침하므로, 부정하는 말은 흐름에 어긋난다.

  • “reflects”(반영하다): 스포츠가 사회 문화의 규범과 가치를 반영한다는 첫 문장의 내용에 맞다.
  • “valued”(가치 있게 여겨지는): 승리와 성공이 높이 평가되는 “commodities”라는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
  • “deviant”(일탈적인): 앞서 나열한 약물 남용·도박 같은 행동을 묶어 표현하는 말로 적절하다.
  • “primary”(주된): 미국인이 스포츠를 사랑하는 주된 이유라는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
문제 6
Choose the one that the underlined "it" refers to.
Transcendental idealism, also called formalistic idealism, is a term applied to the epistemology of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who held that the human self, or transcendental ego, constructs knowledge out of sense impressions and from universal concepts called categories that it imposes upon them.
1transcendental idealism
2epistemology
3the human self
4knowledge
5a term
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “it”이 가리키는 것은 “the human self”(인간의 자아)이다.

“who held that” 이하에서 “the human self”가 주어로 나와 “constructs knowledge”(지식을 구성한다)라고 서술한다. 관계절 “that it imposes upon them”에서 범주를 감각 인상(them)에 부과하는 주체도 지식을 구성하는 바로 그 자아다.

  • “transcendental idealism”(선험적 관념론): 칸트 인식론을 부르는 이름일 뿐 범주를 부과하는 주체가 아니다.
  • “epistemology”(인식론): 칸트의 이론 자체를 가리키는 말로 행위 주체가 될 수 없다.
  • “knowledge”(지식): “constructs”의 목적어로, 범주가 적용되어 만들어지는 결과물이다.
  • “a term”(용어): 관념론이 어떤 용어인지 설명하는 말이며, 관계절의 내용과 무관하다.
문제 7
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined expression?
Today, China is the country best positioned to send its sons and daughters into the same lunar unknown*—a goal it is aiming to reach as early as the late 2020s—and represent the entire 7.5 billion of us if it does. The Chinese edge is due in large part to the monomaniacally focused way Beijing pursues all of its grand projects, like the 2008 Olympics, the country's sprawling rail and subway grid, and the global Belt and Road Initiative. A top-down system that exerts complete control of all aspects of the economy and society can pretty much will its great works into existence. “Odds of the next voice transmission from the moon being in Mandarin are high,” said Joan Johnson -Freese, a professor at the U.S. Naval War College, on CNN Thursday.
* the lunar unknown: the far side of the moon
1Chances are China will be the next to land a manned spaceship on the moon.
2It is highly likely that Chinese will be adopted as the standard language for all astronauts.
3There is a real possibility that whoever next gets to the moon will first notify their arrival to China.
4China will educate their astronauts to speak its official language perfectly on the moon.
5It is possible that China will finally succeed in sending its children to the moon.
정답 및 해설

밑줄 부분과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 “Chances are China will be the next to land a manned spaceship on the moon.”(다음에 달에 유인 우주선을 착륙시킬 나라는 중국일 가능성이 크다)이다.

“Odds of … being in Mandarin are high”는 달에서 오는 다음 음성이 중국어일 가능성이 높다는 뜻이다. 지문이 중국을 달에 사람을 보내기에 가장 유리한 나라로 소개하므로, 이는 다음 유인 달 착륙국이 중국이라는 비유적 표현이다.

  • “Chinese will be adopted as the standard language …”: 우주인의 표준어를 정한다는 내용이 아니다.
  • “whoever next gets to the moon will first notify their arrival to China”: 도착을 중국에 알린다는 말은 지문에 없다.
  • “China will educate their astronauts …”: 우주인의 언어 교육은 지문의 논점이 아니다.
  • “succeed in sending its children to the moon”: “sons and daughters”는 자국민 우주인을 뜻하며, “possible”은 “high”보다 가능성이 약하다.
문제 8
Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A) and (B)?
The U.S. Congress, the legislative body of the U.S. government (USG), plays an important role in determining and shaping the government's global health policy and programs. Although only one of many USG entities involved in global health, its engagement has been particularly notable over the last 15 years, which have been marked by unprecedented bipartisan support for U.S. global heath efforts and resulted in the authorization of the U.S. President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief, the U.S. government's coordinated response to global HIV and the largest program focused on a single global health issue in the world, as well as the (A) of significantly increased funding. Indeed, Congress fulfills a key role in U.S. global health policy by setting the broad parameters and priorities of U.S. global health programs, determining their funding levels, and (B) the implementation and effectiveness of supported efforts. Its activities in this area are complemented and influenced to varying degrees by those of numerous stakeholder groups and individuals that, while not examined in this primer, are key actors in the policymaking process. Such stakeholders include: advocates, the private sector, think tanks, academic institutions, religious communities and organizations, people directly affected by global health issues (such as people living with HIV), and others.
1(A)00 appropriation / (B)00 overseeing
2(A)00 endorsement / (B)00 superintending
3(A)00 ratification / (B)00 overlooking
4(A)00 enactment / (B)00 shepherding
5(A)00 inspection / (B)00 commanding
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 (A) “appropriation”(예산 책정)과 (B) “overseeing”(감독)이다.

(A)는 “of significantly increased funding”을 받으므로 자금을 배정한다는 말이 필요하다. (B)는 “the implementation and effectiveness”(이행과 효과)를 목적어로 받으며, 의회의 역할을 나열하는 자리이므로 감독의 뜻이 맞다.

  • “endorsement / superintending”: (B)의 “superintending”(감독)은 가능하지만 (A)의 “endorsement”(지지)는 자금 배정을 나타내지 못한다.
  • “ratification / overlooking”: “ratification”(비준)은 자금과 어울리지 않고 “overlooking”(간과)은 의회의 역할과 반대된다.
  • “enactment / shepherding”: “enactment”(제정)는 법률에 쓰는 말이고 “shepherding”(인도)은 이행과 효과를 살핀다는 뜻이 아니다.
  • “inspection / commanding”: 자금을 “inspection”(검사)한다는 말은 증액 문맥에 맞지 않고 “commanding”(지휘)도 효과를 점검하는 뜻이 아니다.
문제 9
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
For a desirable learning situation to ①prevail, adults should consider certain features about purposeful goals that guide learning activities. Of utmost importance is that the goal must seem ②worthwhile to the child. This will ③involve such factors as interest, attention, and motivation. Fortunately in sports, interest, attention, and motivation are likely to be ④“built-in” qualities. Thus, the adult does not necessarily need to “arouse” the child with various kinds of ⑤intrinsic motivating devices.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞지 않는 말은 “intrinsic”(내재적인)이며, “extrinsic”(외재적인)으로 바꿔야 한다.

앞 문장은 스포츠에서 흥미와 동기가 “built-in”, 즉 이미 내재된 자질이라고 말한다. 그래서 어른이 “arouse”(자극)할 필요가 없다는 결론이 나오므로, 필요 없는 것은 바깥에서 동기를 불어넣는 장치다.

  • “prevail”(자리 잡다, 널리 퍼지다): 바람직한 학습 상황이 조성된다는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
  • “worthwhile”(가치 있는): 목표가 아이에게 가치 있어 보여야 한다는 내용으로 적절하다.
  • “involve”(수반하다): 그 일이 흥미·주의·동기 같은 요인을 수반한다는 뜻으로 맞다.
  • “built-in”(내재된): 스포츠 자체에 동기가 들어 있다는 뒤 문장의 결론과 이어진다.
문제 10
Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the three parts to complete the passage?
Differences among cultures influence us in many ways―including the ways we think about other people's behavior.
(A) Likewise, members of these cultures tend to view poor performance on a test as a sign of low intelligence (disposition) rather than as a result of an overly difficult exam (situation). This bias is so pervasive that it is called the fundamental attribution error.
(B) In particular, people from individualistic cultures routinely ascribe others' behavior to dispositions and not to situations―even when there is ample reason to believe that situations are playing a crucial role.
(C) Thus North Americans of European heritage tend to see people on public assistance as lazy (a dispositional attribution), for example, rather than struggling in an economy with high unemployment and few entry-level positions (a situational attribution).
1(A)-(C)-(B)
2(B)-(A)-(C)
3(B)-(C)-(A)
4(C)-(A)-(B)
5(C)-(B)-(A)
정답 및 해설

글의 흐름에 맞는 순서는 (B)-(C)-(A)이다.

“the ways we think about other people's behavior”를 “In particular”로 구체화하는 (B)가 먼저 온다. 이어 “Thus”로 첫 사례를 드는 (C), “Likewise”로 다음 사례를 들고 “This bias”로 편향의 이름을 밝히는 (A)가 온다.

  • (A)-(C)-(B): “Likewise”로 시작하는 (A)는 앞선 사례 없이 첫머리에 올 수 없다.
  • (B)-(A)-(C): (C)의 첫 사례 없이 “Likewise”가 올 수 없고, 편향의 이름을 밝힌 뒤 다시 사례로 돌아가면 어색하다.
  • (C)-(A)-(B): “these cultures”의 근거가 되는 “individualistic cultures”가 뒤로 밀려 (A)의 지칭이 성립하지 않는다.
  • (C)-(B)-(A): “Thus”로 사례부터 내면 일반 진술인 (B)가 사례 뒤로 밀려 결과를 나타내는 연결이 깨진다.
문제 11
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
The song may engage my daughter without the insipidness that comes with much children's music.
1tirade
2vibrancy
3dereliction
4blandness
5perturbation
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “insipidness”(무미건조함, 싱거움)와 가장 가까운 말은 “blandness”(밋밋함, 단조로움)이다.

“without the insipidness that comes with much children's music”은 많은 동요에 따라붙는 지루한 밋밋함 없이 아이를 사로잡는다는 뜻이다.

  • “tirade”(장황한 비난): 음악의 성격을 나타내는 말이 아니다.
  • “vibrancy”(활기): 밋밋함과 반대되는 말이다.
  • “dereliction”(직무 태만): 책임을 저버린다는 뜻으로 문맥과 무관하다.
  • “perturbation”(동요, 불안): 마음이 흔들리는 상태를 뜻해 맞지 않는다.
문제 12
Which of the following is true according to the passage?
Hundred Days in French history is a term for the period between March 20, 1815, the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris after escaping from exile on Elba, and July 8, 1815, the date of the return of Louis XVIII to Paris. The phrase was first used by the prefect of the Seine, comte de Chabrol de Volvic, in his speech welcoming the king. Less than a year following his abdication (April 6, 1814) and the Bourbon Restoration, Napoleon left his island exile in the Tyrrhenian Sea and landed at Cannes on March 1, leading 1,500 men, and marched at once upon Paris. Louis XVIII fled to Ghent on March 13, and Napoleon entered Paris one week later. To broaden his support, Napoleon made liberal changes to the Imperial Constitution, which led a number of former opponents, most notably Benjamin Constant, to rally to his cause. On March 25 Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia concluded an alliance against Napoleon and forced a series of military engagements leading up to the fatal Battle of Waterloo (June 18). On June 22 Napoleon abdicated a second time; on July 15 he boarded a British warship at Rochefort, essentially a prisoner; and exactly three months later he was landed at St. Helena, a British island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, on July 8, Louis XVIII had returned to Paris in the second Bourbon Restoration.
1Napoleon remained on Elba for over a year against his will.
2Napoleon abdicated again on July 8, 1815 when Louis XVIII returned to Paris.
3Napoleon changed the Imperial Constitution to oppress his rivals.
4Napoleon's march from Cannes to Paris ended on March 20.
5Napoleon disembarked from Rochefort which carried him to St. Helena on September 15.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하는 내용은 “Napoleon's march from Cannes to Paris ended on March 20.”이다.

나폴레옹은 3월 1일 칸에 상륙해 곧바로 파리로 진군했고, 3월 13일 루이 18세가 달아난 뒤 “one week later”에 파리에 입성했다. 첫 문장도 파리 도착일을 March 20로 밝힌다.

  • “remained on Elba for over a year”: “Less than a year following his abdication”이라 했으므로 1년이 되지 않는다.
  • “abdicated again on July 8, 1815”: 두 번째 퇴위는 “On June 22”이고, 7월 8일은 루이 18세의 파리 복귀일이다.
  • “changed the Imperial Constitution to oppress his rivals”: 헌법을 “liberal” 하게 고쳐 지지를 넓혔고 옛 반대자들까지 끌어들였다.
  • “disembarked from Rochefort … on September 15”: 7월 15일에 승선하고 “exactly three months later” 도착했으므로 9월이 아닌 10월 15일이다.
문제 13
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
According to Foucault, morality is concerned with systems of injunction and interdiction constructed in relation to formalized codes. Ethics are concerned with advice as to how one should concern oneself in everyday life. While morality operates through a set of        rules and prohibitions, ethics are concerned with the actual practices of subjects in relation to the rules which are recommended to them. These rules are enacted with varying degrees of compliance and creativity.
1discarded
2diverted
3constricted
4imposed
5intimated
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “imposed”(부과된, 강제된)이다.

도덕은 “injunction and interdiction”(명령과 금지)과 “formalized codes”(공식화된 규범)로 작동한다. 뒤의 윤리는 “recommended”(권고된) 규칙을 다루므로, “While”로 대조되는 빈칸에는 위에서 강제되는 규칙의 뜻이 와야 한다.

  • “discarded”(폐기된): 도덕이 작동하는 수단이 폐기된 규칙일 수는 없다.
  • “diverted”(방향이 바뀐): 규칙의 강제성과 관련이 없다.
  • “constricted”(위축된, 좁아진): 규칙의 범위가 좁다는 언급은 없다.
  • “intimated”(넌지시 암시된): 공식화된 명령·금지와 정반대의 느낌이다.
문제 14
Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage?
We normally think of an archive as a collection of papers or documents. Yet a city, town, or national park area can also function as a kind of archive—a place where you will find sites of historic, political, or cultural importance.
Certainly one of the best ways to learn about a public space and its archive is to take a walking tour. Cities, towns, local and national parks, botanical gardens, museums, campuses, cemeteries, and historical buildings across this country have walking tours designed to show visitors the history of the place; the best places to shop; popular restaurants, homes of poets, artists, and politicians; little-known places of historic interest; and more. These tours usually include a step-by-step guide to the places on the tour, an easy-to-follow map, and a succinct description of the importance of each stop.
1The Values of Walking Tours
2The Importance of Archive
3The Functions of City Tours
4Tourist Attractions and Visitors
5The Elements of Tourism
정답 및 해설

지문의 제목으로 가장 알맞은 것은 “The Values of Walking Tours”(도보 투어의 가치)이다.

핵심 문장은 “one of the best ways to learn about a public space and its archive is to take a walking tour”이다. 이후 내용도 도보 투어가 장소의 역사와 볼거리를 어떻게 알려 주는지 설명하므로, 글의 초점은 도보 투어의 유용성에 있다.

  • “The Importance of Archive”: 아카이브는 공공장소를 설명하기 위한 도입 소재일 뿐이다.
  • “The Functions of City Tours”: 도시뿐 아니라 공원·박물관·캠퍼스 등도 다루므로 범위가 좁다.
  • “Tourist Attractions and Visitors”: 관광지와 방문객의 관계를 논하는 글이 아니다.
  • “The Elements of Tourism”: 관광의 구성 요소를 분석하는 글이 아니다.
문제 15
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Entertainment is a luxury, not a necessity. Movies won't give you a dependable ride to work, and a downloaded song won't feed your family for a week. People will only consume entertainment when they have time, money, and the desire to do so. That desire comes about through any number of variables, but once it's there, you'd better deliver—now. Entertainment must be available to the public when the public wants it, not a minute sooner or a second later. It is this perishability that poses the biggest challenge to the industry. Trends in automobiles or home furnishings—large investments—may ebb and flow over several years. Those industries can follow a linear path in the life of a product, taking more time to create the new version, model, style. Entertainment? Today's hot thing can be cold as a clam tomorrow. The consuming public is fickle, so if you want to take advantage of their interest, you need to mobilize all your forces immediately.
1mass consumability
2temporal sensitivity
3technical dependency
4unlimited availability
5presumed certainty
정답 및 해설

밑줄 친 “perishability”(쉽게 소멸하는 성질)와 가장 가까운 말은 “temporal sensitivity”(시간에 민감함)이다.

“available to the public when the public wants it, not a minute sooner or a second later”와 “Today's hot thing can be cold as a clam tomorrow”가 근거다. 오락은 때를 놓치면 금세 가치를 잃는다는 뜻이다.

  • “mass consumability”(대량 소비성): 소비 규모가 아니라 시기가 문제라는 지문의 논점과 다르다.
  • “technical dependency”(기술 의존성): 기술에 관한 언급은 없다.
  • “unlimited availability”(무제한 이용 가능성): 원할 때 곧바로 제공해야 한다는 뜻이지 무제한 제공을 말하지 않는다.
  • “presumed certainty”(추정된 확실성): 대중은 “fickle”(변덕스러운)하다고 했으므로 반대되는 뜻이다.
문제 16
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
A free education for all is the American ideal. The general educational level in the United States (A)has risen steadily. The number of students attending school (B)have more than doubled during the last half-century. More than three-fourths of the population between the ages of 5 and 19 (C)has now enrolled. After World War II there (D)was a tremendous increase in college enrollment because many thousands of military veterans took advantage of the program of higher education that (E)was offered them at government expense.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 곳은 “have more than doubled”로, “has more than doubled”로 고쳐야 한다.

주어-동사 수일치 문제다. “The number of students”는 ‘학생의 수’를 뜻하므로 핵심 주어가 단수인 “number”이고, 복수 동사를 받는 “A number of”(많은)와 구별해야 한다.

  • “has risen steadily”: 단수 주어 “level”에 맞는 현재완료다.
  • “has now enrolled”: 분수 표현 뒤의 수는 of 뒤 명사를 따르므로 단수 “population”에 맞춰 “has”가 온다.
  • “was a tremendous increase”: there 구문에서 뒤의 단수 주어 “increase”에 수를 맞췄다.
  • “was offered them”: 선행사 “program”이 단수이고, 수동태 뒤에 간접목적어 them이 남은 형태다.
문제 17
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
1We now put up a screen for the weak-sighted, and now withdraw it from stronger eyes; thus we plague and please all parties.
2We are spending more and more effort and money trying to get a sufficient number of able high-school graduates, and we are having a difficult time finding enough of them.
3Despite greatly increased catches in the last several years, the fish population as a whole is growing faster than the human population.
4If she had explained to him properly why she wanted the fish watched, at the same time making special mention of a cat's fondness of fish, no doubt he watched it to better purpose.
5And because man cannot bear to live with these perplexing questions unanswered, every culture in every part of the world has its own myths, explaining certain ancient customs, dear beliefs or the facts of nature.
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 문장은 “If she had explained to him properly …”로 시작하는 문장이다.

가정법 과거완료 문제다. if절이 “had explained”이므로 주절은 “would have watched” 형태가 되어야 하는데, 직설법 과거 “watched”가 쓰였다.

  • “We now put up a screen …”: “now … now …”(때로는 ~, 때로는 ~)로 현재시제가 병렬되고 “thus” 이하도 현재시제로 이어져 바르다.
  • “We are spending more and more effort and money …”: “spend + 목적어 + -ing”와 “have a difficult time -ing”를 바르게 썼다.
  • “Despite greatly increased catches …”: 전치사 despite 뒤에 명사구가 왔고, 단수 주어 “population”에 “is”가 맞다.
  • “And because man cannot bear to live …”: “with + 목적어 + 과거분사”(unanswered)의 부대상황과 분사 “explaining”이 바르게 쓰였다.
문제 18
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
About 56 million people in the world died in 2017. This is (A)10 million more than in 1990, as the global population has increased and people live longer on average. (B) More than 70% die from non-communicable, chronic diseases. These are not passed from person to person and typically progress slowly. The biggest single killer is cardiovascular disease, which affects the heart and arteries and is responsible for (C)every third death. This is (D)twice of the rate of cancers―the second leading cause―which account for about (E)one in six of all deaths. Other non-contagious diseases such as diabetes, certain respiratory diseases and dementia are also near the top of the list.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 곳은 “twice of the rate”로, “twice the rate”로 고쳐야 한다.

배수사 구문 문제다. “twice”는 전치사 of 없이 “배수사 + the + 명사” 어순으로 바로 명사를 받는다.

  • “10 million more”: 수량 표현이 비교급 앞에서 차이를 나타내고, 뒤의 “than in 1990”과 호응한다.
  • “More than 70% die”: 사망자 중 70% 이상을 뜻하는 복수 주어에 복수 동사가 맞다.
  • “every third death”: “every + 서수 + 단수 명사”(세 건 중 한 건꼴)의 바른 표현이다.
  • “one in six”: 여섯 중 하나라는 비율 표현으로, “of all deaths”와 함께 쓸 수 있다.
문제 19
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a presidential system which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of―nor is appointed by―the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of governments, and governments cannot request an early        as may be the case for parliaments.
1dissolution
2disintegration
3disattachment
4disruption
5disrespect
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “dissolution”(의회 해산)이다.

지문은 의원내각제와 대통령제를 대조하며, 대통령제의 의회는 정부 수반을 선출·해임하지 못한다고 말한다. 그 대응으로 정부도 의회에 대해 “early dissolution”, 즉 조기 해산을 요청할 수 없다는 흐름이다.

  • “disintegration”(붕괴, 해체): 저절로 무너지는 현상을 뜻하며, 정부가 요청하는 절차가 아니다.
  • “disattachment”(분리): 의회 제도를 나타내는 말이 아니다.
  • “disruption”(혼란, 방해): 정부가 요청할 만한 대상이 아니다.
  • “disrespect”(무례): 문맥과 전혀 어울리지 않는다.
문제 20
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Dominic Thiem produced a special performance to claim the biggest title of his career on Sunday, surviving Roger Federer in the BNP Paribas Open final. The third time is the charm for the Austrian, who secured his first ATP* Masters 1,000 trophy in his third final appearance. Thiem denied Federer a record sixth BNP Paribas Open crown, battling back for the championship 3-6, 6-3, 7-5 in just over two hours. The 25-year-old produced an impressive display under the Southern California sun, storming back from a set down to stun the Swiss and leave everyone at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden       . “It's unreal,” said Thiem. “It's a pleasure to compete against Roger in this great final. I lost my last two Masters 1,000 finals, but I won this one and it feels as nice as a Grand Slam.
* ATP: Association of Tennis Professionals
1confounded
2gutted
3jubilant
4provoked
5in awe
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “in awe”(경탄하는)이다.

“impressive display”(인상적인 경기력)와 “storming back from a set down to stun the Swiss”(한 세트를 내주고 맹렬히 반격해 페더러를 놀라게 함)가 단서다. 경기장의 모든 사람을 감탄하게 했다는 “leave + 목적어 + 보어” 구조가 자연스럽다.

  • “confounded”(혼란스러워하는): 혼란이 아니라 뛰어난 경기력에 대한 감탄이 초점이다.
  • “gutted”(몹시 낙담한): 경기장의 모든 사람이 낙담했다는 근거는 없다.
  • “jubilant”(환희에 찬): 승자의 기쁨은 드러나지만 모든 관중의 환희를 말하는 맥락은 아니다.
  • “provoked”(화가 난): 분노를 일으켰다는 내용은 어디에도 없다.
문제 21
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Although it is the accepted designation, Abstract Expressionism is not an accurate description of the body of work created by these artists. Indeed, the movement comprised many different painterly styles varying in both technique and quality of expression. Despite this variety, Abstract Expressionist paintings share several broad characteristics. They are basically abstract—i.e., they depict forms not drawn from the visible world. They emphasize free, spontaneous, and personal emotional expression, and they exercise considerable freedom of technique and execution to attain this goal, with a particular emphasis laid on the exploitation of the variable physical character of paint to evoke expressive qualities (e.g., sensuousness, dynamism, violence, mystery, lyricism). They show similar emphasis on        in a form of psychic improvisation akin to the automatism of the Surrealists, with a similar intent of expressing the force of the creative unconscious in art.
1the carefully planned and accurately executed brush strokes
2the unstudied and intuitive application of that paint
3how to make the use of the paint and the brush appear sophisticated
4how freely they can invoke and express images seen in the artist's dreams
5the faithful representation of the artist's emotions
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “the unstudied and intuitive application of that paint”(물감을 꾸밈없이 직관적으로 사용함)이다.

빈칸 뒤의 “psychic improvisation”(정신적 즉흥)과 “automatism”(자동기술법)이 단서다. 앞 문장의 “spontaneous”와 “the variable physical character of paint”를 이어받아, 빈칸에는 즉흥적으로 물감을 쓰는 방식이 와야 한다.

  • “the carefully planned and accurately executed brush strokes”: 치밀한 계획은 “spontaneous”와 반대된다.
  • “how to make the use of the paint and the brush appear sophisticated”: 세련되어 보이게 하려는 의도는 지문에 없다.
  • “how freely they can invoke and express images seen in the artist's dreams”: 꿈속 이미지를 표현한다는 내용은 없고, 지문의 작품은 형상을 그리지 않는 추상이다.
  • “the faithful representation of the artist's emotions”: 감정 표현은 언급되지만 충실한 재현은 즉흥과 어긋난다.
문제 22
Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the five parts to complete the passage?
(A) There were few diversions, and they had more time to read novels of a length that seems to us now inordinate.
(B) Readers in the past seem to have been more patient than the readers of today.
(C) It may be that they were not irritated by the digressions and irrelevances that interrupted the narration.
(D) It is deplorable that on this account they should be less and less read.
(E) But some of the novels that suffer from these defects are among the greatest that have ever been written.
1(A)-(C)-(D)-(E)-(B)
2(A)-(E)-(C)-(D)-(B)
3(B)-(A)-(C)-(E)-(D)
4(B)-(A)-(E)-(D)-(C)
5(B)-(C)-(A)-(E)-(D)
정답 및 해설

글의 흐름에 맞는 순서는 (B)-(A)-(C)-(E)-(D)이다.

과거 독자의 인내심을 말하는 (B)가 먼저 오고, 그 이유를 밝히는 (A), 또 다른 추정을 더하는 (C)가 이어진다. (E)의 “these defects”는 (C)의 “digressions and irrelevances”를 받고, (D)의 “on this account”는 그 결함을 이유로 든다.

  • (A)-(C)-(D)-(E)-(B): (A)의 “they”가 가리킬 대상이 없어 첫 문장이 될 수 없다.
  • (A)-(E)-(C)-(D)-(B): 역시 “they”의 대상이 없고, (E)의 “these defects”도 앞에 받을 내용이 없다.
  • (B)-(A)-(E)-(D)-(C): “these defects”가 나온 뒤에야 (C)가 결함을 말하게 되어 지칭 순서가 뒤바뀐다.
  • (B)-(C)-(A)-(E)-(D): (C)와 (E) 사이에 (A)가 끼어 결함 내용과 “these defects”의 연결이 끊긴다.
문제 23
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Members of Congress have a clear advantage over challengers who want to unseat them. Current members are incumbents, candidates for reelection who already hold the office. As such, they have name recognition because the people in the district or state know them. They can use the franking privilege, of free use of the mail, to send out newsletters informing their constituents about their views or asking for input. Incumbents traditionally have easier access to campaign funds and volunteers to generate votes. It is not surprising that 90 percent of incumbents are reelected. The situation is not static, however. Legislators run for other offices, and vacancies are created by death, retirement, and resignation. Although term limits, restricting the number of consecutive terms an individual can serve, were rejected by the Supreme Court, the idea continues to enjoy the support of voters who       .
1make every effort to stay in touch with public opinions
2support the way the majority of the people in their districts want
3want to see more open contests
4take the views of their constituents into accounts
5use their own best judgement to vote
정답 및 해설

빈칸에 알맞은 말은 “want to see more open contests”(더 열린 경쟁을 보고 싶어 한다)이다.

지문은 현직 의원의 이점과 “90 percent of incumbents are reelected”를 보여 준다. 임기 제한은 이런 독점을 깨는 제도이므로, 이를 지지하는 유권자는 도전자에게도 기회가 열린 경쟁을 원한다고 보는 것이 맞다.

  • “make every effort to stay in touch with public opinions”: 여론을 살피는 것은 유권자보다 의원에게 어울리는 서술이다.
  • “support the way the majority of the people in their districts want”: 지역구 다수를 따른다는 내용은 임기 제한을 지지할 이유가 되지 못한다.
  • “take the views of their constituents into accounts”: “constituents”(지역구민)의 견해를 고려하는 주체는 의원이다.
  • “use their own best judgement to vote”: 자기 판단에 따른 투표는 임기 제한 지지와 연결되지 않는다.
문제 24
Which of the following sentences does NOT fit in the passage?
People are described as consumers because they buy and use, store and maintain, manage and fantasize commodities. ①Yet we rarely ask ourselves to what extent people actually conceive themselves as consumers while they perform these assorted activities. ②Awareness of this issue should sensitize us to the multiplicity of meanings of consumption. ③We all consume, but we all do it differently, and certainly we think of it differently. ④This should mean that we ought to maintain the notion of ‘consumer culture.’ ⑤While conventionally we speak of ‘consumer culture’ in the singular, there are a variety of different, situated, institutionalized consumer cultures in the plural.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설

글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 문장은 “This should mean that we ought to maintain the notion of ‘consumer culture.’”이다.

지문은 소비의 다양한 의미를 강조하고, 마지막에 단수의 ‘consumer culture’가 아니라 복수의 소비자 문화들이 있다고 결론짓는다. 단일한 개념을 유지해야 한다는 문장은 이 흐름과 어긋난다.

  • “Yet we rarely ask ourselves …”: 소비자라는 규정에 사람들이 스스로를 어떻게 인식하는지 질문을 던지며 첫 문장을 잇는다.
  • “Awareness of this issue should sensitize us …”: “this issue”가 앞의 질문을 받아 소비의 의미가 다양하다는 쪽으로 나아간다.
  • “We all consume, but we all do it differently …”: 소비의 다양성을 구체화하는 문장이다.
  • “While conventionally we speak of ‘consumer culture’ in the singular …”: 단수에서 복수로 시각을 옮기는 결론이다.
문제 25
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
The energy changes associated with physicochemical processes are the province of thermodynamics, a subdiscipline of physics. The first two laws of thermodynamics state, in essence, that energy can be neither created nor destroyed and that the effect of physical and chemical changes is to increase the disorder, or randomness (i.e., entropy), of the universe. Although it might be supposed that biological processes—through which organisms grow in a highly ordered and complex manner, maintain order and complexity throughout their life, and pass on the instructions for order to succeeding generations—are in contravention of these laws, this is not so. Living organisms neither consume nor create energy: they can only transform it from one form to another. From the environment they absorb energy in a form useful to them; to the environment they return an equivalent amount of energy in a biologically less useful form. The useful energy, or free energy, may be defined as energy capable of doing work under isothermal conditions (conditions in which no temperature differential exists); free energy is associated with any chemical change. Energy less useful than free energy is returned to the environment, usually as heat. Heat cannot perform work in biological systems because all parts of cells have essentially the same temperature and pressure.
1According to the thermodynamics laws, physicochemical changes increase entropy.
2Organisms do not destroy energy in the process of growth.
3Free energy performs chemical change inside organisms.
4Energy unused in the process of chemical change is released usually as heat.
5Heat not only helps organisms maintain temperature but also accelerates chemical change.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 내용은 “Heat not only helps organisms maintain temperature but also accelerates chemical change.”이다.

지문에서 열은 덜 유용한 에너지로 환경에 되돌려지며, “Heat cannot perform work in biological systems”라고 했다. 열이 체온을 유지하거나 화학 변화를 가속한다는 내용은 어디에도 없다.

  • “physicochemical changes increase entropy”: “to increase the disorder, or randomness (i.e., entropy)”와 일치한다.
  • “Organisms do not destroy energy …”: “Living organisms neither consume nor create energy”와 “only transform it”에 부합한다.
  • “Free energy performs chemical change inside organisms.”: “capable of doing work”와 “free energy is associated with any chemical change”에 부합한다.
  • “Energy unused … is released usually as heat.”: “returned to the environment, usually as heat”와 일치한다.