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국회직 8급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
20년 1회차
문제 1
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
He is generally regarded as a discursive writer, not especially adept at the economical use of words.
1meandering
2quixotic
3reticent
4railing
5brittle
정답 및 해설
“discursive”(두서없이 장황한)와 뜻이 가장 가까운 말은 “meandering”(두서없이 이리저리 흐르는)이다.
뒤에 이어진 “not especially adept at the economical use of words”(말을 경제적으로 쓰는 데 특별히 능숙하지 않은)가 글이 장황하다는 뜻을 뒷받침한다.
- “quixotic”: 비현실적으로 이상을 좇는 — 말의 경제성과 무관하다.
- “reticent”: 말수가 적은 — 장황함과 오히려 반대다.
- “railing”: 욕하며 비난하는 — 문체의 길이와 무관하다.
- “brittle”: 부서지기 쉬운 — 문맥의 단서와 맞지 않는다.
문제 2
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Tort law is the area of the law that covers most civil suits. Generally, every claim that arises in civil court, with the exception of contractual disputes, falls under tort law. The concept of this area of law is to _______________ a wrong done to a person and provide relief from the wrongful acts of others, usually by awarding monetary damages as compensation. The original intent of tort is to provide full compensation for proved harms.
1adduce
2redress
3mediate
4excurse
5condemn
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 잘못을 바로잡는다는 뜻의 “redress”(시정하다, 바로잡다)가 들어간다.
빈칸 뒤 “provide relief from the wrongful acts of others”(타인의 불법 행위로부터 구제를 제공하다)와 “monetary damages as compensation”(보상으로서의 금전 배상)이 피해 구제라는 불법행위법의 목적을 보여 준다.
- “adduce”: 증거·이유를 제시하다 — 잘못을 구제하는 뜻이 없다.
- “mediate”: 중재하다 — 판결로 배상하게 하는 내용과 다르다.
- “excurse”: 옆길로 새다 — 문맥과 무관하다.
- “condemn”: 비난하다 — 비난만으로는 구제·보상의 뜻이 이어지지 않는다.
문제 3
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
1Newspapers are ephemeral texts; that is, they are intended only for the day they are delivering the news.
2One-third of the workers are now earning less than the average wage as a result of soaraway pay deals for executives and directors.
3Floor lamps have become a stylish design element that brings interest and drama to a space in a way furniture and art can’t compete with.
4Neither congress nor state legislatures have authorized the development of such a system, and growing numbers of lawmakers are criticizing the technology as a dangerous tool.
5Education has been seen as one of the most important tools of upward social mobility, and many a tale has been told parents who have sacrificed all in ensuring that their children received a good education.
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 문장은 “many a tale has been told parents who ...”가 들어 있는 교육에 관한 문장이다.
“부모들에 관한 이야기”라는 뜻이므로 전치사 of가 필요하다. “many a tale has been told of parents who have sacrificed all”로 고쳐야 하며, “many a + 단수 명사 + 단수 동사”의 수일치는 맞다.
- “Newspapers are ephemeral texts ...”: “that is”(즉)로 앞 내용을 풀어 쓰고 “are intended only for”의 수동태도 바르다.
- “One-third of the workers are ...”: 부분 표현 뒤 복수 명사에 맞춘 복수 동사로 수일치가 바르다.
- “Floor lamps have become ...”: 선행사 “element”에 맞춘 “brings”, “compete with” 뒤 목적어가 빠진 관계절 구조가 바르다.
- “Neither congress nor state legislatures have ...”: “neither A nor B”는 B에 수를 맞추므로 복수 동사가 바르다.
문제 4
Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the three parts to complete the passage?
A television series has the same lead characters in each episode, but each episode has a different story which is concluded. There is ‘dead time’ between the episodes, with no memory from one to the other, and episodes can be screened or repeated in any order.
(A) Their characters appear to live continuously between episodes. They grow and change with time, and have active memories of previous events.
(B) The main characters appear to have a life only in each episode, not between them, and do not grow or change as episode follows episode.
(C) Serials, on the other hand, have the same characters, but have continuous storylines, normally more than one, that continue from episode to episode.
(A) Their characters appear to live continuously between episodes. They grow and change with time, and have active memories of previous events.
(B) The main characters appear to have a life only in each episode, not between them, and do not grow or change as episode follows episode.
(C) Serials, on the other hand, have the same characters, but have continuous storylines, normally more than one, that continue from episode to episode.
1(A)-(B)-(C)
2(A)-(C)-(B)
3(B)-(A)-(C)
4(B)-(C)-(A)
5(C)-(B)-(A)
정답 및 해설
글의 순서는 (B)-(C)-(A)이다.
제시문이 TV 시리즈를 설명하므로 그 등장인물을 다루는 (B)가 이어진다. (C)가 “Serials, on the other hand”(반면 연속극은)로 대조를 시작하고, (A)의 “Their characters”가 그 연속극의 인물을 받는다.
- “(A)-(B)-(C)”: “Their”가 가리킬 연속극이 아직 나오지 않았고, “live continuously”(계속 살아가는)가 제시문의 시리즈 설명과 어긋난다.
- “(A)-(C)-(B)”: 역시 (A)가 맨 앞에 와서 “Their”의 지칭 대상이 없다.
- “(B)-(A)-(C)”: (A)의 “Their”가 시리즈 인물을 가리키게 되어 (B)의 “only in each episode”(각 회 안에서만)와 모순된다.
- “(C)-(B)-(A)”: (B)의 “main characters”가 연속극 인물이 되어 “do not grow or change”(성장·변화하지 않는다)가 (A)와 충돌한다.
문제 5
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
One result of ①comparative studies of the behavior, output and outcome of democracies has been that simple generalizations do not fit. An example is the widespread belief that majoritarian democracies of the U.S. or British brand are superior to all other forms of democracy. Majoritarian democracies were long regarded as more stable, fitter for survival even under ②adverse circumstances such as during the interwar period and World War II, and better at problem solving. That belief largely ③mirrored the survival of the English-speaking democracies in the 1920s and 1930s as opposed to the breakdown of a wide variety of democratic states and the rise of Fascism in Italy and of National Socialism in Germany and Austria in this period. Moreover, a majoritarian democracy of the Westminster type in particular was often regarded as a guarantee of, if not the only road to, full parliamentary sovereignty, efficient government formation, clear-cut divisions of labor between ④incumbent and opposition parties, transparency, accountability and the capacity to respond to new challenges and opportunities in an innovative fashion or, alternatively, as a guarantee of checks and balances ⑤demolishing the legislature and the executive.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설
문맥상 부적절한 말은 “demolishing”(파괴하는)이다.
이 구절은 다수결 민주주의가 “a guarantee of checks and balances”(견제와 균형의 보장)라는 내용이다. 입법부와 행정부를 파괴한다는 말은 맞지 않으므로 “between”(사이의) 같은 표현이 와야 한다.
- “comparative”(비교의): 민주주의들의 행태·성과를 견주는 연구이므로 적절하다.
- “adverse”(불리한): 뒤의 전간기와 제2차 세계대전이 예시이므로 적절하다.
- “mirrored”(반영했다): 그 믿음이 영어권 민주주의의 생존을 반영했다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “incumbent”(현직의, 집권한): “opposition parties”(야당)와 대비되므로 적절하다.
문제 6
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
Although scientists have been familiar with the principle of Occam's razor for centuries, it ①became more widely known to the general public after the movie Contact came out in 1997. The movie, based on a novel written by Carl Sagan and ②starred Jodie Foster as SETI scientist Dr. Ellie Arroway, involves the first confirmed communication received on Earth by extraterrestrial intelligence. The communication is eventually discovered to be a diagram to build a transporter, which Ellie uses to travel through a series of wormholes to ③visit with one of the aliens who made the transport possible, in a first step toward interstellar space travel. When Ellie returns, ④she estimates she was gone about 18 hours, only to find that in Earth time, it appeared she had never left. Her story is doubted, especially when it's revealed that ⑤her recording device recorded nothing but static. When Ellie tries to persuade the others that she actually did travel through time, she is reminded of the principle of Occam's razor: that the easiest explanation tends to be the right one. Meaning, she probably never left.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 부분은 “starred Jodie Foster as SETI scientist ...”이다.
영화가 조디 포스터를 주연으로 내세우는 능동 관계이므로 분사의 태에 따라 현재분사 “starring”으로 고쳐야 한다. “star”는 “영화가 ~를 주연으로 하다”라는 타동사로 쓰이며 뒤에 목적어가 있다.
- “became more widely known to the general public”: “known to”(~에게 알려진)와 1997년 이후를 가리키는 과거 시제가 바르다.
- “visit with one of the aliens who made the transport possible”: “visit with”(~를 만나다), “make + 목적어 + 형용사” 구조가 바르다.
- “she estimates she was gone about 18 hours”: 접속사 that이 생략된 명사절이고, 기간 표현이 부사로 쓰여 바르다.
- “her recording device recorded nothing but static”: “nothing but”(오직 ~뿐)의 쓰임이 바르다.
문제 7
Which of the following is NOT true about rafting and whitewater rafting according to the passage?
Rafting and whitewater rafting are recreational which use an inflatable to navigate a or other body of water. This is often done on or different degrees of rough water. Dealing with risks and the need for teamwork are a part of the experience. This activity as an adventure sport has become popular since the 1950s, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0m) to 14 feet (4.3m) rafts with double-bladed paddles or oars to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a person at the stern, or by the use of oars. Rafting on certain sections of rivers is considered an extreme sport and can be fatal, while other sections are not so extreme or difficult. Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world which culminates in a world rafting championship event between the participating nations. The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.
1They are outdoor adventure sports.
2They have become popular since the 1950s.
3Dealing with risks is a part of the experience.
4Rafting is a competitive sport practiced around the world.
5Single-person rafting is banned in some rivers because of risks.
정답 및 해설
지문과 맞지 않는 것은 “Single-person rafting is banned in some rivers because of risks.”이다.
지문은 일부 구간이 “can be fatal”(치명적일 수 있다)이라고 할 뿐, 1인 래프팅 금지는 언급하지 않는다.
- “They are outdoor adventure sports.”: “recreational”(여가의)과 “an adventure sport”, 강 등 물 위의 활동이라는 설명과 맞는다.
- “They have become popular since the 1950s.”: “has become popular since the 1950s”와 일치한다.
- “Dealing with risks is a part of the experience.”: “Dealing with risks ... are a part of the experience”와 일치한다.
- “Rafting is a competitive sport practiced around the world.”: “Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world”와 일치한다.
문제 8
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
While most flowering plants reward pollinators with tasty nectar, many orchid species turn to trickery. Some use what's called food deception. They produce flowers that look or smell like they offer food, but offer no edible reward. Other orchids use sexual deception. They produce flowers that look or smell like female insects, usually bees or wasps. Males are drawn to the sexy flowers and attempt to mate with them. In doing so, they accidentally collect pollen on their bodies, which fertilizes the next orchid they visit. From an evolutionary perspective, the sexual strategy is a bit puzzling. Orchids that offer nectar or mimic food can attract a wide variety of food-seeking pollinators－bees, wasps, flies, ants and so on. But sexual displays are only attractive to the males of a single species－a flower that looks like a female wasp is only going to attract male wasps, not other insects. So in appealing to sex, these orchids limit their potential pollinators, which would seem to be a(n) __________________.
1mutual agreement
2attractive strategy
3profitable investment
4reproductive disadvantage
5evolutionary advancement
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “reproductive disadvantage”(번식상의 불리함)가 들어간다.
빈칸 앞 “limit their potential pollinators”(잠재적 꽃가루 매개자를 제한한다)가 핵심이다. 수컷 한 종만 끌어들이는 전략은 진화적으로 “puzzling”(의아한) 것이므로 부정적 평가가 와야 한다.
- “mutual agreement”(상호 합의): 난초가 곤충을 속이는 내용과 반대다.
- “attractive strategy”(매력적인 전략): 긍정적 평가라 “limit”의 흐름과 어긋난다.
- “profitable investment”(수익성 있는 투자): 역시 불리함을 말하는 문맥과 어긋난다.
- “evolutionary advancement”(진화적 진보): 의아하다는 앞선 평가와 반대다.
문제 9
Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
Magna Carta was hammered out in negotiations between the leaders of two armed parties－the king on one side and the rebel barons on the other. Neither side expected it to settle the matter, and both anticipated continued war between king and barons. Within three months of it being issued at Runnymede, Pope Innocent III had annulled the charter; the rebels had renounced their homage to the king and invited the son of the king of France to take the crown of England in John’s place.
1vindicated
2notarized
3validated
4repealed
5extolled
정답 및 해설
“annulled”(무효화했다)와 뜻이 가장 가까운 말은 “repealed”(폐지했다)이다.
양측 모두 대헌장으로 문제가 해결되리라 보지 않았고, 곧이어 반란 귀족들이 “renounced their homage”(충성을 철회했다). 따라서 교황이 헌장을 효력 없게 만들었다는 뜻이 맞다.
- “vindicated”: 정당성을 입증했다 — 무효화와 반대 방향이다.
- “notarized”: 공증했다 — 효력을 확인하는 행위다.
- “validated”: 유효하게 했다 — “annulled”의 반의어다.
- “extolled”: 극찬했다 — 무효화와 반대 방향이다.
문제 10
Which of the following does NOT fit in the passage?
Fear of flying, or aviophobia, is an anxiety disorder. About 40% of the general population reports some fear of flying, and 2.5% has what is classified as a clinical phobia, one in which a person avoids flying or does so with significant distress. ①Like other situational phobias, the fear is disproportionate to the danger posed. Commercial air travel in the United States is extremely safe. ②A person who took a 500-mile flight every day for a year would have a fatality risk of 1 in 85,000, according to an analysis by Ian Savage, associate chair of the Economics Department at Northwestern University. In contrast, highway travel accounts for 94.4% of national transportation fatalities. ③Little is known about what keeps people afraid even after exposure to successful flights. But for many, statistics are not enough to quell phobias. ④The Anxiety and Depression Association of America suggests eight steps to help identify triggers and defuse them. Martin Seif, a clinical psychologist who wrote the steps, identifies the variety of conditions that may comprise the phobia. Panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder are among them. For some, breathing exercises, anti-anxiety medication and cognitive behavioral therapy work. ⑤But the strategies do not work for everyone.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설
글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 문장은 “Little is known about what keeps people afraid ...”이다.
앞은 항공이 안전하다는 통계를 제시하고, 바로 뒤 “But for many, statistics are not enough”(그러나 많은 이에게 통계만으로는 부족하다)가 그 통계를 받는다. 공포의 지속 원인을 모른다는 문장은 이 연결을 끊는다.
- “Like other situational phobias ...”: 공포가 위험에 비해 과도하다는 설명으로 항공 안전 논의를 연다.
- “A person who took a 500-mile flight ...”: 항공이 매우 안전하다는 말을 수치로 뒷받침한다.
- “The Anxiety and Depression Association of America suggests ...”: 통계로 부족한 사람을 위한 대처법으로 이어진다.
- “But the strategies do not work for everyone”: 앞서 나온 호흡법·약물·인지행동치료의 한계를 짚으며 글을 맺는다.
문제 11
Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A) and (B)?
(A) (B)
Since the 2013 Snowden disclosures revealed the extent of government surveillance programs, it’s been a standard claim by intelligence agencies, seeking to justify their push for more powers, that their ability to track suspects using new technologies is under threat because of growing use of end-to-end encryption by technology companies. For example, in a speech in fall 2014, FBI director James Comey asserted: “the law hasn’t kept pace with technology, and this disconnect has created a significant public safety problem. We call it ‘Going Dark....’ We have the legal authority to intercept and access communications and information pursuant to court order, but we often lack the technical ability to do so.” (A)___________, a new study, published yesterday by Harvard University and funded by the Hewlett Foundation, debunks the notion that surveillance agencies are struggling with a data blackout. (B)___________, it argues, the rise of connected devices (the so-called Internet of Things) presents massive opportunities for surveillance, supported by technology companies having business models that rely on data-mining their own users－providing an incentive for them not to robustly encrypt IoT data.
(A) (B)
1However On the contrary
2Likewise Furthermore
3For instance Therefore
4Nevertheless In addition
5Consequently On the other hand
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “However”(그러나)와 “On the contrary”(오히려)가 차례로 들어간다.
(A) 앞은 정보기관의 “Going Dark” 주장이고 뒤는 이를 “debunks”(반박하는) 연구이므로 역접이다. (B) 뒤는 감시 기회가 “massive”(막대한) 규모라는 내용이라 자료 공백이라는 통념을 뒤집는다.
- “Likewise”와 “Furthermore”: 유사·첨가의 연결어라 반박의 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
- “For instance”와 “Therefore”: 예시·결과의 연결어인데, 연구는 앞 주장의 예가 아니라 반론이다.
- “Nevertheless”와 “In addition”: (A)는 가능하나 (B)의 “In addition”이 앞 내용을 뒤집는 관계를 나타내지 못한다.
- “Consequently”와 “On the other hand”: 앞 주장에서 연구가 결과로 도출되는 관계가 아니다.
문제 12
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
Any effective approach to learning has to be developed with the brain’s inherent limitations in mind. If we know that the brain cannot effectively store and recall lots of information in a short period of time, then “cramming” is a recipe for disaster. Similarly, we know that the brain preferentially stores information it deems to be important. It strengthens and consolidates memories of things it encounters regularly and frequently. So spaced repetition－revisiting information regularly at set intervals over time－makes a lot of sense. Spaced repetition is simple, but highly effective because it deliberately hacks the way your brain works. It forces learning to be effortful, and like muscles, the brain responds to that stimulus by strengthening the connections between nerve cells. By spacing the intervals out, you’re further exercising these connections each time. It produces long-term, durable retention of knowledge, and in my experience, once people start using it, they swear by it.
1Human brain’s capacity to store knowledge is limitless.
2Manipulation of repetition timing can be a means to improve recall.
3Cramming is properly aligned with how our brains actually work.
4There are fundamental differences in how brains and muscles respond to stimuli.
5Retention of knowledge may be difficult to measure due to the brain’s inherent limitations.
정답 및 해설
지문에서 추론할 수 있는 것은 “Manipulation of repetition timing can be a means to improve recall.”이다.
“spaced repetition”(일정 간격을 둔 반복)이 “long-term, durable retention”(장기적이고 지속적인 기억)을 낳는다고 하므로, 반복 시점 조절이 기억 회상을 높인다고 볼 수 있다.
- “Human brain’s capacity to store knowledge is limitless.”: “inherent limitations”(본래의 한계)를 전제하는 지문과 어긋난다.
- “Cramming is properly aligned with how our brains actually work.”: 벼락치기를 “a recipe for disaster”(실패의 지름길)라 했다.
- “There are fundamental differences in how brains and muscles respond to stimuli.”: “like muscles”(근육처럼)라며 유사성을 말했다.
- “Retention of knowledge may be difficult to measure ...”: 측정의 어려움은 지문에 언급이 없다.
문제 13
Which of the following sentences is NOT grammatically correct?
(A) A Pennsylvanian teen is currently fighting for his life after his lungs became so damaged from vaping that they were almost entirely blocked with solidified vaping oils, which doctors compared to bacon grease. (B) Anthony Mayo, 19, was admitted into the intensive care unit of Millcreek Community Hospital in Erie, PA earlier this month following doctors’ discovery that both his lungs were heavily congested and his oxygen levels were quickly depleting. (C) Due to his severe condition, doctors have told Anthony’s parents, Tanya and Keith Mayo, that their son “currently has the lungs of a 70-year-old lifetime heavy smoker” and “a full recovery is uncertain.” (D) Now, as they hope for a miracle, Tanya is sharing photos of her son’s damaged lungs in a bid to raise awareness about the dangers of vaping and dissuade other parents and their children of using the e-cigarettes. (E) “This is what vaping looks like when your otherwise healthy 19-year-old son is admitted into the ICU,” Tanya wrote beside two photos of Anthony’s lungs.
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 문장은 (D)이다.
“dissuade A from -ing”(A가 ~하지 못하게 말리다)가 바른 동사의 전치사 호응이므로 “dissuade other parents and their children from using the e-cigarettes”로 고쳐야 한다.
- (A): “so damaged ... that”의 결과 구문과 “compare A to B”를 관계절로 쓴 “which doctors compared to bacon grease”가 바르다.
- (B): 수동태 “was admitted into”와 동격절 “discovery that ...”이 바르다.
- (C): 전치사구 “Due to his severe condition”과 “have told” 뒤 that절 병렬이 바르다.
- (E): 관계대명사 “what”이 “looks like”의 목적어 역할을 하는 구조가 바르다.
문제 14
Choose the one that is most opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
Existing police resources are not wisely used, although not for any wicked or venal reason.
1laudable
2imprudent
3despicable
4corruptible
5blasphemous
정답 및 해설
“venal”(돈에 매수되는, 부패한)의 반의어는 “laudable”(칭찬할 만한)이다.
“wicked or venal reason”(사악하거나 부패한 이유)에서 보듯 “venal”은 도덕적으로 나쁜 동기를 뜻하므로 칭찬할 만하다는 말과 대립한다.
- “imprudent”: 경솔한 — 부정적인 뜻으로 반의어가 아니다.
- “despicable”: 비열한 — 같은 부정적 평가다.
- “corruptible”: 매수될 수 있는 — 오히려 유의어에 가깝다.
- “blasphemous”: 신성모독적인 — 역시 부정적인 뜻이다.
문제 15
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Defining the boundaries of paralinguistic communication is difficult. Paralinguistic communication is closely related to kinetic communication which includes gesture, body posture, and other nonverbal forms of communication. Often, particular gestures are routinely ____________ by particular sounds; such pairings may not have the same meanings when separated.
1spited
2disguised
3interfered
4punctuated
5accompanied
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “accompanied”(동반되는)가 들어간다.
뒤의 “such pairings”(그러한 짝)와 “when separated”(분리되면)가 몸짓과 소리가 함께 나타남을 가리킨다. “be accompanied by”(~이 함께하다)가 이 뜻을 나타낸다.
- “spited”: 괴롭힘을 당한 — 몸짓과 소리의 결합과 무관하다.
- “disguised”: 위장된 — 소리가 몸짓을 감춘다는 내용이 아니다.
- “interfered”: 방해받은 — 짝을 이룬다는 뜻과 반대 방향이다.
- “punctuated”: 간간이 끊긴 — “routinely”(늘상) 짝을 이룬다는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
문제 16
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
1Sentences frequently refer back to the previous sentence or forward next when an argument or discussion is being developed.
2A powerful tool for conveying meaning is the way in which language can assume a particular meaning without directly asserting it.
3The term newspaper suggests that the content of a newspaper will be primarily devoted to the news of the day, and some analysis and comment on this news.
4By the end of the 1930s, states had recognized the importance of conserving natural resources and negotiated several agreements to protect fauna and flora.
5Modal verbs such as can, would, and should carry a range of meanings, and it is a mistake to try to identify a fixed one-to-one relationship between verb and meaning.
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 문장은 “Sentences frequently refer back to the previous sentence or forward next ...”이다.
“refer back to the previous sentence”와 병렬을 이루려면 “forward to the next”로 전치사 to와 정관사가 있어야 한다.
- “A powerful tool for conveying meaning is ...”: 단수 주어 “tool”에 맞춘 “is”와 “the way in which”가 바르다.
- “The term newspaper suggests that ...”: 단수 주어와 “suggests”의 수일치, “be devoted to”가 바르다.
- “By the end of the 1930s, states had recognized ...”: 과거의 기준 시점을 나타내는 과거완료와 “negotiated”의 병렬이 바르다.
- “Modal verbs such as can, would, and should carry ...”: 복수 주어와 동사의 수일치, 가주어 it과 진주어 to부정사가 바르다.
문제 17
Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the three parts to complete the passage?
First, what is politics about? One of the classic answers to this question is that politics is about who gets what, when and how. On this view, politics is essentially about settling contestation over the distribution of material goods.
(A) Yet the notion that politics is solely, or mainly, about distribution has been challenged over the past three or more decades. The increasing salience of ‘post-ideological’ contestation around values and lifestyles suggests that politics is as much, or arguably more, about identity and culture as it is about material resources.
(B) This may have been a fair characterization of politics in the post-World War II era－an era that saw the rolling out of progressive taxation and welfare provision by a relatively centralized state and a party political system based on a traditional left-right ideological cleavage.
(C) Much of our contemporary political debate revolves around issues that are not neatly categorized as left or right, such as the environment, gender and sexual rights, immigration and security.
(A) Yet the notion that politics is solely, or mainly, about distribution has been challenged over the past three or more decades. The increasing salience of ‘post-ideological’ contestation around values and lifestyles suggests that politics is as much, or arguably more, about identity and culture as it is about material resources.
(B) This may have been a fair characterization of politics in the post-World War II era－an era that saw the rolling out of progressive taxation and welfare provision by a relatively centralized state and a party political system based on a traditional left-right ideological cleavage.
(C) Much of our contemporary political debate revolves around issues that are not neatly categorized as left or right, such as the environment, gender and sexual rights, immigration and security.
1(A)-(B)-(C)
2(A)-(C)-(B)
3(B)-(A)-(C)
4(B)-(C)-(A)
5(C)-(B)-(A)
정답 및 해설
글의 순서는 (B)-(A)-(C)이다.
(B)의 “This”가 제시문의 분배 정치관을 받아 전후 시대에는 타당했다고 평가하고, (A)의 “Yet”이 그 관점에 대한 도전을 제시한다. (C)는 (A)의 정체성·문화 쟁점을 환경·이민 등 구체적 사례로 풀어 준다.
- “(A)-(B)-(C)”: (B)의 “This”가 탈이념 쟁점을 가리키게 되어 전통적 좌우 균열 설명과 맞지 않는다.
- “(A)-(C)-(B)”: 현대 쟁점으로 흐른 뒤 (B)가 오면 “This”의 지칭 대상이 어긋난다.
- “(B)-(C)-(A)”: (A)의 “post-ideological” 전환이 나오기 전에 (C)의 비좌우 쟁점이 먼저 나와 전개가 뒤집힌다.
- “(C)-(B)-(A)”: 제시문의 분배 논의에서 바로 현대 쟁점으로 건너뛰고 (B)의 “This”도 어긋난다.
문제 18
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
Jim Heckman, Nobel Laureate in economics, and his collaborators have shown that strong foundational skills built in early childhood are crucial for socio-economic success. These foundational skills lead to a self-reinforcing motivation to learn so that “skills ①beget skills.” This leads to better-paying jobs, healthier lifestyle choices, greater social participation and more productive societies. Growing research also reveals that these benefits are linked to the important role that early foundations of cognitive and socio-emotional abilities play on healthy brain development across the human lifespan. Brain complexity—the diversity and complexity of neural pathways and networks—is ②molded during childhood and has a lasting impact on the development of cognitive and socio-emotional human abilities. Childhood cognitive abilities provide a foundation for adult cognitive functions. This means that successful brain development ③ensures that children develop basic cognitive abilities. The so-called “fluid abilities” (such as memory, reasoning, speed of thought, and problem solving ability), which ④underlie high-level cognitive processes, are used to acquire new knowledge and ⑤aggravate novel problems.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설
문맥상 부적절한 말은 “aggravate”(악화시키다)이다.
“fluid abilities”(유동적 능력)는 기억·추론·문제 해결력이므로 새로운 문제를 악화시키는 것이 아니라 “solve”(해결하다)의 뜻으로 다루는 데 쓰인다.
- “beget”(낳다): 기술이 기술을 낳는다는 자기 강화의 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “molded”(형성되다): 뇌의 복잡성이 어린 시절에 형성된다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “ensures”(보장하다): 뇌 발달이 기초 인지 능력을 보장한다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “underlie”(~의 기초가 되다): 고차원 인지 과정의 바탕이 된다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
문제 19
Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct?
Forms of address, deference and hierarchy are ①dramatically different from culture to culture, and miscommunication can occur if a speaker does not face the values of the other cultural group. There was a case of a learner of Spanish in Mexico who uses ‘tu’ to address everyone, ignorant of the fact that Mexicans reserve ‘tu’ for intimates or ②people try to pick a fight. Differences are evident in business negotiations; Anglo-American business people prefer close, friendly, egalitarian relationships, symmetrical solidarity, ③using first names from the beginning. Asians usually prefer symmetrical deference, and ④to keep to surnames. They invent Western first names to get round the Westerners’ insistence on first names, and often protect their own first name, ⑤which is reserved for intimates.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 부분은 “people try to pick a fight”이다.
“reserve ‘tu’ for intimates or people”에서 전치사 for의 목적어 “people”을 꾸미려면 분사 또는 관계절이 필요하다. “people trying to pick a fight”나 “people who try to pick a fight”로 고친다.
- “dramatically different from culture to culture”: 부사가 형용사를 수식하는 구조가 바르다.
- “using first names from the beginning”: 주어와 능동 관계인 분사구문이 바르다.
- “to keep to surnames”: “prefer”의 목적어로 to부정사가 쓰여 바르다.
- “which is reserved for intimates”: “first name”을 받는 계속적 용법의 관계대명사와 수동태가 바르다.
문제 20
Which of the following is true according to the passage?
The shape and design of the modern violin is largely influenced by two makers from Cremona, Italy. The instrument was invented by Andrea Amati and then improved by Antonio Stradivari. Although the construction methods of Amati and Stradivari have been carefully examined, the underlying acoustic qualities which contribute to their popularity are little understood. According to Geminiani, a Baroque violinist, the ideal violin tone should “rival the most perfect human voice.” To investigate whether Amati and Stradivari violins produce voice-like features, we recorded the scales of 15 antique Italian violins as well as male and female singers. The frequency response curves are similar between the Andrea Amati violin and human singers, up to 4.2kHz. By linear predictive coding analysis, the first two formants of the Amati exhibit vowel-like qualities (F1/F2=503/1,583Hz), mapping to the central region on the vowel diagram. Its third and fourth formants (F3/F4=2,602/3,731Hz) resemble those produced by male singers.
1Antonio Stradivari from Cremona, Italy is credited with making the first violin.
2The third and fourth formants of the Amati violin are similar to those of male singers.
3Geminiani, a Baroque violinist, investigated the acoustic qualities of Italian violins.
4The second formant of the Amati violin corresponds to the first formant of the Stradivari’s.
5Sounds of Italian male and female singers and those of contemporary violins were compared.
정답 및 해설
지문과 일치하는 것은 “The third and fourth formants of the Amati violin are similar to those of male singers.”이다.
지문의 “Its third and fourth formants ... resemble those produced by male singers”(제3·4 포먼트가 남성 가수의 것과 비슷하다)와 그대로 일치한다.
- “Antonio Stradivari ... is credited with making the first violin.”: 발명자는 “Andrea Amati”이고 스트라디바리는 개량했다.
- “Geminiani, a Baroque violinist, investigated ...”: 제미니아니는 이상적 음색에 관한 말이 인용되었을 뿐 조사는 필자들이 했다.
- “The second formant of the Amati violin corresponds to the first formant of the Stradivari’s.”: 스트라디바리의 포먼트 수치는 제시되지 않았다.
- “Sounds of Italian male and female singers and those of contemporary violins were compared.”: 비교 대상은 “antique Italian violins”(옛 이탈리아 바이올린)이다.
문제 21
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
The concept of an independent tribunal set out in Article 6 of the Convention implies the power of a court to adopt a binding decision, which cannot be subject to any change, approval or ratification by a non-judicial authority. Failure to execute judicial decisions, or their protracted non-execution, puts the credibility and stability of the justice system at risk and can ultimately undermine the key values necessary to preserve our democracies. Enforcement is especially important when it comes to maintaining public trust in the judicial system. Such trust cannot be sustained if __________________ promptly and in full. Member states have a duty to ensure that all persons who receive a final and binding court judgment have the right to its enforcement. Public entities are bound to respect and to implement judicial decisions in a rapid way ex officio. The very idea of a state body refusing to obey a court decision undermines the concept of primacy of the law.
1judicial decisions are not executed
2democratic values are disintegrated
3public policies are not implemented
4legislative processes do not proceed
5parliamentary procedures are not taken
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “judicial decisions are not executed”(사법 결정이 집행되지 않는다)가 들어간다.
앞 문장이 “Enforcement”(집행)가 공적 신뢰 유지에 중요하다고 했으므로, 판결이 신속하고 완전하게 집행되지 않으면 신뢰가 유지될 수 없다는 뜻이 이어진다.
- “democratic values are disintegrated”: 민주적 가치의 해체는 집행 실패의 먼 결과이고 “promptly and in full”과 어울리지 않는다.
- “public policies are not implemented”: 공공정책이 아니라 판결 집행을 다루는 글이다.
- “legislative processes do not proceed”: 입법 절차는 지문의 논점이 아니다.
- “parliamentary procedures are not taken”: 의회 절차도 지문에서 다루지 않는다.
문제 22
Which of the following best fits in the blank?
Football players generally avoid alienating their fans so that displays of _______________ and wrapping themselves in the national flag might be seen partly as expressions of identity but also as sensible responses to fan expectations and a means to avoid accusations of disloyalty.
1alteration
2allegiance
3alleviation
4alliteration
5ammunition
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “allegiance”(충성)가 들어간다.
“wrapping themselves in the national flag”(국기를 몸에 두르는 것)와 나란히 놓이고, “accusations of disloyalty”(불충하다는 비난)를 피하는 수단이므로 충성의 표현이 맞다.
- “alteration”: 변경 — 국기·충성의 문맥과 무관하다.
- “alleviation”: 완화 — 무엇을 드러내 보인다는 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
- “alliteration”: 두운 — 시 작법 용어라 문맥과 무관하다.
- “ammunition”: 탄약 — 팬의 기대에 응하는 행동이 아니다.
문제 23
Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage?
They had attained academic, domestic, and social success—and they were always ready to capitalize on new opportunities that arose.
In 1989, a developmental psychologist named Emmy Werner published the results of a thirty-two-year longitudinal project. She had followed a group of 698 children, in Kauai, Hawaii, from before birth through their third decade of life. (A) Along the way, she’d monitored them for any exposure to stress: maternal stress in uteri, poverty, problems in the family, and so on. (B) Two-thirds of the children came from backgrounds that were, essentially, stable, successful, and happy; the other third qualified as “at risk.” (C) She soon discovered that not all of the at-risk children reacted to stress in the same way. Two-thirds of them developed serious learning or behavior problems by the age of ten, or had delinquency records, mental health problems, or teen-age pregnancies by the age of eighteen. (D) But the remaining third developed into competent, confident, and caring young adults. (E)
1(A)
2(B)
3(C)
4(D)
5(E)
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 지문의 마지막 자리인 (E)에 들어간다.
“They”는 바로 앞 “the remaining third”(나머지 3분의 1)이며, “competent, confident, and caring young adults”로 성장한 그들의 성공을 “academic, domestic, and social success”로 구체화한다.
- (A): 아직 아이들을 추적했다는 설명뿐이어서 성공을 이룬 “They”가 정해지지 않는다.
- (B): 스트레스 관찰 내용 뒤라 성공한 집단이 아직 없다.
- (C): 위험군의 서로 다른 반응이 나오기 전이라 맥락이 맞지 않는다.
- (D): 앞 문장이 비행·학습 문제를 겪은 3분의 2를 다루므로 “They”의 성공과 모순된다.
문제 24
Which of the following is NOT used appropriately in the context?
In 1930, the English economist John Maynard Keynes took a break from writing about the problems of the interwar economy and indulged in a bit of ①futurology. In an essay entitled “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” he ②speculated that by the year 2030 capital investment and technological progress would have raised living standards as much as eightfold, creating a society so rich that people would work as little as fifteen hours a week, devoting the rest of their time to leisure and other “non-economic purposes.” As striving for greater affluence ③loomed, he predicted, “the love of money as a possession ... will be recognized for what it is, a somewhat disgusting ④morbidity.” This transformation hasn’t taken place yet, and most economic policymakers remain committed to ⑤maximizing the rate of economic growth.
1①
2②
3③
4④
5⑤
정답 및 해설
문맥상 부적절한 말은 “loomed”(어렴풋이 다가왔다)이다.
케인스는 풍요로워져 일을 덜 하고 돈에 대한 사랑이 병적인 것으로 인식되는 사회를 예측했다. 따라서 더 큰 풍요를 향한 노력은 “waned”(약해졌다)처럼 사그라드는 뜻이어야 한다.
- “futurology”(미래학): 2030년을 내다보는 에세이이므로 적절하다.
- “speculated”(추측했다): 미래를 예측하는 내용이므로 적절하다.
- “morbidity”(병적 상태): “somewhat disgusting”(다소 역겨운)과 어울린다.
- “maximizing”(극대화하는): 경제 성장을 추구하는 정책 입안자들을 설명하므로 적절하다.
문제 25
Which of the following best fits in the blanks (A) and (B)?
(A) (B)
Thanks to modern technology and some expert detective work, a nearly 400-year-old painting that had long been attributed to an unknown artist in Rembrandt’s workshop has now been judged to have been a work of the Dutch master himself. For decades, the Allentown Art Museum displayed an oil-on-oak panel painting called “Portrait of a Young Woman” and credited it to “Studio of Rembrandt.” Two years ago, the painting was sent to New York University for conservation and cleaning. There, conservators began removing layers of overpainting and dark, thick varnish that had been added over centuries－and they began to suspect Rembrandt himself was responsible for the original, delicate brushwork underneath. “Our painting had numerous layers of varnish and that really obscured what you could see of the original brushwork, as well as the original color,” said Elaine Mehalakes, vice president of curatorial affairs at the Allentown Art Museum. Conservators used a variety of tools, including X-ray, infrared and electron microscopy, to (A)__________ the case that it was the work of one of the most important and revered artists in history. The scientific analysis showed brushwork, and a liveliness to that brushwork, which is quite consistent with other works by Rembrandt. Outside experts who examined the 1632 painting after the completion of its two-year restoration (B)__________ with the NYU assessment that it’s an authentic Rembrandt.
(A) (B)
1bolster concurred
2acquit devised
3adjourn meddled
4hamper upheld
5invigorate coped
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “bolster”(뒷받침하다)와 “concurred”(동의했다)가 들어간다.
복원 전문가들이 과학 장비로 렘브란트 작품임을 입증해 나간 것이므로 (A)는 강화의 뜻이다. (B)는 뒤의 “with the NYU assessment”와 호응해 “concur with”(~에 동의하다)가 된다.
- “acquit”와 “devised”: 무죄를 선고하다·고안하다 — 주장을 뒷받침하는 뜻이 없고 “with”와도 어울리지 않는다.
- “adjourn”과 “meddled”: 휴회하다·간섭하다 — 두 자리 모두 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
- “hamper”와 “upheld”: 방해하다·유지하다 — (A)가 입증 과정과 반대이고 “upheld with”도 성립하지 않는다.
- “invigorate”와 “coped”: 활기를 불어넣다·대처하다 — “coped with”는 평가에 동의한다는 뜻이 될 수 없다.