| It was in the spring of his thirty-fifth year that father married my mother, then a country school teacher, and in the following spring I came crying into the world. Something happened to the two people. They became ambitious. The American passion for getting up in the world took possession of them. It may have been that mother was responsible. Being a school teacher, she had no doubt read books and magazines. She had, I suppose, read of Garfield, Lincoln, and other Americans rose from poverty to fame and greatness and as I lay beside she may have dreamed that I would some day rule men and cities. |
밑줄 부분은 교사였던 어머니가 아들이 언젠가 사람들과 도시를 다스리리라 꿈꾸었다는 뜻으로, 나의 출세에 대한 어머니의 야심을 함축한다.
지문은 “They became ambitious”(그들은 야심을 품게 되었다), “The American passion for getting up in the world”(출세하려는 미국인의 열망)라고 하고, 어머니가 가난에서 출세한 “Garfield, Lincoln”의 이야기를 읽었을 것이라 덧붙인다. 그 뒤 “rule men and cities”(사람과 도시를 다스리다)는 곧 아들의 출세에 대한 꿈이다.
- 위대한 어머니에 대한 나의 존경심: 화자가 어머니를 존경한다는 진술은 없고, 꿈을 꾸는 주체는 어머니다.
- 아버지와 어머니 사이의 깊은 사랑: 결혼 사실만 언급될 뿐 밑줄의 초점은 아들의 장래다.
- 행복하고 평화로운 나의 어린시절: 어린 시절의 분위기를 묘사하는 내용이 아니다.
| But nature has solved this problem for the flounder. The flounder is a kind of flatfish. The odd thing about this fish is that both its eyes are on the same side of its head. ( ① ) Flounder are not born that way, though. When a flounder hatched, it looks like any other fish. As it grows, however, its body becomes flattened. ( ② ) One side of the fish is white and the other is a sandy color. The flounder lies on its white side on the ocean floor. Its sandy-colored side faces up. ( ③ ) This makes the flounder blend in with the sand, so it can`t be easily seen. For any other fish, this would cause a problem. One eye would be looking right into the sand. ( ④ ) As the fish grows, the eye on the bottom moves to the upper side. |
주어진 문장은 “One eye would be looking right into the sand.”(한쪽 눈이 모래를 바로 들여다보게 될 것이다) 바로 뒤, 즉 지문의 마지막 빈 위치에 들어간다.
“this problem”(이 문제)은 바닥 쪽 눈이 모래를 향하는 문제를 가리키고, “But nature has solved this problem”(그러나 자연이 이 문제를 해결했다) 다음에 해결 방식인 “the eye on the bottom moves to the upper side”(아래쪽 눈이 위쪽으로 이동한다)가 이어져야 문제→해결 흐름이 완성된다.
- “both its eyes are on the same side” 뒤: 아직 아무 문제도 제기되지 않았다.
- “its body becomes flattened” 뒤: 몸 색깔 설명이 이어질 자리로, 해결할 문제가 없다.
- “Its sandy-colored side faces up” 뒤: 다음 문장 “This makes the flounder blend in”이 위장 효과를 설명하므로 끼어들 수 없다.
| The common plant starch-found in flour, cereal grains and potatoes-is built of glucose. Starch can be split in several ways and eventually yields glucose. Digestion is one such way. After digestion takes place the glucose goes into the blood and is burned. Some glucose may not be burned. The liver takes it and converts it to glycogen. The body then stores this glycogen until the body is hungry, at which time it is digested again. |
* When is glycogen used by the body?
글리코겐은 몸이 배고플 때 다시 소화되어 쓰이므로 “When the body needs energy.”(몸이 에너지를 필요로 할 때)가 답이다.
지문 끝 문장 “The body then stores this glycogen until the body is hungry, at which time it is digested again.”(몸은 배고플 때까지 글리코겐을 저장하고, 그때 다시 소화된다)이 근거로, hungry(배고픈)가 곧 에너지가 필요한 상태다.
- “After it has been split.”: 분해(split)되는 것은 녹말이며 글리코겐의 사용 시점이 아니다.
- “Shortly after being burned.”: 연소되지 않고 남은 포도당이 글리코겐으로 바뀌는 것이다.
- “Once the body has stored it.”: 저장 직후가 아니라 배고플 때까지 저장해 둔다.
| Hibernation of bears presents several wonders to us. Although they are mammals, their life is a repetition of winter sleep and a preparation period unlike humans. Basically, the bear stocks up energy before winter and expends it during hibernation. In the process, the bear's body goes through drastic change. The preparation for hibernation starts as early as summer. Bears gain weight up to 15kg to 20kg per week by eating everything available. The energy is stored in the form of fat under the skin, which grows inches thick at its peak. As winter approaches, the bear slows down its activity and eventually goes into a winter sleep in its cave. The bear sleeps until winter is over unless it gets disturbed. During the winter, the bear does not eat or drink for almost 100 days, and it loses between 15% to 40% of its weight just by sleeping. Despite the tremendous change in the body, virtually every single bear survives this long starvation period. In late spring, when the food is in great supply again, the bear walks out from the cave and resumes its life. |
“The preparation for hibernation starts as early as summer.”(동면 준비는 이르면 여름부터 시작된다)이므로 곰의 겨울잠 준비는 여름부터 시작된다가 일치한다.
나머지는 지문의 “does not eat or drink”, “virtually every single bear survives”, “In late spring … walks out” 등과 어긋난다.
- 겨울에 엄청난 양의 음식을 섭취한다: 겨울에는 “does not eat or drink for almost 100 days”(거의 100일간 먹지도 마시지도 않는다).
- 다수의 곰이 겨울에 영양실조로 사망한다: “virtually every single bear survives”(사실상 모든 곰이 살아남는다).
- 늦은 겨울에 이미 잠에서 깨어난다: “In late spring”(늦봄에) 동굴 밖으로 나온다.
| Many experts think that the artists in prehistoric times believed they captured the animal's soul when they painted it. ①This could be why the images are so lifelike. ②According to their belief, if the artists captured an animal's true likeness, they would be sure to capture the real thing during the hunt. ③Prehistoric men hunted bulls, bison and mammoths for their survival. ④Whatever the paintings meant, surely no one would have crawled so deep into these caves to paint had the pictures not had a special meaning. The dark caves were sacred places for prehistoric people, and this art was part of their beliefs. |
“Prehistoric men hunted bulls, bison and mammoths for their survival.”(선사 시대 사람들은 생존을 위해 황소·들소·매머드를 사냥했다)이 흐름과 무관하다.
글의 중심은 선사 시대 동굴 벽화가 동물의 영혼을 포착한다는 믿음·신성한 의미를 지녔다는 것인데, 이 문장은 사냥 대상이라는 단순 사실만 말한다.
- “This could be why the images are so lifelike.”: 영혼을 포착한다는 믿음이 사실적 묘사의 이유임을 잇는다.
- “if the artists captured an animal’s true likeness …”: 같은 믿음을 사냥 성공과 연결해 구체화한다.
- “Whatever the paintings meant, … had the pictures not had a special meaning.”: 그림의 특별한 의미를 강조해 결론 문장으로 이어진다.
| The candidate vowed to public schools with new textbooks and cutbacks in taxes but failed to act on either promise once he was elected. |
빈칸에는 “provide A with B”(A에게 B를 제공하다) 구문을 이루는 provide가 들어간다.
“___ public schools with new textbooks”(공립학교에 새 교과서를 ___)이므로 학교를 목적어로, 교과서를 with 뒤에 두는 동사가 필요하며, 이는 provide(제공하다)이다.
- purchase(구매하다): 학교를 구매한다는 뜻이 되어 with 구문과 맞지 않는다.
- sell(팔다): 학교를 판다는 뜻이 되어 공약 내용과 어긋난다.
- address(다루다, 처리하다): 교과서를 공급한다는 의미를 with 구문으로 나타내지 못한다.
| Although ____________ instant critical acclaim in 1952, he never completed a second novel, publishing many short works instead. |
빈칸에는 능동태로 목적어 “instant critical acclaim”(즉각적인 비평가들의 찬사)을 받는 “Ralph Ellison’s first novel, Invisible Man, received”가 알맞다.
Although 절은 주어(Ralph Ellison’s first novel)+동격(Invisible Man)+동사(received)+목적어(acclaim)로 완성되고, 주절의 he가 소유격 Ralph Ellison’s를 받는다. 동사 receive가 목적어를 취하므로 능동태여야 한다.
- “Invisible Man was the first novel by Ralph Ellison received”: was 뒤에 동사 received가 접속 장치 없이 또 나와 문장이 성립하지 않는다.
- “first received by Ralph Ellison, the novel Invisible Man was”: “received by Ralph Ellison”은 소설을 엘리슨이 받았다는 뜻이 되고, was 뒤의 acclaim은 보어가 되어 ‘소설=찬사’라는 비논리 문장이 된다.
- “Ralph Ellison’s first novel, Invisible Man, was received”: 수동태 뒤에 목적어 acclaim이 올 수 없다.
| Teach your teen that the family phone ①is for the whole family. If your child talks on the family's telephone excessively, tell him he can talk for 15 minutes, but then ②he must stay off the phone for at least an equal amount of time. This not only frees up the line so that other family members can make and receive calls, ③but teaching your teen moderation and discipline. Or if you are not open to the idea, allow your talkative teen his own phone ④that he pays for with his allowance or a part-time jobs. |
어법상 틀린 곳은 “but teaching”으로, “not only A but (also) B” 병렬 구조에 맞춰 “but teaches”로 고쳐야 한다.
앞부분이 “This not only frees up the line”(이것은 회선을 비워 줄 뿐 아니라)으로 주어 This의 동사 frees이므로, but 뒤도 같은 형태의 동사 teaches가 와야 한다.
- “is for the whole family”: that절 주어 the family phone(단수)에 맞는 단수 동사 is로 옳다.
- “he must stay off the phone”: 조동사 must+동사원형 stay로 옳다.
- “that he pays for”: 선행사 his own phone을 받는 목적격 관계대명사 that과 전치사 for로 옳다.
| Mr. Jones, the owner of a small company, wanted to bring his nephew Carl, into the business. At first he sent Carl out on the road selling, but he didn't make many sales. Then he tried Carl in the manufacturing department, but Carl was too thorough and took too much time. Then he tried Carl in human resources, but Carl was too kind and the other employees took advantage of him. Finally, Mr. Jones put Carl in customer relations, and he was wonderful! He was kind to all who called, and made everyone happy. The customers were pleased and spread the word to all their friends about Mr. Jones' great company. |
Carl은 여러 부서에서 실패하다가 고객 관계 업무에서 빛났으므로 “Every man has his own trade.”(사람마다 제각기 맞는 일이 있다)가 알맞다.
영업·제조·인사에서는 “didn’t make many sales”, “too thorough”, “too kind”로 맞지 않았지만, “customer relations”(고객 관계)에서는 “he was wonderful!”이었다. 즉 적성에 맞는 자리를 찾은 이야기다.
- “Where there is a will, there is a way.”(뜻이 있는 곳에 길이 있다): 의지로 극복한 이야기가 아니다.
- “One man’s music is another man’s noise.”(사람마다 취향이 다르다): 취향 차이를 다루지 않는다.
- “Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.”(공동 책임은 무책임): 책임 회피와 무관하다.
| In 1960, presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy agreed to a series of debates, which were broadcast simultaneously on television and radio. According to surveys, most radio listeners felt that Nixon had won the debates, while television viewers picked the younger, more photogenic Kennedy. Kennedy went on to win the general election that fall. Television coverage was also influential during the Vietnam War. By the mid-1960s, major networks were broadcasting daily images of the war into virtually every home in the United States. For many viewers, the horrors they saw on television were more significant than the optimistic reports of impending victory issued by government officials and repeated in print accounts. ⇨ In the 1960s in the United States, (A)_________ had a more profound effect on some (B)_________ issues than any other media. |
(A) (B)
(A)에는 television, (B)에는 political이 들어간다.
1960년 대선 토론에서 TV 시청자는 Kennedy를 승자로 보았고, 베트남 전쟁 보도에서도 TV 영상이 “more significant than the optimistic reports … in print accounts”(인쇄 매체의 낙관적 보도보다 더 중요했다). 두 사례 모두 TV가 선거·전쟁이라는 정치적 사안에 큰 영향을 준 경우다.
- “radio economical”: 라디오 청취자의 판단은 대세와 달랐고, 경제 사안도 아니다.
- “newspapers political”: 인쇄 매체는 TV보다 영향력이 약했던 비교 대상이다.
- “television economical”: 매체는 맞지만 다룬 사안은 경제가 아니라 정치다.
| School uniforms are becoming more and more popular. That's no surprise, because they offer many benefits. They instantly end the powerful social sorting and labeling that come from clothing. If all students are dressed in the same way, they will not be (A)(distracted / contracted) by fashion competition. Some students will also not be excluded or laughed at because they wear the "wrong" clothes. Some people (B)(object / subject) to the "regimentation" of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of regimentation - wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barrier; school uniform (C)(wear / tear) those barriers down. |
(A) (B) (C)
문맥상 (A) distracted, (B) object, (C) tear가 알맞다.
(A) 같은 옷을 입으면 패션 경쟁에 “distracted”(주의가 산만해지지) 않는다. (B) “object to”(~에 반대하다)가 전치사 to와 어울린다. (C) 교복은 사회적 장벽을 “tear down”(허물다)한다.
- contracted(수축된, 계약된): 패션 경쟁과 연결되지 않는다.
- subject(종속시키다): “subject to”는 반대의 의미가 아니어서 regimentation에 반대하는 사람들을 나타내지 못한다.
- wear(입다, 닳게 하다): “wear down”은 서서히 닳게 하다는 뜻으로, 장벽을 허문다는 문맥에는 tear가 맞다.
| For the normal emotional and physical development of infants, sensory and perceptual stimulation is necessary. Healthy babies experience this stimulation while in contact with the mother or other adults who feed, diaper, or wash the infant. However, infants who are born prematurely or are sick miss these experiences during the early weeks of their lives when they live in incubators, an artificial environment devoid of normal stimuli. These babies tend to become listless and seem uninterested in their surroundings. However, when they are stimulated by being handled and spoken to and by being provided with bright objects such as hanging mobiles or pictures, they began to respond by smiling, becoming more active physically, and gaining weight more rapidly. ⇨ According to the passage, premature infants cared for in incubators, when compared with full-term infants, are likely to . |
인큐베이터의 미숙아는 정상 자극이 결여되어 무기력해지므로 “be less active physically”(신체적으로 덜 활동적이다)가 알맞다.
지문은 인큐베이터를 “devoid of normal stimuli”(정상적 자극이 없는) 환경이라 하고, 그 아기들이 “listless”(무기력한)해지고 주변에 무관심해진다고 한다.
- “gain weight more rapidly”: 자극을 받은 뒤의 변화이지 만삭아와 비교한 특징이 아니다.
- “receive more natural stimulation”: 오히려 정상 자극을 덜 받는다.
- “respond more to bright objects”: 밝은 물체 반응은 자극을 제공했을 때의 결과일 뿐이다.
| You can see this in the way Americans treat their children. Even very young children are given opportunities to make their own choices and express their opinions. A parent will ask a one-year-old child what color balloon he or she wants, which candy bar he or she would prefer, or whether he or she wants to sit next to mommy or daddy. The child's preference will normally be accepted. Through this process, Americans come to consider themselves as equal beings with the right to have their own individual opinions and decisions respected. At the same time, they are also taught to respect the opinions and decisions of others. |
글 바로 앞에는 개인의 의사가 존중되는 미국 사회의 특성이 와야 한다.
첫 문장 “You can see this in the way Americans treat their children.”(미국인이 자녀를 대하는 방식에서 이것을 볼 수 있다)의 this는 앞 내용을 가리키고, 이어지는 예시는 아이에게도 선택권을 주어 “their own individual opinions and decisions respected”(개인 의견과 결정의 존중)를 보장하는 모습이다.
- 미국 사회 특유의 자녀 교육 방법: 자녀 양육은 this를 보여 주는 예시로 글 본문에 해당한다.
- 부모의 역할의 중요성: 부모 역할의 중요성을 논하지 않는다.
- 다수결 원칙에 입각한 의사 결정의 필요성: 다수결이 아니라 개인의 선택 존중이 핵심이다.
| Dear Ms. Larson, Thank you for inquiry of 12 September asking for the latest edition of our catalogue. We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure. Purchases can be made online by visiting our website at mortmonbros.com. We would also like to inform you that we are having a special sale on HP printers all throughout the month and have already included in this mailing an order sheet. Orders can be filled out on paper and sent by post or filled in on our website and submitted electrically. The phone ordering method will take three extra days for shopping but no additional costs will be attached. Our company policy is that all first time customers receive free shipping and handling for their first three months for business, so the new printers would have no extra costs. We look forward to welcoming you as our customer. Your sincerely, John Mortmon Marketing Director of Mortmon Brothers |
* What is the benefit for the first time customers?
첫 거래 고객은 처음 몇 달간 배송비가 무료이므로 “They get free delivery for a few months.”가 답이다.
근거는 “all first time customers receive free shipping and handling for their first three months”(모든 첫 거래 고객은 처음 석 달간 배송·취급비가 무료)이다.
- “They win a free printer from the company.”: 프린터는 할인 판매 대상일 뿐 무료로 주지 않는다.
- “They can submit orders through the internet.”: 온라인 주문은 모든 고객이 이용하는 주문 방법이다.
- “They can receive a brochure listing new items.”: 안내 책자는 문의에 대한 응답으로 동봉된 것이다.
| When you want to remind yourself to do something, link that activity to another event that you know will take place. Say you're walking to work and suddenly you realize that your books are (A) at the library tomorrow. Switch your watch from your left to your right wrist. Every time you look at your watch it becomes a (B) that you were supposed to remember something. If you empty your pockets every night, put an unusual item in your pocket to remind yourself to do something before you go to bed. To remember to call your sister for her birthday, pick an object from the kitchen - a fork, perhaps - and put it in your pocket. |
(A) (B)
(A)에는 due, (B)에는 reminder가 들어간다.
(A) 책을 내일 도서관에 “due”(반납 기한인)라는 뜻이 자연스럽다. (B) 시계를 볼 때마다 무언가 기억해야 한다는 “reminder”(상기시키는 것)가 된다는 것이 글의 요지인 연상 기억법과 맞는다.
- ready(준비된): 책이 도서관에서 준비되었다는 뜻은 기억해야 할 일로 이어지지 않는다.
- recliner(뒤로 젖히는 의자): 기억을 상기시키는 대상과 무관하다.
* Ignorance breeds prejudice.
| breed v. 1. to have sex and produce young : Many animals breed only at certain times of the year. 2. to keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones in a controlled way : The rabbits are bred for their long coats. 3. to be the cause of something : Nothing breeds success like success. 4. to educate somebody in a particular way as they are growing up : Fear of failure was bred into him at an early age. |
“Ignorance breeds prejudice.”(무지는 편견을 낳는다)의 breed는 “to be the cause of something”(무언가의 원인이 되다)의 뜻이다.
무지가 편견을 일으키는 원인이라는 의미로, 예문 “Nothing breeds success like success.”(성공만큼 성공을 낳는 것은 없다)와 같은 용법이다.
- “to have sex and produce young”(번식하다): 동물의 번식을 뜻하므로 추상명사 주어와 맞지 않는다.
- “to keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones”(사육·재배하다): 동식물을 기르는 뜻이다.
- “to educate somebody in a particular way”(특정 방식으로 길러 내다): 사람을 교육한다는 뜻으로 목적어가 사람이어야 한다.
| Personal qualities generally have either positive or negative connotations. Our attitudes toward such personal qualities are partly personal, partly social, and partly cultural. Some people also feel that gender plays a role, with some qualities being more positively valued by women than by men and vice versa. Such attitudes are not always static, and they can change with changing economic and social circumstances. In some places, during the 1970s, ambition was seen to be bad, and then, during the 1980s, it was seen to be good. During the harsh economic times of the 1990s, a high value was placed on generosity and compassion. |
개인적 자질에 대한 평가가 시대와 상황에 따라 변한다는 글이므로 “Changeable Standards of Value on Personal Qualities”가 제목으로 알맞다.
“Such attitudes are not always static”(그러한 태도는 늘 고정된 것은 아니다)라고 한 뒤, 1970년대·1980년대·1990년대에 ambition과 generosity에 대한 평가가 바뀐 예를 든다.
- “How Personal Qualities Form”: 자질의 형성 과정이 아니라 자질에 대한 평가를 다룬다.
- “The Meaning of Personal Qualities”: 자질의 의미 정의가 중심이 아니다.
- “Why Some Personal Qualities Have Positive Connotations”: 긍정적 함축의 이유가 아니라 평가의 변화가 핵심이다.
| The time it takes a planet to make one orbit is related to its proximity to the sun. |
“proximity to”(~에의 근접성)와 가장 가까운 것은 “closeness to”(~에 가까움)이다.
행성의 공전 주기가 태양과의 거리, 즉 얼마나 가까운가와 관련된다는 문장이다.
- “attachment to”(~에 대한 애착, 부착): 거리 개념이 아니다.
- “variance from”(~와의 차이, 변동): 근접의 뜻이 없다.
- “reflection from”(~로부터의 반사): 빛의 반사를 뜻해 문맥과 무관하다.
| Recently, scientists have discovered that ancient Egyptians mummified animals. Some of the animals found in tombs were pets such as cats, dogs, and rabbits. Scientists believe that animals were mummified using the same technique as for humans. Apparently, the early Egyptians had many household pets and were quite fond of them. They believed their pets would live on into the afterlife to protect and comfort their masters. In addition, other animals have also been discovered. In other tombs, mummified bulls and crocodiles were found. For the ancient Egyptians, these animals were sacred and were the living spirits of gods. The Egyptians took good care of them while they were alive, and when they died, they buried them like kings. |
고대 이집트인이 동물을 미라로 만든 이유를 설명하므로 주제는 “the reasons for animal mummification in ancient Egypt”이다.
애완동물은 “to protect and comfort their masters”(주인을 지키고 위로하기 위해) 내세로 함께 간다고 믿었고, 황소·악어는 “sacred”(신성한) 신의 영혼이었기에 미라로 만들었다는 두 가지 이유가 제시된다.
- “sacred animal tombs in ancient Egypt”: 신성한 동물은 이유 중 하나일 뿐이며 애완동물 이야기를 포괄하지 못한다.
- “animal worship in ancient Egyptian funerals”: 장례에서의 동물 숭배는 글의 일부에 그친다.
- “the relationship between humans and animals”: 지나치게 일반적이어서 미라화라는 핵심을 담지 못한다.
| “I work at home for my children’s sake!” I repeat this to myself until maybe I can believe it. Too often lately I feel like the worst parent on the planet. As a freelance writer, I make my own hours and can work at home with my kids. A good deal, right? Not always. Some days I take four-year-old Hewson to the park. The older kids are at school, I’m staring at a deadline, but I’m eaten up with guilt because I’m not spending time with him. Then I think, Hey, I’m my own boss! We can go to the park! I can work while he plays - the best of both worlds. I grab my cell phone and my laptop, and pull into the park, thinking, Yes! You can have it all! The next thing I know, I’m sitting on a park bench with my laptop balanced on my knees while other mothers keep an eye on my son. |
필자는 일과 육아 사이에서 아이에게 소홀하다고 느끼므로 심정은 guilty(죄책감을 느끼는)이다.
“I feel like the worst parent on the planet”(세상에서 가장 나쁜 부모 같다), “I’m eaten up with guilt”(죄책감에 사로잡혀 있다), 그리고 결국 다른 엄마들이 아들을 돌봐 주는 장면이 근거다.
- excited(신이 난): 공원에 가며 “Yes!”라고 한 순간은 있지만 결말은 자책이다.
- bored(지루한): 지루함을 드러내는 표현이 없다.
- lonely(외로운): 혼자라서 외롭다는 내용이 아니다.
| The scientists are convinced that they, as scientists, possess a number of very admirable human qualities, such as accuracy, observation, reasoning power, intellectual curiosity, tolerance and even humility. ( ), they suppose that these qualities can be imparted to other people, to a certain extent, by teaching them science. |
앞 문장에 이어 과학자들의 생각을 덧붙이므로 첨가의 연결어 Furthermore(게다가)가 알맞다.
앞은 과학자들이 훌륭한 자질을 가졌다고 확신한다는 내용이고, 뒤는 그 자질을 과학 교육으로 남에게 “imparted”(전해질) 수 있다고 여긴다는 내용으로, 같은 방향의 주장을 추가한다.
- However(그러나): 앞뒤가 대조되지 않는다.
- Contrarily(반대로): 반대 내용이 이어지지 않는다.
- Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고): 양보 관계가 아니다.
| Taking notes, even incomplete ones is usually more efficient than relying on one's memory. |
불완전하더라도 메모하는 것이 기억에 의존하는 것보다 효율적이라는 뜻이므로 “It is usually more efficient to take incomplete notes than to rely on one’s memory.”가 같다.
원문 동명사 주어 “Taking notes, even incomplete ones”를 가주어 it–진주어 to부정사 구조로 바꾸었을 뿐 비교 방향(more efficient than)이 그대로다.
- “Because notes are usually incomplete, it is more efficient to rely on one’s memory.”: 기억이 더 효율적이라는 반대 결론이다.
- “Taking incomplete notes is usually less efficient …”: more를 less로 뒤집었다.
- “One’s memory is usually more efficient than incomplete notes.”: 역시 비교 방향이 반대다.
| In some areas, the use of English in schools and in the media has contributed (A)(to / for) the decline of minority languages. There (B)(were / have been) about 69,000 speakers of Gaelic in Scotland in 1991, according to that year's census. The language is still used in some schools but speakers have limited legal rights. It is not used in courts, and (C)(plays / playing) no part in the national government. |
(A) (B) (C)
(A) to, (B) were, (C) plays가 어법에 맞다.
(A) “contribute to”(~에 기여하다, ~의 원인이 되다)는 전치사 to를 쓴다. (B) “in 1991”이라는 명백한 과거 시점이 있으므로 현재완료 have been이 아닌 과거 were를 쓴다. (C) “It is not used in courts, and plays no part”에서 주어 It에 이어지는 동사의 병렬이므로 plays다.
- for: contribute와 결합해 원인·기여의 의미를 만드는 전치사가 아니다.
- have been: 과거 시점 부사구 in 1991과 함께 쓸 수 없다.
- playing: and 뒤에 정동사가 필요한 자리에 분사가 올 수 없다.
| People seem to forget that nature has been "cloning" since the beginning of time. Identical twins are exactly the same cell-split into two. Despite this, they are different human beings with different "souls". Similarly, through technology we may create a being with identical attributes but cannot clone a soul. If, through cloning, we can eliminate many genetic disorders, then surely this should be welcomed as a wonderful opportunity. Though perfected, there may still be risks, as there are in choosing to vaccinate your child. But the potential benefits may far outweigh the risks. How can we allow ourselves and our children to suffer when there could be a solution? |
필자는 복제로 유전 질환을 없앨 수 있다면 환영해야 한다고 주장하므로 태도는 supportive(지지하는)이다.
“surely this should be welcomed as a wonderful opportunity”(분명 멋진 기회로 환영받아야 한다), “the potential benefits may far outweigh the risks”(잠재적 이익이 위험보다 훨씬 클 수 있다)가 근거다.
- neutral(중립적인): 분명히 찬성 입장을 밝힌다.
- critical(비판적인): 복제를 비판하지 않는다.
- concerned(우려하는): 위험을 인정하지만 이익이 더 크다고 본다.
| The second great force behind immigration has been _____________. America has always been a refuge from tyranny. As a nation conceived in liberty, it has held out to the world the promise of respect for human rights. Every time a revolution has failed in Europe, every time a nation has succumbed to tyranny, men and women who love freedom have assembled their families and their belongings and set sail across the sea. |
이민의 두 번째 원동력은 폭정을 피해 온 것이므로 빈칸에는 political oppression(정치적 억압)이 알맞다.
“America has always been a refuge from tyranny”(미국은 늘 폭정으로부터의 피난처였다), 혁명이 실패하고 나라가 폭정에 굴복할 때마다 자유를 사랑하는 사람들이 바다를 건넜다는 내용이 근거다.
- economic factor(경제적 요인): 경제 문제는 언급되지 않는다.
- flight from poverty(가난으로부터의 탈출): 가난이 아니라 폭정을 피한 이주다.
- the search for freedom of worship(종교의 자유 추구): 종교가 아니라 정치적 자유와 인권이 핵심이다.