| “Cloud seeding" is a process used by several western state governments and private businesses, such as ski resorts, to increase the amount of rainfall or snow over a certain area. |
(A) Then they measure a storm's clouds for temperature, wind, and composition. When the meteorologists determine that conditions are right, pilots are sent to "seed" the clouds with dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). An aircraft flies above the clouds and dry ice pellets are dropped directly into them. Almost immediately, the dry ice begins attracting the clouds' moisture, which freezes to the dry ice's crystalline structure.
(B) Meteorologists use radar, satellites, and weather stations to track storm fronts.
(C) Precipitation drops from the clouds to the earth in the form of rain or snow.
주어진 문장 뒤에는 (B) - (A) - (C) 순서가 이어진다.
"Cloud seeding" 소개 뒤 (B)의 "track storm fronts"(폭풍 전선을 추적한다)로 과정이 시작되고, (A)의 "Then they measure ..."(그다음 구름을 측정한다)가 이어지며 드라이아이스 살포까지 설명한다. 마지막 (C) "Precipitation drops"(강수가 떨어진다)는 그 결과이다.
- (C)로 시작하는 배열: 결과인 강수가 과정보다 먼저 나올 수 없다.
- (B) 다음에 (C)가 오는 배열: 구름에 씨를 뿌리기(A) 전에 비가 내리는 것은 순서상 맞지 않다.
- (A)로 시작하는 배열: "Then"은 앞선 단계를 전제하므로 첫 문단이 될 수 없다.
| Any headache can make you miserable, but a migraine can be excruciating. More than 28 million Americans suffer from migraine headaches. Their frequency and severity varies from person to person, but they strike women three times more often than men. And if there is a history of migraine in your family, there is an 80 percent chance you will have them as well. It's important for migraine sufferers to avoid certain triggers, smoking, or certain foods that may have triggered their headaches in the past. Regular aerobic exercise is highly recommended to reduce (A)tension and to help prevent migraines. |
밑줄 친 "tension"(긴장)과 뜻이 통하지 않는 것은 "calmness"(평온, 침착)로, 오히려 반의어이다.
지문은 규칙적인 유산소 운동이 "reduce tension"(긴장을 줄여) 편두통 예방에 도움이 된다고 하므로 tension은 정신적·신체적 긴장을 뜻한다.
- "strain": 긴장, 압박 — 유의어이다.
- "anxiety": 불안, 걱정 — 정신적 긴장과 통한다.
- "nervousness": 신경과민, 초조함 — 유의어이다.
쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은 "a wide arrange of"로, "다양한 종류의"는 명사 range를 써서 "a wide range of"로 고쳐야 한다.
"arrange"는 "정리하다, 준비하다"라는 동사라 관사 a와 형용사 wide의 수식을 받을 수 없다.
- "at the same time": 동시에 — 바른 표현이다.
- "sorry to bother you": 귀찮게 해서 미안하다 — 바른 표현이다.
- "make sure (that) ~": 반드시 ~하도록 하다 — 바른 표현이다.
| ⓐ It is caused by factories that burn coal, oil or gas. ⓑ The wind often carries the smoke far from these factories. ⓒ Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. ⓓ These factories send smoke high into the air. |
바른 순서는 "Acid rain is a kind of air pollution." → "It is caused by factories ..." → "These factories send smoke ..." → "The wind often carries the smoke ..."이다.
화제인 "Acid rain"(산성비)을 먼저 정의하고, 대명사 "It"이 그 원인(공장)을 설명한다. 이어 "These factories"가 앞의 공장을 받아 연기를 내보낸다고 하고, 마지막으로 "the smoke"를 바람이 멀리 실어 간다.
- "The wind often carries ..."로 시작하는 배열: "the smoke", "these factories"가 무엇인지 앞에 제시되지 않았다.
- "These factories send smoke ..."를 "It is caused by ..."보다 앞세운 배열: "These factories"가 가리킬 대상이 먼저 나와야 한다.
| Among the most tragic accidents are ①those involving guns. Each year, about five thousand people under the age of twenty die because of firearms. One in ten of these deaths is said to be accidental, many of them caused by children who find ②loading guns in their homes. Nearly half of all American households have guns, and often, instead of being locked up, they are just hidden or even left in a drawer, filled with ammunition. Accidental gun injuries have become so ③prevalent that the American Medical Association advises doctors to make a point of talking with patients who are gun owners about using safety locks on their guns and storing ammunition ④separately. |
어법상 잘못된 것은 "loading guns"로, "loaded guns"(장전된 총)로 고쳐야 한다(분사의 능동·수동 구별).
총은 스스로 장전하는 것이 아니라 "장전된" 대상이므로 수동의 과거분사가 명사를 수식해야 한다.
- "those involving": 앞의 복수 명사 accidents를 받는 those와, 능동 의미의 현재분사 involving(~와 관련된)이 바르게 쓰였다.
- "prevalent": "so ~ that" 구문에서 become의 보어로 형용사(널리 퍼진)가 바르게 쓰였다.
- "separately": 동사 storing을 수식하는 부사(따로)로 바르게 쓰였다.
| You're aware of the health benefits of eating fresh vegetables, you have the space for a small garden, but just don't know where to start? Look no further. Here's all you need to know to put fresh, crisp vegetables on your dinner table. First, think small. . It's like starting out an exercise program by running five miles the first day. You get tired, sore and you quit. Likewise, if you plant a huge garden the first year, you'll curse, cuss and turn your sore back on gardening for good. So, if you're new to gardening, start off with a garden no larger than 8' X 10.' You can always expand later if you can't get enough of those fresh, crispy vegetables. Choose a location that receives as much sun as possible throughout the day. Northern gardeners should insist on full sun. Now you're ready to work up the soil. You can rent a rear tine tiller or borrow one from a friend or neighbor for this task. |
빈칸에는 "Don't bite off more than you can chew."(감당할 수 있는 이상으로 욕심내지 마라)가 들어간다.
빈칸 앞 "First, think small."(우선 작게 생각하라)과 뒤의 첫날 5마일을 뛰다 지쳐 그만두는 예, 첫해에 "a huge garden"(큰 텃밭)을 만들면 포기하게 된다는 내용이 모두 무리하지 말라는 뜻이다.
- "The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.": 남의 떡이 커 보인다 — 무리하지 말라는 흐름과 무관하다.
- "Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours.": 상부상조 — 지문에 주고받는 관계가 없다.
- "You reap what you sow.": 뿌린 대로 거둔다 — 규모를 작게 시작하라는 조언과 맞지 않는다.
Rainforests are home to more than half of the world's plants and animals. Rainforests used to cover as much as 14% of the Earth's land. Now they cover less than 6%. The problem is that the rainforests are being destroyed. The amount being destroyed each minute would fill 20 football fields. And about 50,000 species of rainforest animals and plants are disappearing every year. This means they will all be gone by the time you grow up unless we save them with your help!
필자의 심정은 "worried"(걱정하는)이다.
열대우림이 "being destroyed"(파괴되고 있다)고 하며 매년 약 50,000종이 "disappearing"(사라지고) 있어 "they will all be gone"(모두 사라질 것)이라고 경고하므로 우려가 드러난다.
- "pleasant": 즐거운 — 파괴와 멸종을 다루는 글의 심정과 반대이다.
- "relieved": 안도한 — 상황이 악화되고 있다는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
| With the arrival of twentieth-century technology, medical professions were able to think seriously about creating artificial replacements for damaged human hearts that no longer functioned effectively. In 1957, Dr. Willem Kolff created the first artificial heart and implanted it in a dog, who promptly died from the experiment. Still, animal research continued, and, in 1969, Dr. Denton Cooley implanted the first artificial heart into the body of a human. The device, made largely of plastic, only had to function for a brief period of time, while the patient awaited a transplanted human heart. In 1979, Dr. Robert Jarvik patented the first artificial heart. Three years later, the Jarvik heart, as it came to be called, was implanted in the body of Barney Clark, a retired dentist dying of heart disease. Clark lived for 112 days after the surgery, and his survival raised hopes for the future success of artificial hearts. |
글의 전개 방식은 "time order"(시간 순서)이다.
"In 1957", "in 1969", "In 1979", "Three years later"처럼 연도에 따라 인공심장 개발 과정을 차례로 서술한다.
- "cause and effect": 원인과 결과 — 사건 간 인과를 분석하는 글이 아니다.
- "classification": 분류 — 대상을 유형별로 나누지 않는다.
- "definition": 정의 — 인공심장의 개념을 정의하는 데 초점이 있지 않다.
Q : When praised, Koreans often insist they did nothing deserving of praise. Why do you do this instead of accepting the praise and saying Thank you.?
A : This is done out of _____; in other words, we feel like we are not deserving of so much praise. However, don't think that Koreans really dislike being praised. Even though wereactthisway,weverymuchappreciatethe compliment.
빈칸에는 "modesty"(겸손)가 들어간다.
빈칸 바로 뒤 "in other words, we feel like we are not deserving of so much praise"(즉, 그만큼 칭찬받을 자격이 없다고 느낀다)가 빈칸을 풀어 말하므로 겸손에서 나온 행동이다.
- "responsibility": 책임감 — 칭찬을 사양하는 이유와 무관하다.
- "condemnation": 비난 — 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
- "confidence": 자신감 — 칭찬받을 자격이 없다고 느끼는 태도와 반대이다.
| This is a gift given by physical or legal persons, typically for charitable purposes and/or to benefit a cause. This may take various forms, including cash, services, new or used goods including but not limited to clothing, toys, food, vehicles, it also may consist of emergency, relief or humanitarian aid items, development aid support, and can also relate to medical care needs as i.e. blood or organs for transplant. Charitable gifts of goods or services are also called gifts in kind. |
밑줄 친 This가 가리키는 것은 "donation"(기부)이다.
"a gift given ... typically for charitable purposes"(주로 자선 목적으로 주는 선물)라는 정의와 현금·서비스·물품·혈액·장기 등 형태, "gifts in kind"(현물 기부) 언급이 모두 기부를 설명한다.
- "operation": 수술, 운영 — 자선 목적의 증여와 무관하다.
- "fund": 기금 — 현금 외에 서비스·물품·장기까지 포함하는 정의와 맞지 않는다.
- "volunteering": 자원봉사 — 물품·현금 증여까지 포괄하지 못한다.
This is the keystone.
| The Romans have just invented a new building technique: the arch. It is the strongest way to support walls and bridges. A master builder explains the process. ㉮"First, take some stone blocks and shape them as wedges.㉯Take another stone and shape it to fit perfectly in the middle of the arch. ㉰Use wood to hold the wedges together until the keystone can be placed in the middle. ㉱Finally, put stones on top of the wedges and build up the entire wall." |
주어진 문장은 "Take another stone and shape it to fit perfectly in the middle of the arch." 바로 뒤에 들어간다.
"This is the keystone."(이것이 쐐기돌이다)의 This는 아치 한가운데에 맞춘 "another stone"을 가리키고, 다음 문장에서 "the keystone"이 정관사와 함께 다시 언급되므로 그 사이가 적절한 위치이다.
- "First, take some stone blocks ..." 앞: 아직 돌이 등장하지 않아 This가 가리킬 대상이 없다.
- "Finally, put stones on top ..." 앞: 이미 앞 문장에서 the keystone이 쓰였으므로 정의가 너무 늦다.
| Increasing numbers of Americans are turning to hypnosis to stop smoking or to lose weight. Similarly, arthritis sufferers are using acupuncture, an ancient method of Chinese healing, to gain some relief from their pain. Cancer patients have also been using nontraditional treatments like creative visualization to fight their disease. Some cancer sufferers, for example, imagine themselves as huge and powerful sharks. They imagine their cancer cells as much smaller fish that easily fall prey to the larger and more dangerous sharks. Even some businesses are supporting nontraditional medical treatments and encouraging employees to use to ward off migraine headaches and high blood pressure. |
빈칸에는 "meditation"(명상)이 들어간다.
최면, 침술, 시각화처럼 "nontraditional medical treatments"(비전통적 치료법)를 나열한 글이므로 편두통·고혈압 예방을 위해 회사가 권장하는 것도 비전통적 방법인 명상이어야 한다.
- "mediation": 중재, 조정 — 치료법이 아니다.
- "mutilation": 절단, 훼손 — 문맥과 무관하다.
- "medication": 약물 치료 — 전통적 치료에 해당해 글의 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
| Infants spend most of their days fast asleep. In the period immediately after birth, newborns sleep an average of sixteen hours per day. But the amount they sleep decreases steadily with each passing month. By the age of six months, babies average about thirteen to fourteen hours of sleep per day. By twenty-four months, they average only eleven or twelve hours per day. In short, babies sleep a lot, but the amount of sleep they need decreases over time. |
글의 주제는 "the sleep patterns of infants"(유아의 수면 양상)이다.
출생 직후 하루 16시간, 6개월에 13~14시간, 24개월에 11~12시간으로 "the amount of sleep they need decreases over time"(필요한 수면량이 시간이 지나며 줄어든다)는 유아 수면의 변화를 다룬다.
- "reasonable amount of sleep": 적정 수면량 — 일반적 권장량이 아니라 유아의 수면 변화를 다룬다.
- "the habits of newborns": 신생아의 습관 — 수면 외 습관은 없고 대상도 신생아에 한정되지 않는다.
- "the development of infants": 유아의 발달 — 너무 포괄적이다.
| For instance, American college students expect to live longer, stay ①married longer, and travel to Europe more often than average. They believe they are more likely to have a gifted child, ②to own their own home, and to appear in the newspaper, and less likely to have a heart attack, venereal disease, a drinking problem, an auto accident, a broken bone, or gum disease. Americans of all ages expect their futures to be an improvement on their presents, and although citizens of other nations are not quite optimistic as Americans, they also tend to imagine that their futures will be brighter than ③that of their peers. These overly optimistic expectations about our personal futures are not easily ④undone: Experiencing an earthquake causes people to become temporarily realistic about their risk of dying in a future disaster, but within a couple of weeks even earthquake survivors return to their normal level of unfounded optimism. |
어법상 바르지 않은 것은 "that"으로, 복수 명사 their futures를 받으므로 "those"로 고쳐야 한다(지시대명사의 수일치).
"their futures will be brighter than those of their peers"(그들의 미래가 또래의 미래보다 밝을 것)에서 비교 대상인 futures가 복수이다.
- "married": stay 뒤 보어로 형용사 역할의 과거분사(결혼한 상태로)가 바르게 쓰였다.
- "to own": "more likely to have ..., to own ..., and to appear ..."의 병렬 구조로 바르다.
- "undone": 기대가 "되돌려지는" 것이므로 수동의 과거분사(be undone)가 바르다.
| Take the case of two people who are watching a football game. One person, who has very little understanding of football, sees merely a bunch of grown men hitting each other for no apparent reason. _____________ person, who loves football, sees complex play patterns, daring coaching strategies, effective blocking and tackling techniques, and zone defenses with "seams" that the receivers are trying to "split." Both persons have their eyes glued to the same event, but they are perceiving two entirely different situations. The perceptions differ because each person is actively selecting, organizing, and interpreting the available stimuli in different ways. |
빈칸에는 "The other"가 들어간다.
"two people"(두 사람) 중 한 명을 "One person"으로 제시했으므로 나머지 한 명은 "the other"로 지칭한다(one ~ the other).
- "Other": 단수 가산명사 person 앞에 관사 없이 쓸 수 없고, 남은 하나라는 한정의 의미도 없다.
- "Some": 둘 중 나머지 하나를 가리키지 못한다.
- "This one": 대비되는 나머지 한 사람을 나타내는 표현이 아니다.
| Among life's cruelest truths is this one: Wonderful things are especially wonderful the first time they happen, but their wonderfulness wanes with repetition. Just compare the first and last time your child said "Mama" or your partner said "I love you" and you'll know exactly what I mean. When you have an experience―hearing a particular sonata, making love with a particular person, watching the sun set from a particular window of a particular room― on successive occasions, we quickly begin to adapt to it, and the experience yields less pleasure each time. Psychologists call this habituation, economists call it declining marginal utility, and the rest of us call it marriage. |
필자의 주장은 아무리 좋은 일도 반복되면 식상해진다는 것이다.
"their wonderfulness wanes with repetition"(멋진 일의 멋짐은 반복되면서 줄어든다), "the experience yields less pleasure each time"(경험할 때마다 즐거움이 줄어든다)이 핵심이며, 이를 "habituation"(습관화), "declining marginal utility"(한계효용 체감)로 부른다고 한다.
- 성공적인 대화와 공감: 지문에 대화 방식에 관한 내용이 없다.
- 치밀한 계획: 계획 수립은 언급되지 않는다.
- 좌절 극복과 성공: 성공·좌절은 지문의 화제가 아니다.
| Clouds darken from a pleasant soft white just before rain begins to fall because they absorb more light. Clouds normally appear white when the light that strikes them is (A)concentrated/scattered by the small ice or water particles from which they are composed. However, when the size of these ice and water particles (B)decreases/increases―as it does just before clouds begin to deposit rain―this scattering of light is increasingly (C)replaced/developed by absorption. As a result, much less light reaches the observer on the ground below and the clouds look darker. |
(A) (B) (C)
바르게 짝지어진 것은 scattered … increases … replaced이다.
구름이 흰 것은 빛이 작은 입자에 의해 "scattered"(산란되기) 때문이고, 비 직전에는 입자 크기가 "increases"(커져서) 산란이 흡수로 "replaced"(대체된다). 그 결과 "absorb more light"(빛을 더 흡수해) 어둡게 보인다.
- "concentrated": 집중되다 — 뒤의 "this scattering of light"와 호응하지 않는다.
- "decreases": 감소하다 — 비가 내리기 직전에는 물방울이 커진다.
- "developed": 발전되다 — 산란이 흡수로 바뀐다는 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
| For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy ①calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that ②bolster our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to ③erode health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and ④run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do. |
흐름상 적절하지 않은 것은 "erode"(침식하다, 약화시키다)로, 의료의 질을 "높인다"는 뜻의 improve 등이 와야 한다.
과학과 기술의 경이를 활용해 의료비는 "lower its cost"(낮추고) 질은 향상시키겠다는 긍정적 비전이므로 질을 약화시킨다는 말은 모순이다.
- "calls for": 요구하다 — 경제 상황이 행동을 요구한다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- "bolster": 강화하다 — 도로·전력망이 상업을 뒷받침한다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- "run": 가동하다 — 태양·바람으로 공장을 돌린다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
| In order to live well after you stop working, you should begin saving for retirement early. Experts suggest that after you retire, you will need 75 percent to 80 percent of your salary to live on every month. , if you make $3,000 per month while working, you will need between $2,250 and $2,400 per month to live on during retirement. This calculation assumes that you have no mortgage on a house to continue paying, or any other major expenses. However, many retired people now rent their housing, and so they will pay more money in housing costs over time. Older people now also have to spend more on health care because they live longer; many people in developed countries now live into their eighties or nineties. |
빈칸에는 "In other words"(다시 말해)가 들어간다.
앞 문장의 "75 percent to 80 percent of your salary"를 월급 3,000달러면 2,250~2,400달러가 필요하다는 구체적 수치로 다시 풀어 말하므로 환언의 연결어가 적절하다.
- "Conversely": 반대로 — 앞뒤 내용이 대조되지 않는다.
- "Likewise": 마찬가지로 — 유사한 다른 사례를 더하는 것이 아니다.
- "Furthermore": 게다가 — 새로운 정보를 추가하는 것이 아니라 같은 내용을 바꿔 말한다.
| We normally think of the expressions on our face as the reflection of an inner state. I feel happy, so I smile. I feel sad, so I frown. Emotion goes inside-out. Emotional contagion, though, suggests that the opposite is also true. If I can make you smile, I can make you happy. If I can make you frown, I can make you sad. Emotion, in this sense, goes outside-in. If we think about emotion this way ―as outside-in, not inside-out― it is possible to understand how some people can have an enormous amount of over others. Some of us, after all, are very good at expressing emotions and feelings, which means that we are far more emotionally contagious than the rest of us. |
빈칸에는 "influence"(영향력)가 들어간다.
감정이 "outside-in"(밖에서 안으로) 전달된다면 감정 표현에 능한 사람은 "far more emotionally contagious"(훨씬 더 감정 전염력이 크다)이므로 다른 사람에게 큰 영향력을 가질 수 있다.
- "feelings": 감정 — "have feelings over others"는 남에게 미치는 힘을 나타내지 못한다.
- "actions": 행동 — 감정 전염의 결과와 연결되지 않는다.
- "fluency": 유창성 — 언어 능력은 지문의 화제가 아니다.
| In discussing the relative difficulties of analysis which the exact and inexact sciences face, let me begin with an analogy. Would you agree that (A)swimmers are less skillful athletes than runners because swimmers do not move as fast as runners? You probably would not. You would quickly point out that water offers greater resistance to swimmers than the air and ground do to runners. Agreed, that is just the point. In seeking to solve their problems, the social scientists encounter greater resistance than the physical scientists. By that I do not mean to belittle the great accomplishments of physical scientists who have been able, for example, to determine the structure of atom without seeing it. That is a tremendous achievement; yet in many ways it is not so difficult as what the social scientists are expected to do. |
(A) "swimmers"가 가리키는 것은 "social scientists"(사회과학자)이다.
물이 수영 선수에게 더 큰 저항을 주듯 "the social scientists encounter greater resistance than the physical scientists"(사회과학자가 물리과학자보다 더 큰 저항에 부딪힌다)고 하여 수영 선수 = 사회과학자, 육상 선수 = 물리과학자로 비유한다.
- "runners": 비유 속에서 수영 선수와 대비되는 대상일 뿐이다.
- "physical scientists": 육상 선수에 대응하는 쪽이다.
- "athletes": 비유의 상위 범주로, 실제로 가리키는 대상이 아니다.
| To my mother, it was a big occasion to give me a ride to the college for my freshman year. She wore one of her "outfits"―a purple pantsuit, a scarf, high heels, and sunglasses, and she insisted that I wear a white shirt and a necktie. "You're starting college, not going fishing," she said. Together we would have stood out badly enough in Pepperville Beach, but remember, this was college in the mid-60s, where the less correctly you were dressed, the more you were dressed correctly. So when we finally got to campus and stepped out of our Chevy station wagon, we were surrounded by young women in sandals and peasant skirts, and young men in tank tops and shorts, their hair worn long over their ears. And there we were, a necktie and a purple pantsuit, and I felt, once more, that my mother was shining ridiculous light on me. |
마지막에 I가 느낀 심경은 "embarrassed"(당황한, 창피한)이다.
캐주얼한 차림의 학생들 사이에서 넥타이와 보라색 정장 차림으로 서 있게 되자 "my mother was shining ridiculous light on me"(어머니가 나를 우스꽝스럽게 비추고 있다)고 느꼈으므로 창피함이 드러난다.
- "fascinated": 매료된 — 긍정적 감정이라 맞지 않는다.
- "delighted": 기쁜 — 상황과 반대된다.
- "indifferent": 무관심한 — 남의 시선을 의식하는 화자의 태도와 맞지 않는다.
| Will you get more sick if you exercise while you have a cold? In one experiment, a team of researchers injected a group of fifty students with rhinovirus, and then had part of the group run, climb stairs, or cycle at moderate intensity for forty minutes every other day, while the second group remained relatively sedentary. They found that the exercise regimen neither eased nor worsened symptoms of the common cold. Several similar studies conducted elsewhere have found the same thing. Doctors refer to a good rule of thumb as the neck check. It's safe to exercise if you have only "above the neck" symptoms, like a runny nose or sneezing. If your symptoms are "below the neck"―a fever or diarrhea―you're better off sitting it out for a few days. *rhinovirus 감기의 주된 바이러스 |
글의 어조는 "informative"(정보 전달적)이다.
감기 중 운동에 관한 실험 결과("neither eased nor worsened symptoms")와 의사들의 "neck check" 기준을 객관적으로 소개한다.
- "humorous": 유머러스한 — 웃음을 유발하는 표현이 없다.
- "emotional": 감정적인 — 연구 결과 중심의 담담한 서술이다.
- "persuasive": 설득적인 — 특정 행동을 강하게 촉구하기보다 사실과 기준을 알려 준다.
| I was not aware that the quality of university education in England is in decline until I read your article. The situation appears similar in Japan, where I lecture in English. I find many students ill-prepared for university education. Many lack the necessary intellectual abilities, while many more have very little interest in actually learning anything. Why do parents pay so much money for an education when their children are too lazy to study? Parents often force their children into university not to challenge them academically but simply for the social prestige and reputation associated with certain universities. |
글의 목적은 자녀 교육에 대한 부모의 잘못된 가치관을 지적하는 것이다.
기사에 대한 독자 투고로, 마지막에 부모들이 자녀를 대학에 보내는 이유가 "not to challenge them academically but simply for the social prestige"(학문적 도전이 아니라 단지 사회적 명성 때문)라고 비판한다.
- 수업 참여도 향상: 학생들의 무관심을 언급할 뿐 참여를 높이는 방안은 없다.
- 교육의 질 향상 프로그램 제안: 프로그램을 제안하지 않는다.
- 사회적 신분과 대학 순위의 상관관계 설명: 명성은 부모 비판의 근거로 쓰였을 뿐 상관관계를 설명하지 않는다.
| Are you keen to discover new music, but put off by most of the stuff you hear? Then visit MusicAll. It's a cunning website that allows users to recommend music to one another based on shared tastes. As a member you upload a playlist of your own favorite tunes: the site then makes recommendations based on the music enjoyed by other people who also like those tracks. It will also make suggestions based on what you're listening to at the time; you can listen to clips of the recommendations to see whether they appeal. If so, you can download them for free. The more you put into the site, the more useful it becomes. |
글의 제목은 "Share Opinions about Music at the Website"(웹사이트에서 음악에 대한 의견을 나누라)이다.
MusicAll은 "allows users to recommend music to one another based on shared tastes"(취향을 공유하는 이용자끼리 음악을 추천하게 해 주는) 사이트로, 이용자 간 음악 추천·공유가 핵심이다.
- "Music Can Contribute To Your Life": 음악이 삶에 주는 효용이 아니라 특정 사이트를 소개한다.
- "What You'd Like To Recommend For A Change": 기분 전환용 추천 목록에 관한 글이 아니다.
- "How To Make An Appealing Website": 웹사이트 제작 방법은 다루지 않는다.