| The idea of public works projects as a device to prevent or control depression was designed as a means of creating job opportunities for unemployed workers and as a "pump-priming" device to aid business to revive. By 1933, the number of unemployed worker had reached about 13 million. This meant that about 59 million people―about one-third of the nation―were without means of support. At first, direct relief in the form of cash or food was provided these people. This made them recipients of government charity. In order to remove this stigma and restore to the unemployed some measure of respectability and human dignity, a plan was devised to create governmentally sponsored work projects that private industry would not or could not provide. This would also stimulate production and revive business activity. ⇒ By using the expression "pump-priming" as a description of public works projects, the author implies that it ______________ . |
“pump-priming”은 경기 회복을 위한 마중물(초기 자극)이라는 뜻이므로 빈칸에는 “provided business with initial impetus”(기업에 초기 추진력을 제공했다)가 알맞다.
지문은 공공사업이 실업자에게 일자리를 주고 “a ‘pump-priming’ device to aid business to revive”(기업 회생을 돕는 장치)였으며, 마지막에 “stimulate production and revive business activity”(생산을 자극하고 경기를 되살린다)라고 정리한다.
- “was useless”(쓸모없었다): 지문은 공공사업의 효과를 긍정적으로 서술한다.
- “lowered human dignity”(인간 존엄성을 떨어뜨렸다): 오히려 직접 구호의 낙인을 없애고 dignity를 회복시키려 했다고 한다.
- “was pouring money down the drain”(돈을 낭비했다): 낭비라는 부정적 평가는 지문에 없다.
| Scientists, like other people, are always pleased to have their own ideas (A)[confirm / confirmed]. So I was gratified by a report which appeared in the August 1963 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association. This report was written by the famous Soviet astronomer, Dr Nikolai Kozyrev, who several years ago discovered evidence in telescopic photographs to support the belief that some of the craters on the moon are sites of presently active volcanoes. When Dr. Kozyrev first published (B)[that / what] he thought he had seen on the moon, his interpretation was doubted by many astronomers in other lands. Subsequently, however, astronomers here have seen color changes (C)[which / where] they, too, believe are signs of continuing volcanic activity on the previously supposed dead body of the moon. |
(A) (B) (C)
올바른 조합은 confirmed – what – which이다.
(A) “have their own ideas confirmed”는 사역동사 have + 목적어 + 과거분사 구조로, 생각이 ‘확인되는’ 수동 관계이므로 confirmed가 맞다. (B) published의 목적어이면서 뒤 절 “he thought he had seen”에서 seen의 목적어가 빠진 불완전한 절을 이끌므로 선행사를 포함한 관계대명사 what이 필요하다.
(C) 선행사 color changes를 받아 “(they believe) are signs”의 주어 역할을 하므로 관계대명사 which가 맞다. “they believe”는 삽입절이며, 주어가 빠진 절 앞에 관계부사 where는 올 수 없다.
- “confirm”: 원형을 쓰면 생각이 스스로 확인하는 능동 관계가 되어 어색하다.
- “that”: 접속사 that 뒤에는 완전한 절이 와야 하는데 seen의 목적어가 빠져 있다.
- “where”: 관계부사 뒤에는 완전한 절이 와야 하는데 are의 주어가 없다.
| A scorpion wanted to pass the pond but it could not swim. Thus, it climbed on a frog’s back, and asked the frog to take it to the other side of the pond. The frog refused because the scorpion might sting him when he swims. The scorpion promised not to do so. Though the frog knew how vicious the scorpion was, it felt that its words were correct. When they swam in the middle of the pond, the scorpion suddenly stung the frog. The heavily wounded frog yelled out, “Why did you sting me? Stinging me is not useful for you totally” “I know.” the scorpion said, while sinking down. “But I’m a scorpion. I must sting you because this is my instinct.” As the saying goes: , everyone has their own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we should be aware of that changing one person is limited. What we need to do is try not to eliminate these drawbacks, but to reasonably use their advantages. |
빈칸에는 “the leopard cannot change its spots”(표범은 반점을 바꿀 수 없다 = 타고난 본성은 바뀌지 않는다)가 알맞다.
전갈은 함께 가라앉으면서도 “I must sting you because this is my instinct”(본능이라 찌를 수밖에 없다)라고 말하고, 글은 “changing one person is limited”(사람을 바꾸는 데는 한계가 있다)로 이어진다.
- “one good turn deserves another”(은혜는 은혜로 갚는다): 전갈은 은혜를 배신했다.
- “friends and wines improve with age”(친구와 술은 오래될수록 좋다): 관계의 숙성과 무관하다.
- “drowning men catch at a straw”(물에 빠진 사람은 지푸라기라도 잡는다): 절박함이 아니라 본성의 불변이 요지다.
| My clothes were drenched. Sweat flowed in torrents from my forehead, requiring constant mopping with a bandanna to keep my glasses from steaming up to the point where I couldn't see anything. Keeping my eyes riveted to the ground wasn't enough because there was plenty to watch out for overhead too. Vines yanked my hat off. Thorns ripped at my sleeves. Trees with trunks and limbs encased in three-inch spikes threatened to impale an eyeball in a moment of carelessness. Deadly pit vipers also lurked in the trees, camouflaged bright green. |
필자의 심정은 “frightened”(겁먹은)이다.
땀에 흠뻑 젖은 채 정글을 헤치며 “threatened to impale an eyeball”(눈알을 찌를 듯 위협했다), “Deadly pit vipers also lurked in the trees”(치명적인 독사가 나무에 숨어 있었다)처럼 위험과 위협을 계속 묘사한다.
- “excited”(신난): 즐거움이나 기대의 표현이 없다.
- “relieved”(안도한): 위험이 사라진 상황이 아니다.
- “bored”(지루한): 긴장된 상황 묘사와 맞지 않는다.
| Political power in Rome had traditionally rested with the aristocrats; now, it lay increasingly with the families of the new commercial class. The ①attainment of high political office became the main goal of these families because it meant prestige, power, and more wealth. Individuals ②captured office not so much on the strength of their political philosophy and policy but on the appeal of their personalities, charisma, and conquests. Rome began to be ③dominated by men who were self-seeking, larger-than-life figures who won the support of the masses through the distribution of free food, olive oil, and wine, and the sponsoring of public entertainment. ④Shortages that flowed to Rome from the fertile fields of its provinces overseas―Carthage, Sicily, Sardinia, and Numidia―allowed free distributions to the restless and unemployed urban proletariat. |
문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은 “Shortages”(부족분)로, “Surpluses”(잉여분)가 되어야 한다.
속주의 비옥한 땅에서 로마로 흘러들어 와 “allowed free distributions”(무상 배급을 가능하게 했다)는 것은 남아도는 잉여 농산물이어야 논리가 맞는다.
- “attainment”(획득): 고위 공직의 획득이 가문의 목표였다는 흐름에 맞다.
- “captured”(차지했다): 정치철학보다 개인의 매력으로 공직을 차지했다는 뜻으로 자연스럽다.
- “dominated”(지배되었다): 자기 이익을 좇는 인물들에게 로마가 지배되기 시작했다는 문맥에 맞다.
| A group of British psychologists have recently shown that the youngest children in class are more (A)[sensible / sensitive] to stress at school than their older classmates. The study examined over 20,000 school children between the ages of five and twelve in England, and symptoms were evaluated by psychopathology questionnaires (B)[competed / completed] by parents, teachers, and 10-12 year old study participants. According to the study, the youngest in each group experienced more emotional and behavioral problems at school, and this effect was (C)[observed / preserved] throughout all the age groups in the study. |
(A) (B) (C)
알맞은 조합은 sensitive – completed – observed이다.
(A) 스트레스에 ‘민감한’ 것이므로 “sensitive to”(~에 민감한)가 맞고, “sensible”은 ‘분별 있는’이다. (B) 부모·교사·참가자가 ‘작성한’ 설문지이므로 “completed”(작성된)가 맞고, “competed”(경쟁했다)는 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
(C) 그 효과가 모든 연령 집단에서 ‘관찰되었다’이므로 “observed”가 맞고, “preserved”(보존되었다)는 연구 결과를 서술하는 말로 부적절하다.
- “sensible”: 분별 있다는 뜻이라 스트레스와 결합하지 않는다.
- “competed”: 자동사 compete는 설문지를 수식하는 과거분사로 쓸 수 없다.
- “preserved”: 효과가 보존되었다는 표현은 관찰 연구의 결과 서술과 어긋난다.
| The railroad was the first institution to impose regularity on society, or to draw attention to the importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and religious services have begun on the hour, people have been in rough agreement with their neighbors as to the time of day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably chaotic: the massive daily transfers of goods, services, and information would proceed in fits and starts; the very fabric of modern society would begin to unravel. |
글의 주제는 “People's agreement on the measurement of time is essential for the functioning of society”(시간 측정에 대한 사회적 합의는 사회 기능에 필수적이다)이다.
“Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably chaotic”(단일한 시간 척도를 대중이 받아들이지 않았다면 사회생활은 견딜 수 없이 혼란스러울 것이다)이 핵심 문장이다.
- “The traditions of society are timeless”(사회 전통은 영원하다): 시간 합의의 전통을 말할 뿐 전통 일반의 영속성이 주제가 아니다.
- “Certain activities have to be conducted in time”(특정 활동은 제때 해야 한다): 개별 활동의 시간 엄수가 아니라 공통 척도에 대한 합의가 요지다.
- “Modern society judges people by the times…”(현대 사회는 활동 시각으로 사람을 판단한다): 지문에 없는 내용이다.
| Having just moved into his new office, a pompous colonel was sitting at his desk when a private knocked on the door. Conscious of his new position, the colonel told the private to enter, then quickly picked up the phone and said, "Yes, General, I'll pass along your message. In the meantime, thank you for your good wishes, sir." Feeling as though he had sufficiently impressed the young enlisted man, he asked, "What do you want?" "Nothing important, sir," the private replied. "Just here to hook up your telephone, sir." |
대령이 느낄 심경은 “ashamed”(창피한)이다.
대령은 장군과 통화하는 척하며 사병에게 위세를 부렸지만, 사병이 “Just here to hook up your telephone”(전화기를 연결하러 왔다)고 답해 전화가 아직 연결되지도 않았음이 드러났다.
- “proud”(자랑스러운): 허세가 들통난 상황과 반대된다.
- “satisfied”(만족한): 사병에게 인상을 남겼다고 생각한 것은 들통나기 전의 착각이다.
- “indifferent”(무관심한): 거짓이 드러난 당사자의 반응으로 맞지 않는다.
| Fast food is everywhere. It’s available on the main corners of a busy street and in the luxury of your own home. Effects of fast food are quickly catching up with us. The nation has become a culture of fast food eating and on-the-go living, ultimately creating “fat” America. (A) , fast food has some advantages in the short term: people appreciate the fact that it’s fast and convenient. There is no other food that you can pick up and have ready at a moment’s notice. It involves no cooking, shopping, or dishwashing. In the end, you are saving an immense amount of time. (B) , there seems to be a direct link in America between obesity and fast food. A typical meal from a fast-food restaurant, say a serving of fries and cheeseburger, adds up to over 1,000 calories per serving. This is about half the recommended dietary allowance for an individual per day. |
(A) (B)
알맞은 연결어는 However – Nevertheless이다.
(A) 앞에서 패스트푸드가 비만을 낳았다는 부정적 내용 뒤에 “fast food has some advantages”(장점이 있다)가 이어지므로 역접의 However가 필요하다. (B) 시간 절약이라는 장점을 말한 뒤 “a direct link … between obesity and fast food”(비만과의 직접적 연관)를 제시하므로 양보의 Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고)가 맞다.
- “In addition”(게다가): (A) 앞뒤는 부정→긍정으로 내용이 반대되므로 첨가가 아니다.
- “As a result”(그 결과): 시간 절약의 결과로 비만이 생긴다는 인과 관계가 아니다.
| Here is one scene from the drama of the differences in men’s and women’s ways of talking. A woman and a man return home from work. She tells everything that happened during the day: what she did, whom she met, what they said, what that made her think. Then she turns to him and asks, “How was your day?” He says, “Same fierce struggle for existence!” She feels locked out: “You don’t tell me anything.” He protests, “Nothing happened at work.” They have different assumptions about . To her, telling life’s daily events and impressions means she’s not alone in the world. Such talk is the essence of intimacy―evidence that she and her partner are best friends. Since he never spent time talking in this way with his friends, best or otherwise, he doesn’t expect it, doesn’t know how to do it, and doesn’t miss it when it isn’t there. |
빈칸에는 “what is anything to tell”(무엇이 이야기할 거리인지)이 알맞다.
여자는 하루의 사소한 일까지 모두 이야기하지만, 남자는 “Nothing happened at work”(직장에서 아무 일도 없었다)라고 한다. 즉 두 사람은 말할 가치가 있는 일에 대해 서로 다른 전제를 가지고 있다.
- “which things are similar”(어떤 것들이 비슷한지): 유사성 판단은 대화 내용과 무관하다.
- “whether the drama is real or not”(드라마가 진짜인지): ‘drama’는 비유적 표현일 뿐 논점이 아니다.
- “which words are better for them”(어떤 말이 더 나은지): 단어 선택이 아니라 무엇을 이야기하는가의 차이다.
| Given how little we know about our inner ecology, carpet-bombing it might not always be the best idea. “I would put it very bluntly,” Margulis told me. “When you advocate your soaps that say they kill all harmful bacteria, you are committing suicide.” The bacteria in the intestines can take up to four years to recover from a round of antibiotics, recent studies have found, and the steady attack of detergents, preservatives, and chemicals are also harmful. The immune system builds up fewer antibodies in a clean environment; the deadliest pathogens can grow more resistant to antibiotics. All of which may explain why a number of studies have found that children raised on farms are less likely to be influenced by allergies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases. It sometimes seems . * pathogen 병원균 |
빈칸에는 “as we are cleaner, we get sicker”(깨끗해질수록 더 아프다)가 알맞다.
항균 비누와 세제가 장내 세균을 해치고, “The immune system builds up fewer antibodies in a clean environment”(깨끗한 환경에서는 항체가 덜 생긴다)며 농장에서 자란 아이들이 알레르기에 덜 걸린다고 한다. 즉 지나친 청결이 오히려 건강을 해친다는 역설이다.
- “people avoid an healthy lifestyle”(사람들이 건강한 생활을 피한다): 지문의 논지와 무관하다.
- “leading a rural life boost immunity”(시골 생활이 면역력을 높인다): 농장 아이들은 근거 사례일 뿐 결론은 청결의 역효과다.
- “pollutants can trigger allergic effects”(오염물질이 알레르기를 일으킨다): 오히려 깨끗함이 문제라는 지문과 반대다.
| A tornado is a dark, funnel-shaped cloud made up of violently churning winds. A tornado's width can measure from a few feet to a mile, and its track can (A)[extend / contract] from less than a mile to several hundred miles. Tornados are most often caused by giant thunderstorms. These highly powerful storms form when warm, moist air along the ground rushes upward, meeting cooler, drier air. As the rising warm air cools, the moisture it carries (B) [condenses / condescends], forming a massive thundercloud. Winds at different levels of the atmosphere (C)[feed / thwart] the updraft and cause the formation of the tornado's characteristic funnel shape. |
(A) (B) (C)
알맞은 조합은 extend – condenses – feed이다.
(A) 경로가 1마일 미만에서 수백 마일까지 ‘이어질’ 수 있으므로 “extend”(뻗다)가 맞고 “contract”는 ‘수축하다’이다. (B) 상승한 따뜻한 공기가 식으면 수분이 “condenses”(응결하다)여야 뇌운이 생긴다. “condescends”는 ‘생색내며 낮추다’이다.
(C) 여러 고도의 바람이 상승기류에 ‘힘을 공급해’ 깔때기 모양을 만드므로 “feed”(공급하다)가 맞고 “thwart”(방해하다)는 형성 과정과 반대다.
- “contract”: 거리 범위가 커지는 서술과 맞지 않는다.
- “condescends”: 수증기의 물리 변화와 무관한 어휘다.
- “thwart”: 상승기류를 막으면 토네이도가 형성될 수 없다.
| It is crucial for parents to teach children that . Asians are particularly likely to believe that ability or intelligence is something you have to work for. Not surprisingly, Asian Americans work harder to achieve academic goals than European Americans. And Asians work harder after failure than after success—unlike North Americans of European descent who work harder after success than after failure. It is important to teach children that if at first you don't succeed, try again harder. |
빈칸에는 “their intelligence is under their control”(지능은 스스로 통제할 수 있다)이 알맞다.
아시아인은 “ability or intelligence is something you have to work for”(능력이나 지능은 노력해서 얻는 것)라고 믿고, 글은 “if at first you don't succeed, try again harder”(처음에 실패하면 더 열심히 하라)로 끝난다. 지능을 노력으로 바꿀 수 있다는 관점이다.
- “intelligence is highly hereditary”(지능은 대부분 유전된다): 노력을 강조하는 지문과 반대다.
- “intelligent people are not always successful”(똑똑한 사람이 늘 성공하지는 않는다): 지문에서 다루지 않는다.
- “success in life doesn't always guarantee happiness”(성공이 행복을 보장하지 않는다): 행복은 언급되지 않는다.
| The magnetic field is oddly prevalent in all kinds of animal orientation. Termites line up along its cardinal axes. Yellow eels also use the magnetic field. Homing pigeons, however, are more of a mystery. It was long thought that they, too, relied solely upon the magnetic field to find their way. In studies that disrupt the field, the pigeons’ path was thrown off. But after tracking pigeons with GPS satellites for ten years, researchers announced their findings: rather than using sun for directional bearings, it turns out that the pigeons use roads they’ve traveled in the past as a guide. Then, three years after this study, different scientists found that iron-containing structures within the birds’ beaks apparently also aid in their sense of direction. They might even have the ability to use atmospheric odors. * cardinal axes 기본 축 |
제목은 “Mysterious Sense of Direction of Homing Pigeons”(귀소 비둘기의 신비한 방향 감각)가 알맞다.
“Homing pigeons, however, are more of a mystery”라고 한 뒤 자기장, 과거에 다닌 도로, 부리 속 철 함유 구조, 대기 냄새 등 여러 단서를 쓰는 것으로 밝혀졌다고 설명한다.
- “Homing Pigeons Follow Their Instinct”(본능을 따른다): 본능 하나로 설명하지 않고 다양한 단서를 제시한다.
- “Why Birds Migrate from Season to Season?”(새가 철마다 이동하는 이유): 이동 이유가 아니라 방향 탐지 방법이 주제다.
- “Constraints Birds Are Facing During Migration”(이동 중 제약): 제약은 다루지 않는다.
| Most native English speakers don’t actually talk in correct English. What we usually consider correct English is a set of guidelines developed over time to help standardize written expression. This standardization is a matter of use and convenience. Suppose you went to a vegetable stand and asked for a pound of peppers and the storekeeper gave you a half pound but charged you for a full one. When you complained, he said, “But that’s what I call a pound.” Life would be very frustrating if everyone had a different set of standards: Imagine what would happen if some states used a red light to signal “go” and a green one for “stop.” Languages are not that different. In all cultures, languages have gradually developed certain general rules and principles to make communication as clear and efficient as possible. |
요지는 언어는 명확한 의사소통을 위해 표준화되어 왔다는 것이다.
무게 단위나 신호등 비유로 기준이 제각각이면 혼란스럽다고 한 뒤 “languages have gradually developed certain general rules and principles to make communication as clear and efficient as possible”(언어는 소통을 최대한 명확하고 효율적으로 하기 위해 규칙을 발전시켜 왔다)로 맺는다.
- 규칙에 얽매인 언어 사용이 대화를 방해한다: 규칙의 필요성을 말하는 지문과 반대다.
- 이질적인 문화가 사회생활의 불편을 초래한다: 문화 차이가 아니라 기준 통일이 논점이다.
- 외국어 문법은 맥락 속에서 습득해야 한다: 외국어 학습법은 다루지 않는다.
| The intangibles we attach to tangible property are still rapidly multiplying. Every day there are more legal precedents, more real-estate records, more transactional data and the like. Each piece of tangible property, therefore, contains ①higher component of untouchability. In advanced economies the degree of intangibility in society's property base is spiraling ②upward. What's more, even industrial-age manufacturing giants now depend on ③ever-growing inputs of skill, R&D findings, smart management, market intelligence, etc. All this changes the tangibility ratio in the economy's property base, further ④increasing the role of touchables. |
적절하지 않은 것은 “increasing”으로, “decreasing”(줄이는)이 되어야 한다.
지문은 재산의 무형성(intangibility)이 계속 커진다고 말한다. 그렇다면 유형성 비율이 바뀌면서 “touchables”(만질 수 있는 유형 자산)의 역할은 오히려 줄어들어야 한다.
- “higher”: 각 유형 재산에 무형 요소가 더 많이 포함된다는 흐름에 맞다.
- “upward”: 무형성의 정도가 위로 치솟는다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “ever-growing”: 기술·연구개발 등 무형 투입이 계속 늘어난다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
| I cannot believe what I am seeing: plants, and trees everywhere. The scents are sweet and the air is pure and clean. I like the silence that greets me as I arrive at hotel. Upstairs, my heart is all aflutter at finding I have a good room, with a good-enough balcony view of the distant water. I take out clean clothes, shower, and, camera in hand, head downstairs to ask the attendant where I can find Moreno gardens. The man at the desk looks puzzled and says he’s never heard of the Moreno gardens. He steps into the back office and comes out accompanied by a woman. She has never heard of the Moreno gardens, either. My second question, regarding the house painted by Monet, brings me no closer to the truth. Neither has heard of such a house. It makes my shoulders droop. |
‘I’의 심경 변화는 “excited → disappointed”(들뜬 → 실망한)이다.
처음에는 아름다운 풍경과 좋은 방에 “my heart is all aflutter”(가슴이 설렌다)였지만, 호텔 직원 누구도 Moreno 정원과 모네의 집을 모르자 “It makes my shoulders droop”(어깨가 축 처진다)로 끝난다.
- “bored → expectant”(지루한 → 기대하는): 처음부터 설레었고 끝은 실망이다.
- “worried → pleased”(걱정하는 → 기쁜): 변화 방향이 정반대다.
- “sorrowful → relieved”(슬픈 → 안도한): 처음의 감정도, 끝의 감정도 맞지 않는다.
| In composition, your purpose is your overall goal or aim in writing. It is basically what you hope to accomplish by writing―whether it is to promote or endorse a certain point of view, rally support for a cause, criticize a film or a book, or examine the effects of a social trend. Your purpose may or may not be expressed explicitly (in creative writing, for example, it rarely is), but in essays it is usually important that your reader understand the purpose behind your writing. An explicitly stated purpose not only helps the reader follow your argument or perspective but also helps ensure that everything you write reflects that purpose. A carefully expressed purpose will help anchor your essay and keep it from aimlessly floating all over. |
제목은 “Express Clearly the Purpose of Your Essay”(에세이의 목적을 명확히 표현하라)가 알맞다.
“An explicitly stated purpose not only helps the reader follow your argument … but also helps ensure that everything you write reflects that purpose”(명시된 목적은 독자의 이해를 돕고 글 전체가 목적을 반영하게 한다)가 핵심이다.
- “Criticism : The Goal of Writing an Essay”(비평이 에세이의 목표): 비평은 목적의 한 예시일 뿐이다.
- “Brevity : The Fundamental of Writing”(간결성이 글쓰기의 기본): 간결성은 언급되지 않는다.
- “Write Carefully, but Enjoy the Moment”(신중히 쓰되 즐겨라): 즐거움은 다루지 않는다.
| The U.S. is shrinking physically. It has lost nearly 20 meters of beach from its East Coast during the 20th century. The oceans have risen by roughly 17 centimeters since 1900 through expansion (warmer water taking up more space) and the ongoing melt down of polar ice. That increase, however, is a small fraction compared with what's to come. In fact, unless greenhouse gas emissions are tamed, the seas will keep rising as the ice sheets covering mountain ranges melt away. Just how humans will adapt to a more watery world is still not known. Of today's trend, Robert Bindschadler, an emeritus scientist at NASA, notes, "We're not going to avoid this one." |
글의 목적은 온실가스 배출로 인한 해수면 상승을 경고하는 것이다.
해안선이 줄고 해수면이 올랐다고 한 뒤 “unless greenhouse gas emissions are tamed, the seas will keep rising”(온실가스 배출을 억제하지 않으면 바다는 계속 상승한다)이라 하고, “We're not going to avoid this one”(피할 수 없을 것)이라는 경고로 맺는다.
- 해안가 오염 대책 촉구: 오염이 아니라 해수면 상승을 다룬다.
- 세계적 물 부족 대책: 물이 많아지는 세계(“a more watery world”)를 말하므로 반대다.
- 극지방 생물 멸종 경고: 빙하는 언급되지만 생물 멸종은 나오지 않는다.
| In dealing with the inevitable behavior problems in their classrooms, teachers may sometimes go too far. Often, teachers will humiliate a misbehaving student in front of the entire class. Despite bringing about an immediate, temporary end to the problematic behavior, taking such action can cause long-term educational repercussions. Prominent psychologists have noted that humiliating experiences in school are correlated with a drop-off in academic performance. The students lose self-confidence and begin to believe that positive grades are out of their reach. │ Because embarrassing students can (A) their educational development, teachers should consider their (B) factors for academic performance. |
(A) (B)
알맞은 조합은 harm – psychological이다.
학생에게 창피를 주면 “a drop-off in academic performance”(학업 성취 하락)와 자신감 상실이 생기므로 교육적 발달을 해칠(harm) 수 있고, 따라서 교사는 학업 성취의 심리적(psychological) 요인을 고려해야 한다.
- “improve”(향상시키다): 장기적으로 부정적 영향이 있다는 지문과 반대다.
- “physical”(신체적): 자신감·모욕감 등 심리적 요소가 논점이며 신체 요인은 언급되지 않는다.
Soccer is the man-on-the-street's game in Europe, and the politicians, academics, and high-end journalists who would normally shun exhibitionist patriotism support their national teams as a means of proving they are really men-in-the street themselves. But it may also be that high national emotions are permissible when a soccer team is playing precisely because they are impermissible at most other times. There aren't, simply, many other places where you can sing your national anthem until you lose your voice without causing a riot.
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빈칸에는 “an acceptable form of nationalism”(용인되는 형태의 민족주의)이 알맞다.
평소 과시적 애국심을 꺼리는 사람들도 축구 대표팀은 응원하며, 강한 국민 감정은 “permissible when a soccer team is playing precisely because they are impermissible at most other times”(다른 때는 허용되지 않기에 축구 경기 때는 허용된다)라고 한다.
- “the best sport for relieving stress”(스트레스 해소에 최고): 스트레스는 언급되지 않는다.
- “the most popular sport ever created”(가장 인기 있는 스포츠): 인기 순위는 논점이 아니다.
- “a unique sport that unites people in harmony”(사람들을 화합시키는 스포츠): 화합이 아니라 민족 감정의 표출이 핵심이다.
| Etiquette—the sets of rules that give expression to manners—can vary from culture to culture. In Japan, you would remove your shoes before entering someone's house. If you did this in America, people would give you strange looks and hold their noses. In some Asian and Middle Eastern countries, belching and smacking your lips is a way to compliment the chef. In the United States, it's a way to get sent to your room. It's important to know the manners of the culture in which you're operating. Otherwise, an innocent, friendly gesture could . |
빈칸에는 “cause offense or embarrassment”(불쾌감이나 당혹감을 일으키다)가 알맞다.
신발 벗기, 트림 등 한 문화의 예절이 다른 문화에서는 이상하거나 무례하게 여겨지는 예를 든 뒤 “Otherwise”(그렇지 않으면) 악의 없는 몸짓도 오해를 살 수 있다는 흐름이다.
- “help make new friends”(새 친구를 사귀는 데 도움): 예절을 모를 때의 부정적 결과와 반대다.
- “be interpreted correctly”(올바르게 해석되다): 오히려 잘못 해석된다는 맥락이다.
- “make other people think highly of you”(남들이 높이 평가하게 하다): 부정적 결과를 말하는 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
| An economist Gary Becker has applied Marshallian economics to family law and to criminal law. Becker's crime model posits criminals who apparently weigh the costs and benefits of committing offences. If we have a crime problem, Becker implies, it's because crime does pay. Economists have tried to calculate what deters criminals. Two variables seem most important: apprehension rates and severity of punishment. The deterrent effect differs for different types of crimes. For some crimes, police should concentrate on catching the criminals. For other crimes, apprehension rates do not scare offenders. Instead they are deterred by . |
빈칸에는 “severe punishments”(엄한 처벌)가 알맞다.
범죄 억지의 두 변수로 “apprehension rates and severity of punishment”(검거율과 처벌의 엄중성)를 들고, 어떤 범죄는 검거에 집중해야 하지만 다른 범죄는 “apprehension rates do not scare offenders. Instead …”(검거율로는 겁먹지 않는다. 대신 …)라고 하므로 나머지 변수인 처벌의 엄중성이 들어가야 한다.
- “police questioning”(경찰 심문): 두 변수에 속하지 않는다.
- “higher arrest rates”(더 높은 체포율): 검거율은 효과가 없다고 바로 앞에서 말했다.
- “the policy of appeasement”(유화 정책): 억지 요인과 반대 개념이다.
| But not all arguments attempt to persuade, and many attempts to persuade do not involve arguments. |
Some writers define an argument as an attempt to persuade somebody of something. This is not correct. ( ① ) An argument attempts to prove or support a conclusion. ( ② ) When you attempt to persuade someone, you attempt to win him or her to your point of view; trying to persuade and trying to argue are logically distinct projects. ( ③ ) True, when you want to persuade somebody of something, you might use an argument. ( ④ ) In fact, giving an argument is often one of the least effective methods of persuading people―which, of course, is why so few advertisers bother with arguments.
주어진 문장은 “True, when you want to persuade somebody of something, you might use an argument.” 바로 뒤, “In fact, giving an argument is often …” 앞에 들어가야 한다.
“True, … you might use an argument”(물론 설득할 때 논증을 쓸 수도 있다)라고 일부 인정한 뒤, “But not all arguments attempt to persuade…”로 양보 후 반박을 하고, 이어지는 “In fact”가 논증은 설득에 가장 효과가 없는 방법 중 하나라고 그 반박을 강화한다.
- “An argument attempts to prove …” 앞: 아직 논증과 설득의 관계를 인정하는 말이 나오지 않아 “But”이 이어질 대상이 없다.
- “When you attempt to persuade someone …” 앞: 논증의 정의 다음에 설득의 정의가 이어지는 흐름을 끊는다.
- “True, when you want to persuade …” 앞: 반박이 먼저 나오고 양보(True)가 뒤에 오면 순서가 뒤바뀐다.
| They weren't quite green, however. |
Green buildings are not new. For thousands of years, humans have built structures with local natural materials. These structures did not use energy or damage the planet. ( ① ) When the people who lived in them moved on, the structures usually collapsed, and their materials returned to the earth. ( ② ) Before the 1930s, most buildings used far less energy than today's buildings. Instead of air-conditioning, they had windows that opened to let in breezes. ( ③ ) Coal-burning furnaces were used for heating. As a result, many buildings spewed dirty smoke into the air. ( ④ ) Beginning in the 1970s, in the United States and much of the world, air-pollution laws were passed to reduce or eliminate pollution given off by buildings.
주어진 문장은 “Instead of air-conditioning, they had windows that opened to let in breezes.” 바로 뒤, “Coal-burning furnaces were used for heating.” 앞에 들어가야 한다.
“They weren't quite green, however”(그러나 완전히 친환경은 아니었다)는 1930년대 이전 건물의 장점(에너지를 적게 쓰고 창문으로 환기) 뒤에서 흐름을 뒤집고, 이어지는 석탄 난방로와 매연이 그 근거가 된다.
- “When the people who lived in them moved on …” 앞: 고대 구조물이 자연으로 돌아갔다는 친환경 설명이 이어지는 중이다.
- “Before the 1930s, most buildings …” 앞: 1930년대 이전 건물의 장점이 아직 소개되지 않았다.
- “Beginning in the 1970s …” 앞: 매연 문제는 이미 앞 문장에서 제시되었으므로 역접이 들어갈 자리가 아니다.