| The idea of ①using a product once or for a brief period and then replacing it runs counter to the grain of societies or individuals steeped in a heritage of poverty. Not long ago Uriel Rone, a market researcher for the French advertising agency Publicis, told me: "The French housewife ②is not used to disposable products. She likes ③to keep things, even old things, rather than throw them away. We represented one company that wanted to introduce a kind of plastic throw-away curtain. We did a marketing study for them and found ④the resistance too strong." This resistance, however, is dying all over the developed world. |
나머지와 의미가 다른 것은 “using a product once”(한 번 쓰고 버리기)다.
“is not used to disposable products”(일회용품에 익숙하지 않다), “to keep things”(물건을 간직하다), “the resistance”(저항)는 모두 일회용 사용에 대한 거부감을 가리킨다. 반면 “using a product once”는 그 반대인 일회용 소비 자체를 뜻한다.
- “is not used to disposable products”는 일회용품을 꺼리는 태도로 거부감을 나타낸다.
- “to keep things”는 버리지 않고 간직하려는 성향으로 거부감을 나타낸다.
- “the resistance”는 일회용 커튼 도입에 대한 저항으로 거부감을 나타낸다.
| Parents have to be optimists. They have faith in the world and its future, or they can't expect their children to have it. Without faith, it's like an Army captain muttering, "We'll never take that hill," before the battle begins. If you really feel that the world is in a hopeless mess, hide it. Whatever you say should be honest, but don't confuse honesty with total confession; not everything must be said. Don't share your uncertainties about the future with your adolescent. Allow him to explore the future on his own, with your support. |
필자의 주장은 자녀가 미래를 스스로 개척하도록 도와주어야 한다는 것이다.
마지막 문장 “Allow him to explore the future on his own, with your support.”(지원하면서 자녀가 스스로 미래를 탐색하게 하라)가 요지이며, 부모의 불안은 “hide it”(숨겨라)이라고 한다.
- 자녀의 능력에 대한 확신: 지문의 낙관은 세상과 미래에 대한 “faith”(믿음)이지 자녀 능력에 대한 확신이 아니다.
- 앞으로 생길 일을 숨김없이 알림: “Don't share your uncertainties about the future”(미래에 대한 불확실성을 공유하지 말라)와 반대다.
- 불안감이 전혀 없어야 함: 필자는 불안이 있더라도 숨기라고 할 뿐, 불안이 전혀 없어야 한다고 하지 않는다.
| In 2009, New York Times reporter Matt Richtel earned a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting with a series of articles ("Driven to Distraction") on the ①dangers of driving while texting or using cell phones. He found that distracted driving is ②responsible for 16 percent of all traffic fatalities and nearly half a million injuries annually. Even an idle phone conversation when driving takes a 40 percent bite out of your ③focus and, surprisingly, can have the same effect as being drunk. The evidence is so ④elusive that many states and municipalities have outlawed cell phone use while driving. |
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “elusive”(파악하기 어려운)다.
많은 주와 지자체가 운전 중 휴대전화 사용을 금지했다는 결과로 이어지려면 증거가 “compelling”(설득력 있는)·“clear”(명백한)여야 한다.
- “dangers”(위험)는 운전 중 문자의 위험을 다룬 기사 내용과 맞다.
- “responsible”(~의 원인이 되는)은 교통사고 사망의 16%를 차지한다는 통계와 맞다.
- “focus”(집중력)는 통화가 집중력의 40%를 앗아간다는 내용과 맞다.
| Once upon a time, there was a snake that lived on a path leading from a village to a temple. The villagers were scared of it, so they threw stones at it and stepped on its home. Then the snake started to bite the villagers, and they stopped going to the temple. A monk who lived in the temple was unhappy about this, so he went to the snake and told it that it was wrong to bite people. The snake agreed and promised never to do it again. However, when the villagers realized that the snake was no longer dangerous, they started throwing stones at it and stepping on its home again. A few days later, the snake, hurt and bleeding, came to the temple to see the monk. ‘What happened?’ asked the monk. The snake said, ‘No one is afraid of me now and the villagers treat me very badly!’ The monk sighed. ‘I told you not to bite,’ he said. ‘I didn’t tell you not to hiss.’ |
밑줄 친 말은 폭력은 잘못이지만 부당한 대우에 분노를 표현하는 것은 괜찮다는 뜻이다.
“bite”(물다)는 남을 해치는 폭력, “hiss”(쉿 소리를 내다)는 위협·경고의 표시다. 스님은 무는 것만 금했을 뿐 경고까지 금한 것은 아니라고 말한다.
- “Using violence is okay whenever you are in trouble”은 물지 말라는 스님의 가르침과 반대다.
- “Letting people know that you’re angry doesn't help protect you”는 분노 표시가 자신을 지켜 준다는 함의와 반대다.
- “allowed to stay on a path leading to the temple”은 길에 머무를 자격을 다루지 않는 지문과 무관하다.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the world’s biggest killer in 2030 will be something that is preventable, but voluntary. ( ① ) Today, the WHO says that tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world, responsible for killing one in ten adults world wide. ( ② ) Developing countries are the most susceptible because eighty-four percent of all smokers currently live in middle to low income countries, where tobacco use has been increasing since 1970. ( ③ ) Though many governments have taken measures to ban public smoking and educate young potential smokers of heath hazards, until tobacco products are entirely prohibited, it will ultimately be up to the individual to choose to take the risk or not. ( ④ ) |
주어진 문장은 담배가 현재 세계 2위 사망 원인이라는 문장 바로 뒤에 들어간다.
“If the numbers continue to rise at the same rates”(같은 비율로 계속 증가하면)는 현재 2위라는 수치를 받아 15년 뒤 최대 사망 원인이 된다는 전망으로 이어지고, 첫 문장의 2030년 최대 사망 원인과 연결된다.
- 첫 문장 바로 뒤: 아직 “the numbers”가 가리킬 수치가 제시되지 않았다.
- 개발도상국 흡연자 비율 문장 뒤: 이어지는 내용이 정부 대책과 개인 선택이라 전망 문장이 끼어들 자리가 아니다.
- 글의 맨 끝: 개인 선택이라는 결론 뒤에 수치 전망이 오면 흐름이 끊긴다.
| The way in which we phrase our words has an enormous psychological impact on our reasoning. The most famous idiom to illustrate this point is to say that a glass is “half full” instead of “half empty.” The positive connotations of a half-full glass allow for a more content and susceptible frame of mind, as opposed to the negative distancing effect of considering a glass half-empty. For instance, more people are likely to buy a box of cookies that are advertised as being 75% fat free than a box that was simply 25% fat. The subtle effects of carefully choosing our words are . |
빈칸에는 “far-reaching and extraordinarily common”(광범위하고 매우 흔한)이 들어간다.
“half full” 관용구와 “75% fat free” 쿠키 광고 예시는 단어 선택의 효과가 일상 곳곳에서 널리 작용함을 보여 준다.
- “selectively influential and limited”(선별적이고 제한적인)는 광범위한 영향이라는 요지와 반대다.
- “from private and individual experiences”(사적·개인적 경험에서 나온)는 광고·관용구 예시와 맞지 않는다.
- “directly related to interpersonal relationships”(대인관계와 직결된)는 지문에서 다루지 않는다.
We often hear people say, "I want to be a marine biologist so I can train dolphins." ① While it is true that some marine biologists do train dolphins, the descriptions for a marine biologist and a marine mammal trainer are really quite different. ② A marine biologist is someone who studies, observes, or protects marine organisms. ③ Generally, very few of these scientists train living marine mammal species themselves. ④ A marine mammal trainer is actually taught to specialize in each of these fields. |
주어진 문장은 “A marine mammal trainer is actually taught to specialize in each of these fields.” 바로 앞에 들어간다.
“On the other hand”는 해양생물학자 대부분이 직접 조련하지 않는다는 문장과 대조를 이루고, 주어진 문장의 “anatomy, physiology or behavior”가 다음 문장 “these fields”(이 분야들)의 지시 대상이 된다.
- “We often hear people say…” 문장 뒤: 아직 두 직업의 차이를 설명하기 전이라 대조가 성립하지 않는다.
- “While it is true that…” 문장 뒤: 해양생물학자의 정의보다 조련사 설명이 먼저 나와 순서가 어긋난다.
- 해양생물학자의 정의 문장 뒤: 학자 대부분이 직접 조련하지 않는다는 문장이 조련사 설명 뒤로 밀려 흐름이 끊긴다.
As they read through a short passage in a text, proficient readers accomplish many tasks; make predictions, infer information, visualize a scene, and generate questions. ( ① ) They usually do these tasks without even realizing they are doing them. ( ② ) But beginning readers often don't realize that they are supposed to do this, in part because they are focusing on decoding words. ( ③ ) Teachers tell the struggling readers to re-read, but they often do so with the same results. ( ④ ) |
주어진 문장은 “Teachers tell the struggling readers to re-read” 문장 바로 앞에 들어간다.
“These students”는 단어 해독에 집중하느라 이해 활동을 못 하는 “beginning readers”(초보 독자)를 받고, 이해하지 못해 혼란스러워하는 이들에게 교사가 다시 읽으라고 한다는 흐름으로 이어진다.
- 첫 문장 뒤: 능숙한 독자를 설명하는 중이라 “These students”가 가리킬 대상이 없다.
- “They usually do these tasks…” 문장 뒤: 초보 독자가 아직 등장하지 않았다.
- 글의 맨 끝: 교사의 조언 뒤에 혼란 상황이 오면 인과가 뒤바뀐다.
(A) At the sunrise and sunset, the dust and water vapour molecules reflect the longer, red rays of light in such a way that we can see them for more time. The more dust particles in the air, the more colorful the sunrise or sunset. (B) Thus water vapour would be much less likely to turn to rain without the dust particles. The water vapour and dust particles also reflect the rays of the sun. (C) Rain is formed when water molecules in the air collect around particles of dust. When the collected water becomes heavy enough, the water droplets fall to the earth as rain. |
올바른 순서는 (C) - (B) - (A)다.
주어진 글이 먼지가 없으면 비가 줄고 노을이 덜 아름답다고 하므로, (C)가 먼저 비가 먼지 입자 주위에서 형성되는 과정을 설명한다. (B)는 “Thus”로 먼지 없이는 비가 잘 생기지 않는다고 정리하며 햇빛 반사를 꺼내고, (A)가 일출·일몰의 붉은 빛으로 이를 이어받는다.
- (A) - (C) - (B): 노을 설명이 먼저 오면 주어진 글의 비→노을 순서와 어긋나고, (B)의 “also reflect”가 반사를 처음 꺼내는 역할을 못 한다.
- (B) - (A) - (C): 첫머리 (B)의 “Thus”가 받을 비 형성 원리가 앞에 없다.
- (C) - (A) - (B): (A)의 반사 설명이 (B)의 반사 도입보다 먼저 오고, (B)의 “Thus”도 (C)와 떨어진다.
| Perhaps the biggest problem for men who want to do more with their children is that employers rarely make it easy for them. According to a recent study of 1,300 major corporations made by Catalyst, a career think tank for women, few companies pay more than lip service to the idea of paternal participation. More than 80 percent of the executives surveyed acknowledged that men now feel more need to share child-raising responsibilities―but nearly 40 percent also agreed that "realistically, certain positions in my firm cannot be attained by a man who combines career and parenting." While a quarter of the companies said they favored the idea of paternity leaves, fewer than on in ten actually offered them. ↓ A recent study shows that in reality it is difficult for men to share in (A) because of companies that rarely support (B) involvement in child rearing. |
(A) (B)
빈칸에는 (A) parenting, (B) paternal이 들어간다.
지문은 기업이 “paternal participation”(아버지의 육아 참여)에 말로만 호응할 뿐 실제 지원은 드물다고 하므로, 남성이 육아(parenting)를 분담하기 어렵다는 요약이 된다.
- parenting / executive: 기업이 지원하지 않는 것은 경영진의 참여가 아니라 아버지의 참여다.
- profession / paternal: 남성이 분담하려는 것은 직업이 아니라 “child-raising responsibilities”(양육 책임)다.
- profession / executive: (A)·(B) 모두 지문 내용과 맞지 않는다.
| Whatever route you choose, remember that climbing Kilimanjaro is a serious undertaking. While many hundreds of trekkers reach Uhuru Peak without major difficulty, many more don’t make it because they ascend too quickly and suffer from altitude sickness. And every year a few trekkers die on the mountain. Come prepared with appropriate footwear and clothing, and most importantly, allow ①yourself enough time. If you’re interested in reaching the top, seriously consider ②adding at least one extra day onto the ‘standard’ climb itinerary, no matter which route you do. ③Despite paying an additional US$150 or so per extra day may seem like a lot when you’re planning your trip, it will seem a relatively insignificant saving later on if you’ve gone to the expense and effort to start a trek and then need to come down without ④having reached the top. |
어법상 틀린 것은 “Despite”로, 양보 접속사 “Although”로 고쳐야 한다.
뒤에 동명사 주어 “paying an additional … per extra day”와 동사 “may seem”을 갖춘 절이 오므로 전치사가 아닌 접속사가 필요하다(전치사 vs 접속사).
- “yourself”: 명령문의 주어 you와 allow의 목적어가 같으므로 재귀대명사가 맞다.
- “adding”: consider는 동명사를 목적어로 취한다.
- “having reached”: 전치사 without 뒤 동명사이며, 내려오기 이전의 일이므로 완료동명사가 맞다.
| On a mid-September day, British climbers Rachel Kelsey and Jeremy Colenso were climbing in the Swiss Alps. They were both experienced climbers and when they left their base, the weather was good. They reached the summit, but as they started the climb down, an electric storm struck the mountain. Snow began to fall, making it difficult to see where they could put their hands and feet on the rock. After several frightening minutes, they found a narrow ledge and climbed on to it, hoping the snow would stop and they could continue their descent. The snow did not stop and the temperature dropped to -10℃. |
글의 분위기는 “worrisome”(걱정스러운)이다.
하산 중 “an electric storm struck the mountain”(번개 폭풍이 산을 덮쳤다), 눈 때문에 손발 디딜 곳이 보이지 않고 “the temperature dropped”(기온이 떨어졌다)는 위급한 상황이다.
- “festive”(축제 분위기의)는 위기 상황과 반대다.
- “mysterious”(신비로운)는 불가사의한 요소가 없어 맞지 않는다.
- “monotonous”(단조로운)는 급박하게 전개되는 상황과 맞지 않는다.
| One day, I looked out our dining room window to see our strawberry patch spreading its leaves and getting started with some new vines. Towards one edge of the area was one of those really spiky, thorny weeds. Figuring I'd grab ①it out of there when I had my yard-work gloves on, I got back to my housework and promptly forgot all about ②it. Time passed, and I glanced out of the window again to find a really spiky, thorny bush flourishing next to my strawberries, choking them out a bit. ③It took a shovel to get that thing out! Why didn't I take care of it when I first saw ④it? I guess I thought it wasn't going to get worse. It may seem silly to go after a little thing like a weed, but there is never just one little weed. |
지칭 대상이 다른 것은 “It took a shovel to get that thing out!”의 It이다.
이 It은 진주어 “to get that thing out”을 대신하는 가주어이고(It takes … to부정사 구문), 나머지 it은 모두 가시 돋친 잡초를 가리킨다.
- “grab it out of there”의 it은 잡초를 가리킨다.
- “forgot all about it”의 it은 잡초를 가리킨다.
- “when I first saw it”의 it은 처음 봤던 잡초를 가리킨다.
| The origins of contemporary Western thought can be traced back to the golden age of ancient Greece in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, when Greek thinkers laid the foundations for modern Western politics, philosophy, science, and law. Their novel approach was to pursue rational inquiry through adversarial discussion: The best way to evaluate one set of ideas, they decided, was by testing it against another set of ideas. In the political sphere, the result was democracy, in which supporters of rival policies vied for rhetorical supremacy; in philosophy, it led to reasoned arguments and dialogues about the nature of the world; in science, it prompted the construction of competing theories to try to explain natural phenomena; in the field of law, the result was the adversarial legal system. This approach underpins the modern Western way of life, in which politics, commerce, science, and law are all rooted in orderly competition. |
제목은 “The Cradle of Western Thought Based on Competition”(경쟁에 기반한 서구 사상의 요람)이 가장 적절하다.
고대 그리스의 “adversarial discussion”(대립적 토론)이 정치·철학·과학·법의 토대가 되었고, 현대 서구 생활도 “orderly competition”(질서 있는 경쟁)에 뿌리를 둔다는 내용이다.
- “Common Interests of Modern Societies”(현대 사회의 공통 관심사)는 지문에서 다루지 않는다.
- “The Importance of Adversarial Relationship”(대립 관계의 중요성)은 서구 사상의 기원이라는 핵심이 빠졌다.
- “Contemporary Western Societies and Ancient Greece”(현대 서구 사회와 고대 그리스)는 경쟁이라는 핵심이 빠져 지나치게 포괄적이다.
(A) Your preferred brand is an indication of your status. Talk to any user of an Apple computer. (B) Today, brands have a similar function as a guarantee of quality. But brands have become more than just a simple guarantee. The brands you buy define who you are. (C) Secretly or openly, they believe that they are different and slightly superior to Windows users. Apple, in their advertising, has reinforced this distinctive image. |
올바른 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)다.
(B)는 “Today”로 처음의 품질 보증 기능을 이어받아 브랜드가 정체성을 규정한다고 한다. (A)가 브랜드는 지위의 표시라며 Apple 사용자를 예로 들고, (C)의 “they”가 그 Apple 사용자를 받는다.
- (B) - (C) - (A): (C)의 “they”가 가리킬 Apple 사용자가 아직 나오지 않았다.
- (C) - (B) - (A): 첫머리 (C)의 “they”와 “Windows users” 비교가 주어진 글의 Sunlight 비누 이야기와 이어지지 않는다.
- (C) - (A) - (B): 같은 이유로 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없고, (B)의 “Today”도 처음 기능과 떨어진다.
(A)Their flexibility allowed them to survive the Armageddon caused by the comet, and when the dust finally settled, the early mammals crawled out of their burrows, squinted at the warm sun, and evolved to become the dominant creatures of the Earth. (B) They, though large and powerful, were cold-blooded and hairless, and proved incapable of adjusting to the radical climate changes including a sudden and sharp drop in temperature, and thus quickly died off in a mass extinction. (C)In contrast, a group of small, furry, warm-blooded creatures (early mammals and our distant ancestors) proved to be superbly adjustable to the drastic changes. |
올바른 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)다.
(B)의 “They”는 주어진 글의 공룡을 받아 기후 변화에 적응하지 못해 멸종했다고 한다. (C)는 “In contrast”로 적응력 좋은 초기 포유류를 소개하고, (A)의 “Their flexibility”가 그 포유류의 적응력을 받는다.
- (B) - (A) - (C): (A)의 “Their flexibility”가 멸종한 공룡을 가리키게 되어 모순이다.
- (C) - (A) - (B): 공룡의 운명을 말하기 전에 “In contrast”가 나와 대조 대상이 없다.
- (C) - (B) - (A): 같은 이유로 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없고, (B)의 “They”도 포유류를 가리키게 되어 어긋난다.
| It's easy to lose objectivity or to overlook errors, inconsistencies, or problems when you have focused too intensely or for too long on a particular task. You may have revised your essay so many times that you have forgotten what the question is, and your essay no longer adequately responds to it. ①Or you may have crafted what you think is a witty and clever remark, or an eloquent statement, while in reality you have just written something inappropriate. ②Also, even the best writers make grammatical and typographical errors, and spell-checking and grammar-checking software won't reveal every problem. ③There is little possibility to misspell anything nowadays when there are computer programs available to help check grammar, spelling, punctuation and content. ④Before typing that final version, by all means show your essays to a few other people - perhaps your peers or faculty advisor - to get their feedback. |
흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “There is little possibility to misspell anything nowadays…”다.
글은 오래 붙들고 있으면 오류를 놓치기 쉬우니 다른 사람에게 보여 피드백을 받으라는 내용이다. 이 문장은 프로그램 덕에 철자 오류가 거의 없다고 해 앞 문장의 “spell-checking and grammar-checking software won't reveal every problem”과도 모순된다.
- “Or you may have crafted…”는 부적절한 표현을 놓치는 예로 흐름에 맞다.
- “Also, even the best writers make grammatical and typographical errors”는 오류를 놓치는 또 다른 예로 흐름에 맞다.
- “by all means show your essays to a few other people”은 해결책을 제시하는 결론이다.
| When you ask for what you want, you’re basically placing an order, just like an Amazon.com. But you have to be clear in your mind what you want. To get clear on what you want, make a list. Take out a notepad and scribble down whatever it is you want to have, do or be. Whether that’s perfect health, great relationships, and awesome career, travel, or peace on Earth and goodwill to all men. Whatever you’re hanging out waiting for. Just be clear in your mind what it is you want, because a confused mind creates a confusing order. And a confusing order could see Amazon.com accidentally sending you Timbaland instead of Timberlake. |
필자의 주장은 원하는 것이 무엇인지 분명히 하라는 것이다.
“you have to be clear in your mind what you want”와 “Just be clear in your mind what it is you want”가 반복되며, 목록 작성은 이를 위한 수단일 뿐이다.
- 주문 전 리스트 작성: “To get clear on what you want, make a list”에서 보듯 명확히 하기 위한 방법에 그친다.
- 원하는 것이 많을 때 기록: 원하는 것의 개수와 기록을 연결하는 내용은 없다.
- 혼란스런 마음이 잘못된 주문으로 이어짐: “a confused mind creates a confusing order”는 주장을 뒷받침하는 근거다.
| The custom of sending greeting cards to friends and relatives for special occasions originated in England, where the practice was limited to people who could (A)[afford/attempt] to pay private messengers to carry their greetings across great distances. With the (B)[advent/abolition] of a British law that established inexpensive mail delivery, a market for sending greeting cards for birthdays, anniversaries - almost any occasion imaginable - opened up overnight. In America the card market was (C)[expanded/expended] by the founder of Hallmark Cards, whose company led the way in other products of social expression such as gift wrap, stationery, and calendars. |
(A) (B) (C)
알맞은 낱말은 afford, advent, expanded다.
(A) 사설 배달원에게 비용을 “afford”(감당할 여유가 있다)할 수 있는 사람만 카드를 보냈다. (B) 저렴한 우편 배달을 확립한 법의 “advent”(등장)로 시장이 열렸고, (C) Hallmark 창립자가 시장을 “expanded”(확장했다).
- afford / abolition / expended: 법의 “abolition”(폐지)은 저렴한 우편을 확립했다는 내용과 맞지 않고, “expended”(소비했다)는 시장 확장 문맥에 어긋난다.
- attempt / abolition / expanded: “attempt”(시도하다)는 비용을 감당할 능력이라는 문맥에 맞지 않고, “abolition”도 맞지 않는다.
- attempt / advent / expended: “attempt”와 “expended” 모두 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
| Recently I was consulting with a manufacturing company in direct competitive bid warfare with a lower-price opponent. My client was losing bid after bid. I said, “Something has to change here.” They said, “It can’t. We can’t cut our prices any lower.” I said, “If we can’t come in with the lower bid, we might as well come in with an even higher bid—but let’s change the rules of the game when we do it.” They began changing the specifications for the bids, adding value, bundling goods and services together, extending warranties, and including delivery and completion guarantees. Then we built a “How to Compare Our Bid with Others Checklist.” When it was all said and done, my client started getting projects the company had been losing to low bidders before. |
저자의 주장은 입찰가격을 못 내리면 다른 부분의 질을 높여야 한다는 것이다.
가격을 더 내릴 수 없자 “adding value, bundling goods and services together, extending warranties”(가치 추가, 상품·서비스 묶음, 보증 연장)로 게임의 규칙을 바꿔 수주에 성공했다.
- 설명서 개선으로 입찰가 인하: 사양 변경은 가격을 낮추려는 것이 아니라 가치를 더하려는 것이다.
- 프레젠테이션 준비: 지문에 프레젠테이션 이야기는 없다.
- 단가를 최대한 낮춤: “We can’t cut our prices any lower”라며 오히려 더 높은 입찰가를 제시했다.
| By 1993 more than 56 million American households owned dogs, and consumers spent $15 billion on veterinary care, dog food, toys, accessories, and funeral arrangements. Not only do more Americans own dogs, but an unprecedented number of animals are enjoying elevated status as true members of the family. In a recent survey of ten thousand households, almost 70 percent of respondents said they would risk their own lives to save their dogs. A nearly equal number of people also said they would seek emergency medical care for their pets before obtaining it for themselves. Three-quarters of the respondents said they routinely give wrapped Christmas and birthday presents to their dogs. |
글의 내용과 일치하는 것은 약 70%가 자신보다 애완동물에게 먼저 응급 치료를 받게 하겠다는 진술이다.
생명을 걸겠다는 응답이 “almost 70 percent”였고, 응급 치료를 먼저 받게 하겠다는 응답도 “A nearly equal number”(거의 같은 수)였다.
- 15억 달러 소비: 지문은 “15 billion”(150억 달러)이다.
- 가족보다 높은 지위: 지문은 “true members of the family”(진정한 가족 구성원)로 대우받는다고 했을 뿐이다.
- 전체 미국인의 약 75%: “Three-quarters of the respondents”(응답자의 4분의 3)이지 전체 미국인이 아니다.
| Web ads very frequently instruct users to click here. In online advertising, the imperative is an indicator of direct user addressing. As a matter of language use, these directive speech acts are not strict commands, which would be too offensive an addressing in the advertising context. Instead, they function as a kind of polite request with a reduced impact on interactants. The illocutionary force of the advertising message gives the users some space to act. In their implicit communication, it is initially the advertiser who wants something from the user, and not vice versa. Nevertheless, the use of imperatives is still far more forceful, more striking, and often shorter than a politely worded request or an indirect speech act that avoids imposing on the other. Online advertising needs to initiate an action, and for this reason, imperatives are employed. According to DoubleClick.com, the instruction click here tends to increase click rates by 15 percent. |
제목은 “Why Internet Advertising Use Imperatives?”(인터넷 광고는 왜 명령문을 쓰는가)가 가장 적절하다.
“click here” 같은 명령문은 공손한 요청으로 기능하면서도 더 강력하고 짧아, 행동을 유도해야 하는 온라인 광고에서 “imperatives are employed”(명령문이 사용된다)는 내용이다.
- “How People React to the Internet Advertising?”은 사용자 반응 전반을 다루지 않는 지문과 맞지 않는다.
- “Advertising DoubleClick.com for Better Sales”는 근거로 인용된 사이트를 주제로 착각한 것이다.
- “The Function of Internet Advertising”은 명령문이라는 핵심이 빠져 지나치게 포괄적이다.
| Statistical studies in a broad spectrum of developing countries have provided strong support for the economic theory of fertility. For example, it has been found that high female employment opportunities outside the home and greater female school attendance, especially at the primary and secondary levels, are associated with significantly ①lower levels of fertility. As women become better educated, they tend to earn a larger share of household income and to produce fewer children. Moreover, these studies have confirmed the ②strong association between declines in child mortality and the subsequent decline in fertility. Assuming that households desire a target number of surviving children, increased female education and higher levels of income can decrease child mortality and therefore ③decrease the chances that the firstborn will survive. As a result, fewer births may be necessary to attain the same number of surviving children. This fact alone ④underscores the importance of educating women and improving public health and child nutrition programs in reducing fertility levels. |
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “decrease”로, “increase”(높이다)가 되어야 한다.
아동 사망률이 낮아지면 첫째가 생존할 가능성은 커지고, 그 결과 “fewer births may be necessary”(더 적은 출산으로 충분하다)는 흐름이다.
- “lower”(더 낮은): 여성 고용·교육이 출산율 저하와 연관된다는 내용과 맞다.
- “strong”(강한): 아동 사망률 감소와 출산율 감소의 연관을 확인했다는 내용과 맞다.
- “underscores”(강조하다): 여성 교육·공중보건의 중요성을 강조한다는 결론과 맞다.
| If there’s anyone in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar’s, I say to him that my love for Caesar was no less than his. If, then, that friend demands to know why I rose against Caesar, this is my answer: it’s not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Would you prefer to die in slavery with Caesar living or would you be free with Caesar dead? As Caesar loved me, I wept for him. As he was fortunate, I rejoiced. As he was brave, I honored him. But as he was ambitious, I killed him. There are tears for his love, joy for his fortune, honor for his bravery, and death for his ambition. Who here is so base a man that he would want to be a slave? If any, speak, for I have offended him. Who here is so barbarous that he wouldn’t want to be a Roman? If any, speak, for I have offended him. Who here is so wicked that he does not love his country? If any, speak, for I have offended him. I pause for a reply |
Brutus의 주장과 일치하지 않는 것은 Caesar가 죽으면 로마 시민이 노예 처지가 된다는 진술이다.
Brutus는 “die in slavery with Caesar living”(Caesar가 살아 있으면 노예로 죽음)과 “be free with Caesar dead”(Caesar가 죽으면 자유)를 대비해, 오히려 Caesar의 죽음이 자유를 준다고 말한다.
- Caesar에 대한 사랑이 누구 못지않음: “my love for Caesar was no less than his”와 일치한다.
- 로마를 더 사랑해서 살해: “not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more”와 일치한다.
- 설득력 있는 질문으로 정당성 주장: “Who here is so base a man…” 같은 수사 의문문을 반복하며 정당성을 호소한다.
| There is a widely held notion that does plenty of damage, the notion of ‘scientifically proved.’ It is nearly an oxymoron. The very foundation of science is to keep the door open to doubt. Precisely because we keep questioning everything, especially our own premises, we are always ready to improve our knowledge. Therefore a good scientist is never ‘certain.’ Lack of certainty is precisely what makes conclusions more reliable than the conclusions of those who are certain, because the good scientist will be ready to shift to a different point of view if better evidence or novel arguments emerge. Therefore certainty is not only something useless but is also in fact damaging, if we value reliability. |
글의 주제는 “Scientific confidence is of no use”(과학적 확신은 쓸모없다)다.
과학의 토대는 의심의 문을 열어 두는 것이며, 마지막 문장은 “certainty is not only something useless but is also in fact damaging”(확신은 쓸모없을 뿐 아니라 해롭다)이라고 결론짓는다.
- “Reliability values knowledge”(신뢰성이 지식을 중시한다)는 확신과 신뢰성의 관계라는 논지를 비튼 것이다.
- “Changeable conclusions are infinite”(바뀔 수 있는 결론은 무한하다)는 지문에서 다루지 않는다.
- “Questioning worsens theoretical validity”(질문은 이론적 타당성을 해친다)는 의심이 지식을 향상시킨다는 내용과 반대다.