[법원직 9급 영어] 16년 1회차
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제 전 회차를 한 권으로 — PDF 전자책(문제집·정답해설집)
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제

16년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · A4 약 1장

1 / 1
A4정답 포함
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com

16년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Anthropologists believe wisdom teeth, or the third set of molars, were the evolutionary answer to our ancestor’s early diet of coarse, rough food ⎯ like leaves, roots, nuts and meats ⎯ which required more chewing power and resulted in excessive wear of the teeth. The modern diet with its softer foods, along with marvels of modern technologies such as forks, spoons and knives, has made the need for wisdom teeth nonexistent. As a result, evolutionary biologists now classify wisdom teeth as vestigial organs, or body parts that have become functionless due to        .
1dental decay
2evolution
3hardness
4their shape
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "evolution"(진화)가 들어가 사랑니가 진화로 인해 기능을 잃은 흔적기관이라는 뜻이 된다.

지문은 사랑니가 거친 음식을 씹기 위한 "evolutionary answer"(진화적 해답)였지만 부드러운 음식과 식기의 등장으로 필요가 사라졌고, 그래서 진화생물학자들이 이를 "vestigial organs"(흔적기관)로 분류한다고 설명한다.

  • "dental decay"(충치): 지문은 치아 마모(wear)를 언급할 뿐 충치로 기능을 잃었다는 내용은 없다.
  • "hardness"(단단함): 단단한 것은 과거의 음식이며 사랑니가 기능을 잃은 원인이 아니다.
  • "their shape"(그 모양): 사랑니의 모양에 대한 언급은 지문에 없다.
문제 2
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
In today's technology-driven world, almost everyone, at some point in their lives, has either used or had some sort of contact with a microwave oven. Like many of the great inventions of our past, the idea behind the microwave oven was accidentally stumbled upon in 1946.

(A)Shortly after the accidental discovery, engineers at Raytheon went to work on Spencer's new idea, developing and refining it to be of practical use.
(B)Dr. Percy Spencer was working as an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation at the time, when he discovered something very unusual one day while working on a radar-related research project. While testing a new vacuum tube known as a magnetron, he discovered that a candy bar in his pocket had melted.
(C)Intrigued as he was, Spencer decided upon further experimentation. Later on, having pointed the tube at such objects as a bag of popcorn kernels and an egg, with similar results in both experiments (the popcorn popped and the egg exploded), he correctly concluded that the observed effects in each case were all attributed to exposure to low-density microwave energy.
1(Α) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(Β) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.

주어진 글이 전자레인지의 원리가 1946년 우연히 발견되었다고 하자, (B)가 Percy Spencer가 magnetron 실험 중 주머니 속 초코바가 녹은 것을 발견한 사건을 소개한다. (C)의 "Intrigued as he was"(호기심이 생겨)가 이 발견에 이어 팝콘·달걀 추가 실험을 말하고, (A)의 "Shortly after the accidental discovery"가 발견 이후 Raytheon 엔지니어들의 실용화로 마무리한다.

  • (A) - (C) - (B): 발견 이후를 다루는 (A)가 발견 사건인 (B)보다 앞설 수 없다.
  • (B) - (A) - (C): Spencer 개인의 추가 실험 (C)가 회사 차원의 실용화 (A) 뒤에 오면 시간 순서가 어긋난다.
  • (C) - (B) - (A): Spencer는 (B)에서 처음 소개되므로 "Intrigued"로 시작하는 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
문제 3
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?
To "win hands down" which means to "win easily" or "win with little or no effort" has ①its origins in horse racing. In a close, photo-finish race, a jockey ②typically strikes his horse with a bat or the reins to force it to maintain or increase speed. When the horse is leading by several lengths and a win is assured, the jockey will usually cease striking the horse or let the reins ③go loose: In effect, he puts his "hands down." The expression ④was appeared in the mid-19th century; by the end of the century, it was being used outside of horse racing to mean "with no trouble at all."
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 옳지 않은 것은 "was appeared"로, "appeared"로 고쳐야 한다.

"appear"(나타나다)는 목적어를 취하지 않는 자동사이므로 수동태로 쓸 수 없다. "The expression appeared in the mid-19th century"가 올바르다.

  • "its": 관용 표현 하나인 To "win hands down"을 받는 단수 소유격으로 옳다.
  • "typically": 동사 strikes를 수식하는 부사로 옳다.
  • "go": 사역동사 let + 목적어 + 동사원형 구조(let the reins go loose)로 옳다.
문제 4
다음 밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In many ways, the differences between pairs of training shoe are marginal. Mr. Twitchell calls them fungible, "essentially interchangeable." But successive savvy advertising strategies turned a little Oregon sports outfitter into the globally (A)dominant / dormant sports giant Nike. Their swoosh logo is now one of the most recognizable images on the planet, rendering the actual name unnecessary. And while Nike may not have been the first company to seek (B)celebrator / celebrity plugs, its relationship with Michael Jordan is arguably the most successful endorsement in history. The release of the Just Do It motto in 1988 was a (C)transparent / transformative moment for the company, weaving their brand, seemingly forever, with the inspiring and dramatic physicality of sport.
1dominant / … / celebrator / … / transparent
2dormant / … / celebrator / … / transformative
3dominant / … / celebrity / … / transformative
4dormant / … / celebrity / … / transparent
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞는 낱말은 dominant - celebrity - transformative이다.

(A) 작은 업체가 세계적인 "sports giant"(스포츠 거인)가 되었으므로 "dominant"(지배적인)가 맞고 "dormant"(휴면 중인)는 어울리지 않는다. (B) Michael Jordan과의 "endorsement"(광고 보증)를 말하므로 "celebrity plugs"(유명인 광고)이며 "celebrator"(축하하는 사람)는 맞지 않다. (C) 브랜드를 스포츠와 영원히 엮은 순간이므로 "transformative"(변혁적인)가 맞고 "transparent"(투명한)는 맞지 않다.

  • dominant - celebrator - transparent: (B)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • dormant - celebrator - transformative: (A)·(B)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • dormant - celebrity - transparent: (A)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
문제 5
밑줄 친 he[him]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는?
"There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree." said Goodman Brown to himself; and ①he glanced fearfully behind him as he added, "What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow!" His head being turned back, ②he passed a crook of the road, and, looking forward again, beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire seated at the foot of an old tree. He arose at Goodman Brown's approach and walked onward side by side with ③him. "You are late, Goodman Brown," said the man. "My wife kept me back a while," he replied, with a tremor in his voice, caused by the sudden appearance of ④him, though not wholly unexpected.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

나머지와 다른 대상은 "the sudden appearance of him"의 him으로, Goodman Brown 앞에 갑자기 나타난 the man(낯선 남자)을 가리킨다.

남자의 갑작스러운 등장 때문에 Goodman Brown의 목소리가 떨렸다는 문장이므로 이 him은 남자다. 나머지는 모두 Goodman Brown이다.

  • "he glanced fearfully behind him"의 he: 혼잣말을 하던 Goodman Brown이다.
  • "he passed a crook of the road"의 he: 고개를 뒤로 돌린 채 길모퉁이를 지나던 Goodman Brown이다.
  • "side by side with him"의 him: 남자가 다가가 나란히 걸은 상대인 Goodman Brown이다.
문제 6
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Our "ego" or self-conception could be pictured as a leaking balloon, forever requiring the helium of external love to remain ①inflated, and ever vulnerable to the smallest pinpricks of neglect. There is something at once sobering and absurd in the extent to which we are lifted by the attentions of others and sunk by their ②disregard. Our mood may ③brighten because a colleague greets us distractedly or our telephone calls go unreturned. And we are capable of thinking life ④worthy of living because someone remembers our name or sends us a fruit basket.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 "brighten"(밝아지다)으로, "darken"(어두워지다)처럼 기분이 가라앉는다는 말이 와야 한다.

동료가 건성으로 인사하거나(greets us distractedly) 전화에 답이 없는(go unreturned) 것은 무시(neglect)에 해당하므로 기분이 밝아질 이유가 없다. 앞의 "sunk by their disregard"(무시에 가라앉는다)와도 이어져야 한다.

  • "inflated"(부풀려진): 외부의 사랑이라는 헬륨이 있어야 풍선이 부푼 상태를 유지한다는 비유에 맞다.
  • "disregard"(무시): 관심(attentions)에 띄워지고 무시에 가라앉는다는 대조에 맞다.
  • "worthy"(가치 있는): 누군가 이름을 기억해 주는 작은 일로 삶이 살 가치가 있다고 여긴다는 내용에 맞다.
문제 7
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
If a black hole has a non-zero temperature ― no matter how small ― the most basic and well-established physical principles would require it to emit radiation, much like a glowing poker. But black holes, as everyone knows, are black; they supposedly do not emit anything. This was the case until Hawking, in 1974, discovered something truly amazing. Black holes, Hawking announced, are not completely black. If one ignores quantum mechanics and invokes only the laws of classical general relativity, then as originally found some six decades previously, black holes certainly do not allow anything ― not even light ― to escape their gravitational grip. But the inclusion of quantum mechanics modifies this conclusion in a profound way, and Hawking found that black holes do emit radiation, quantum mechanically.
1What Happens inside Black Holes?
2Mystery of the Quantum World
3The Birth of General Relativity
4Is a Black Hole Really Black?
정답 및 해설

제목은 "Is a Black Hole Really Black?"(블랙홀은 정말 검은가?)이 가장 적절하다.

지문은 블랙홀이 아무것도 방출하지 않는다는 통념과 달리, Hawking이 "black holes are not completely black"이며 양자역학적으로 복사를 방출한다는 것을 발견했다고 설명한다.

  • "What Happens inside Black Holes?": 블랙홀 내부에서 일어나는 일은 다루지 않는다.
  • "Mystery of the Quantum World": 양자역학은 블랙홀 복사를 설명하는 근거일 뿐 글의 주제가 아니다.
  • "The Birth of General Relativity": 일반상대성이론의 탄생 과정은 언급되지 않는다.
문제 8
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
For the New World as a whole, the Indian population decline in the century or two following Columbus's arrival is estimated to have been as large as 95 percent. The main killers were Old World germs to which Indians had never been exposed, and against which they therefore had neither immune nor genetic resistance. ①Smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus competed for top rank among the killers. ②For example, in 1837 the Mandan Indian tribe, with one of the most elaborate cultures in our Great Plains, contracted smallpox from a steamboat traveling up the Missouri River from St. Louis. ③The Mandan survived mainly by hunting, farming and gathering wild plants, though some food came from trade. ④The population of one Mandan village plummeted from 2,000 to fewer than 40 within a few weeks.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

흐름과 관계없는 문장은 Mandan족의 생계 수단(hunting, farming and gathering)을 설명하는 문장이다.

지문은 구대륙 병원균으로 인한 원주민 인구 급감을 다루며, Mandan족이 천연두에 감염되어 한 마을 인구가 급감한 사례로 이어진다. 생계 방식은 이 흐름과 무관하다.

  • "Smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus" 문장: 앞 문장의 "Old World germs"를 구체적으로 나열한다.
  • "For example, in 1837 the Mandan" 문장: 천연두 감염 사례를 제시한다.
  • "The population of one Mandan village plummeted" 문장: 감염의 결과인 인구 급감을 보여 준다.
문제 9
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Most of the world's great cities have grown randomly, little by little, in response to the needs of the moment; very rarely is a city planned for the remote future. The evolution of a city is like the evolution of the brain: it develops from a small center and slowly grows and changes, leaving many old parts still functioning. There is no way for evolution to remove _____________________________ and replace it with something of more modern manufacture. The brain must function during the renovation. That is why our brain stem is surrounded by the R-complex, then the limbic system and finally the cerebral cortex. The old parts are in charge of too many fundamental functions for them to be replaced altogether. So they wheeze along, out-of-date and sometimes counterproductive, but a necessary consequence of our evolution.
*R-complex: (두뇌의) R영역
**limbic system: (두뇌의) 변연계
***cerebral cortex: 대뇌피질
1the arrangement of new city streets
2the invasion of an alien substance
3the advantage of natural selection
4the ancient interior of the brain
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "the ancient interior of the brain"(뇌의 오래된 내부)이 들어간다.

뒤의 "The brain must function during the renovation"과 "The old parts are in charge of too many fundamental functions for them to be replaced altogether"로 보아, 진화는 오래된 부분을 제거하고 새것으로 교체할 수 없다는 내용이 빈칸 문장에 와야 한다.

  • "the arrangement of new city streets": 도시는 비유일 뿐이며, 제거·교체의 대상은 새것이 아니라 오래된 부분이다.
  • "the invasion of an alien substance": 외부 물질의 침입은 지문에 없다.
  • "the advantage of natural selection": 자연선택의 이점을 제거한다는 것은 문맥과 무관하다.
문제 10
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
The "denotation" of a word is what the word literally means. Blue, for instance, means "the color of the sky on a sunny day."

(A)Likewise, We would like to have friends who are "true blue," to win a "blue ribbon", and to own "blue-chip stocks". But we might not like being called a "bluenose".
(B)As you see above, even a simple word naming a color can have a wide range of possible meanings, depending on how it's used. This is what is meant by connotation, the implied(suggested) meaning of a word.
(C)Beyond the denotation of the word, however, we also can find many other meanings in the name of the color. We usually do not like feeling blue, but we may enjoy hearing a great blues singer.
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (C) - (A) - (B)이다.

주어진 글이 blue의 사전적 의미(denotation)를 제시하자, (C)가 "Beyond the denotation of the word, however"로 다른 의미(feeling blue, blues singer)를 소개한다. (A)는 "Likewise"로 비슷한 예(true blue, blue ribbon, bluenose)를 덧붙이고, (B)가 "As you see above"로 예들을 정리하며 connotation(함축 의미)을 정의한다.

  • (B) - (A) - (C): "As you see above"로 정리하는 (B)가 예시보다 먼저 올 수 없다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): 같은 이유로 (B)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
  • (C) - (B) - (A): "Likewise"로 예를 더하는 (A)가 정리 문단 (B) 뒤에 오면 흐름이 끊긴다.
문제 11
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
"Begin with the End in Mind" is based on the principle that all things are created twice. There's a mental or first creation, and a physical or second creation to all things.

(A)If you want a family-centered home, you plan a family room where it would be a natural gathering place. You plan sliding doors and a patio for children to play outside. You work with ideas. You work with your mind until you get a clear image of what you want to build.
(B)Take the construction of a home, for example. You design it in every detail before you ever hammer the first nail into place. You try to get a very clear sense of what kind of house you want.
(C)Then you reduce it to blueprint and develop construction plans. All of this is done before the earth is touched. If not, then in the second creation, the physical creation, you will have to make expensive changes that may double the cost of your home.
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(B) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)이다.

모든 것은 두 번 창조된다는 원리 뒤에 (B)가 "Take the construction of a home, for example"로 집짓기 예시를 시작한다. (A)는 원하는 집을 머릿속으로 구체화하는 과정을, (C)는 "Then"으로 그것을 설계도로 옮기는 단계와 두 번째(물리적) 창조를 설명한다.

  • (A) - (C) - (B): 예시를 처음 도입하는 (B)가 마지막에 올 수 없다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): 설계도로 옮기는 (C)의 "Then"은 머릿속 구상인 (A) 뒤에 와야 한다.
  • (C) - (B) - (A): "Then"으로 시작하는 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
문제 12
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense of what data may be relevant. On a long and rough sea voyage in 1882, many of the ship’s passengers were afflicted with seasickness.

(A)James speculated that seasickness must be due to some temporary disturbance of the inner ear, a problem to which the deaf mutes were not sensitive at all. Later experimentation, some carried out by James, confirmed this suspicion.
(B)This crucial clue about the causes of seasickness came thanks to James’ ability to see the importance of something interesting that others had overlooked.
(C)One who was not was the American philosopher and psychologist, William James. James had the great good fortune to notice that 15 of the passengers, all of whom were deaf and mute, were completely unaffected.
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(B) - (A) - (C)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (C) - (A) - (B)이다.

승객들이 뱃멀미에 시달렸다는 주어진 글 다음에, (C)의 "One who was not"이 멀미하지 않은 William James를 소개하며 그가 농아 승객들이 멀쩡하다는 것을 알아챘다고 한다. (A)는 James가 원인을 내이(inner ear)의 일시적 장애로 추론한 내용, (B)는 "This crucial clue"로 이 단서가 James의 관찰력 덕분이라고 정리한다.

  • (A) - (C) - (B): (A)의 "the deaf mutes"는 (C)에서 농아 승객이 소개된 뒤에야 쓸 수 있다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): "This crucial clue"가 가리킬 단서가 앞에 없다.
  • (B) - (A) - (C): (B)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없고, James를 소개하는 (C)가 마지막에 오는 것도 어색하다.
문제 13
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Umpires and other sports officials are the decision-makers and rulebook enforcers whose word is law on the field of play. Such authority comes with heavy responsibility to match. Sports officials must be unbiased masters of the rules and have thick skins. They must keep control of the conduct of games at all times, be good communicators, and stay cool in situations that can quickly grow heated ― both on the field and in the stands. For every winner in sports there is a loser, of course, and the outcome may ride on a few crucial calls. Was that three-and-two pitch a ball or a strike? Was that last-second basket a buzzer-beater or not? While instant replay provides a fallback in professional and big-time college sports, officials at other levels are on their own. The stakes can be higher than just one game. High school athletes may hope for college scholarships, and key calls against them could hurt their chances when scouts are on hand. As one veteran high school official put it, “You never know who’s in the stands.”
⇓
The roles of umpires are so ( A ) that they can have ( B ) influence on players' individual future plans as well as the play at the field.

(A) (B)
1professional _ slight
2expansive _ significant
3ambiguous _ valuable
4comprehensive _ positive
정답 및 해설

요약문에는 expansive(광범위한) - significant(상당한)가 들어간다.

심판은 규칙 집행, 경기 통제, 의사소통, 냉정 유지 등 역할이 넓고, "The stakes can be higher than just one game"처럼 판정이 고교 선수의 "college scholarships"(대학 장학금) 기회에도 영향을 줄 수 있다.

  • professional - slight: 영향이 "slight"(미미한)하다는 것은 지문과 반대다.
  • ambiguous - valuable: 역할이 "ambiguous"(모호한)하다는 내용은 없다.
  • comprehensive - positive: 불리한 판정이 기회를 해칠 수 있다(hurt their chances)고 하므로 "positive"(긍정적인) 영향으로 볼 수 없다.
문제 14
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Why would anyone be foolish enough to argue about the money supply? The more money, the merrier, right? Wrong. In slapstick movie, bumbling gangsters drop suitcases filled with bills, and bystanders dive past one another hoping to grab a few. The passer-bys always smile, but the bad guys wail and so do economists. Why do economists cry with the gangsters? A problem does not arise when just a few suitcases burst open. But if lots of luggage were to suddenly flood a town with bills, _________ might follow. If the amount of money overwhelms the capacity to produce goods, consumers, with more money to spend, bid up prices. The town is no wealthier than before; more bills do not bring a higher standard of living any more than if everyone added two zeroes to his or her salary.
1recession
2inflation
3bankruptcy
4unemployment
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "inflation"(물가 상승)이 들어간다.

빈칸 뒤 문장이 돈의 양이 생산 능력을 넘어서면 소비자가 "bid up prices"(가격을 끌어올린다)고 하고, 지폐가 늘어도 더 부유해지지 않는다고 하므로 통화량 과잉에 따른 물가 상승을 가리킨다.

  • "recession"(경기 침체): 돈이 넘쳐 가격이 오르는 상황과 맞지 않는다.
  • "bankruptcy"(파산): 파산에 관한 내용은 지문에 없다.
  • "unemployment"(실업): 고용에 관한 언급이 없다.
문제 15
다음 글의 (A), (B), (C)의 각 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절한 것을 바르게 나열한 것은?
Exactly how, when, why, and where the first maps came to be created is difficult to discover. Much of what was drawn in prehistoric and early historical times (A)[has / have] not survived, so what we find today may not be wholly representative of what was once there. There are other problems for the modern observer. Maps (B)[make / made] in prehistoric times cannot be accompanied by a title that explains the meaning of the drawing or that describes its content. However, we may be sure that in early times, just like today, maps were created for a variety of purposes and (C)[took / taken] a variety of forms. It may also be clear that, contrary to popular belief, of all the purposes to which maps have been put through the ages, the least important single purpose has been to find the way. Sea charts did not come into existence until the European Middle Ages, and topographical maps were not normally carried about by land travelers until the 18th century.

(A) (B) (C)
1have - make - taken
2have - made - took
3has - made - taken
4has - made - took
정답 및 해설

바르게 나열한 것은 has - made - took이다.

(A) 주어 "Much of what was drawn"은 much가 핵심이므로 단수 동사 has와 주어-동사 수일치를 이룬다. (B) 지도는 만들어지는 대상이므로 Maps를 뒤에서 수식하는 과거분사 made(분사의 태)가 맞다. (C) "maps were created … and took a variety of forms"로 were created와 대등하게 연결되는 과거 동사 took(병렬 구조)이 맞다.

  • have - make - taken: 수일치, 분사의 태, 병렬 구조가 모두 틀렸다.
  • have - made - took: (A)의 have가 단수 주어와 맞지 않는다.
  • has - made - taken: taken만으로는 동사 역할을 못 해 were created와 병렬을 이룰 수 없다.
문제 16
글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 것은?
Recordings at theaters around the world show that the pattern transcends different cultural habits and that different crowds all follow one universal curve showing how the sound rises over several seconds.

When the curtain closes at any stage theater, the audience bursts into applause. ㉠ It’s usually a few clappers who hesitantly start on their own, and then others join in. ㉡ Applause is a funny thing in which each person tries to give credit to the performers, but also tries to blend into the crowd; you don’t want to clap before everyone else, or to go on after others have stopped. ㉢ In fact, if you study it, you’ll discover there is a pronounced pattern in the way an audience goes from silence to full volume of applause. ㉣ Even more remarkably, this curve is absolutely identical to a curve known from physics that describes how a group of atoms or molecules collectively go from one kind of behavior to another, rapidly and abruptly, because what one does depends very strongly on what others nearby do.
1㉠
2㉡
3㉢
4㉣
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 "Even more remarkably, this curve …" 문장 바로 앞에 들어간다.

주어진 문장의 "one universal curve"(하나의 보편적 곡선)가 다음 문장의 "this curve"로 이어지고, "Even more remarkably"(더욱 놀랍게도)는 앞에 놀라운 사실(문화를 초월한 동일 패턴)이 나와야 자연스럽다. 또 주어진 문장의 "the pattern"은 앞 문장의 "pronounced pattern"을 받는다.

  • "It's usually a few clappers" 문장 앞: 아직 패턴이 언급되지 않아 "the pattern"이 가리킬 대상이 없다.
  • "Applause is a funny thing" 문장 앞: 박수 치는 사람의 심리를 설명하는 흐름 중간이라 녹음 결과가 끼어들 수 없다.
  • "In fact, if you study it" 문장 앞: 패턴이 처음 제시되는 문장보다 먼저 "the pattern"을 쓸 수 없다.
문제 17
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Fifty years ago, bees lived healthy lives in our cities and rural areas because they had plenty of flowers to feed on, fewer insecticides contaminating their floral food and fewer exotic diseases and pests. Wild bees nested successfully in undisturbed soil and twigs. (A), bees have trouble finding pollen and nectar sources because of the extensive use of herbicides that kill off so many flowering plants among crops and in ditches, roadsides and lawns. Flowers can be contaminated with insecticides that can kill bees directly or lead to chronic, debilitating effects on their health. (B), with the increase in global trade and transportation, blood-sucking parasites, viruses and other bee pathogens have been inadvertently transmitted to bees throughout the world. These parasites and pathogens weaken bees' immune systems, making them even more susceptible to effects of poor nutrition from lack of flowers, particularly in countries with high agricultural intensity and pesticide use.
1However / … / As a result
2However / … / In addition
3Thus / … / By contrast
4Thus / … / On the other hand
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 However - In addition이 들어간다.

(A) 앞은 50년 전 벌이 건강하게 살았다는 내용, 뒤는 오늘날 제초제 때문에 꽃가루·꿀을 찾기 어렵다는 내용이므로 역접의 However가 맞다. (B) 뒤는 살충제 문제에 더해 기생충·병원체 전파라는 또 다른 위협을 덧붙이므로 첨가의 In addition이 맞다.

  • However - As a result: 병원체 전파는 앞의 살충제 문제의 결과가 아니다.
  • Thus - By contrast: (A)는 결과가 아니라 대조이고, (B)는 대조가 아니라 첨가다.
  • Thus - On the other hand: (A)의 인과 연결이 맞지 않고, (B)도 반대 관점의 제시가 아니다.
문제 18
밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sea foam forms when the ocean is agitated by wind and waves. Each coastal region has (A)differing / diffusing conditions governing the formation of sea foams. Algal blooms are one common source of thick sea foams. When large blooms of algae decay offshore, great amounts of decaying algal matter often wash ashore. Foam forms as this organic matter is churned up by the (B)surface / surf. Most sea foam is not harmful to humans and is often an indication of a productive ocean ecosystem. But when large harmful algal blooms decay near shore, there are potential for impacts to human health and the environment. Along Gulf coast beaches during blooms of Karenia brevis, for example, popping sea foam bubbles are one way that algal toxins become airborne. The resulting aerosol can (C)irrigate / irritate the eyes of beach goers and poses a health risk for those with asthma or other respiratory conditions.
1differing / … / surface / … / irrigate
2diffusing / … / surface / … / irritate
3diffusing / … / surf / … / irrigate
4differing / … / surf / … / irritate
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞는 낱말은 differing - surf - irritate이다.

(A) 해안 지역마다 조건이 다르다는 뜻이므로 "differing"(서로 다른)이 맞고 "diffusing"(확산시키는)은 맞지 않다. (B) 유기물을 휘저어 거품을 만드는 것은 "surf"(밀려드는 파도)이며 "surface"(표면)는 맞지 않다. (C) 독소 에어로졸이 눈을 "irritate"(자극하다)하는 것이 건강 위험과 맞고, "irrigate"(관개하다)는 의미가 통하지 않는다.

  • differing - surface - irrigate: (B)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • diffusing - surface - irritate: (A)·(B)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • diffusing - surf - irrigate: (A)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
문제 19
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 것은?
However, elevated levels and/or long term exposure to air pollution can lead to more serious symptoms and conditions affecting human health.

A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the environment. In most areas of Europe, these pollutants are principally the products of combustion from space heating, power generation or from motor vehicle traffic. ㉠ Pollutants from these sources may not only prove a problem in the immediate vicinity of these sources but can travel long distances. ㉡ Generally if you are young and in a good state of health, moderate air pollution levels are unlikely to have any serious short term effects. ㉢ This mainly affects the respiratory and inflammatory systems, but can also lead to more serious conditions such as heart disease and cancer. ㉣ People with lung or heart conditions may be more susceptible to the effects of air pollution.
1㉠
2㉡
3㉢
4㉣
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 "This mainly affects the respiratory …" 문장 바로 앞에 들어간다.

앞 문장이 젊고 건강하면 적당한 오염 수준은 단기적으로 심각한 영향이 없다고 하므로, "However, elevated levels"(그러나 높은 수준)로 반전하는 주어진 문장이 와야 한다. 이어지는 "This mainly affects"의 This도 주어진 문장의 심각한 증상을 받는다.

  • "Pollutants from these sources" 문장 앞: 오염원을 설명하는 중이라 However로 반전할 내용이 없다.
  • "Generally if you are young" 문장 앞: 건강 영향에 대한 일반론이 나오기 전이라 However가 어색하다.
  • "People with lung or heart conditions" 문장 앞: 이 위치면 "This mainly affects"의 This가 단기 영향이 없다는 앞 문장을 받게 되어 논리가 어긋난다.
문제 20
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sea snakes are some of the most venomous creatures on Earth. Their venom is far deadlier than the venom of coral snakes, rattlesnakes, or even king cobras. Sea snakes use their venom to kill the fish they eat and to defend themselves against predators. It’s not necessarily a good thing, however, for a sea snake to use its venom to defend itself. Venom can take a lot of energy to make-energy that could be used for growing or hunting. (A) , the more often a sea snake or other venomous animal is attacked, the more likely it is to get hurt-even if it can defend itself. Like coral snakes, many sea snakes solve this problem by warning predators up front. (B) , the yellow-bellied sea snake has bright, splashy colors that tell predators not to try anything. Over millions of years, predators have evolved to pay attention to this warning. Only a few kinds of sharks and sea eagles dare attack sea snakes. This keeps sea snakes from constantly having to defend themselves and increases their chances of survival.
1However / … / In other words
2Also / … / By contrast
3However / … / In addition
4Also / … / For example
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 Also - For example이 들어간다.

(A) 앞은 독을 만드는 데 에너지가 많이 든다는 단점, 뒤는 공격을 자주 받을수록 다칠 위험이 커진다는 또 다른 단점이므로 첨가의 Also가 맞다. (B) 뒤의 yellow-bellied sea snake의 화려한 색은 앞 문장 "warning predators up front"의 구체적 예시이므로 For example이 맞다.

  • However - In other words: (A)는 대조가 아니고, (B)는 앞 말을 바꿔 말한 것이 아니라 사례다.
  • Also - By contrast: (B)의 사례는 앞 내용과 대조되지 않는다.
  • However - In addition: (A)는 대조 관계가 아니며, (B)도 새 내용의 첨가가 아니라 예시다.
문제 21
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Despite what you might think, _____________________, according to research by psychologist Richard Wiseman. Instead, it's a result of the way lucky people think and act ⎯ which means that anyone can learn to be lucky! For instance, Wiseman found that lucky people always take notice of what's going on around them and stay open to new experiences and opportunities. Meanwhile, unlucky people tend to be tenser and too focused on certain tasks, which stops them from noticing opportunities they aren't explicitly looking for. So, next time you're heading to a party, don't go in with a goal in mind(no matter how much you want to attract someone). Instead, take things as they come and you never know what might happen. You could even make some awesome new friends.
1luck isn't matter of fate or destiny
2luck brings you closer relationships
3luck can't be obtained at any costs
4luck is the most precious asset for a person
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "luck isn't matter of fate or destiny"(운은 운명의 문제가 아니다)가 들어간다.

"Despite what you might think"(생각과 달리) 뒤에 "Instead, it's a result of the way lucky people think and act"가 이어지므로, 빈칸은 운이 타고난 운명이 아니라는 내용이어야 한다. 그래서 "anyone can learn to be lucky"라는 결론이 나온다.

  • "luck brings you closer relationships": 새 친구를 사귈 수도 있다는 말은 결과의 예일 뿐 운의 본질에 대한 설명이 아니다.
  • "luck can't be obtained at any costs": 누구나 운을 배울 수 있다는 지문과 반대다.
  • "luck is the most precious asset for a person": 운의 가치에 대한 내용은 없다.
문제 22
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. Coral reefs support more species per unit area than any other marine environment, including about 4,000 species of fish, 800 species of hard corals and hundreds of other species. Scientists estimate that there may be another 1 to 8 million undiscovered species of organisms living in and around reefs.        is considered key to finding new medicines for the 21st century. Many drugs are now being developed from coral reef animals and plants as possible cures for cancer, arthritis, human bacterial infections, viruses, and other diseases. Storehouses of immense biological wealth, reefs also provide economic and environmental services to millions of people. Coral reefs may provide goods and services worth $375 billion each year. This is an amazing figure for an environment that covers less than 1 percent of the Earth’s surface.
1This biodiversity
2Their beauty
3Survival skill of coral reefs
4Food chain
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "This biodiversity"(이 생물 다양성)가 들어간다.

앞 문장들이 산호초에 수많은 생물 종과 미발견 종이 산다는 종의 다양성을 설명하고, 뒤 문장이 산호초 동식물에서 신약이 개발되고 있다고 하므로 이 다양성이 신약 발견의 열쇠라는 흐름이다.

  • "Their beauty": 산호초의 아름다움은 지문에 언급되지 않는다.
  • "Survival skill of coral reefs": 산호초의 생존 기술은 다루지 않는다.
  • "Food chain": 먹이사슬은 신약 개발과 연결되지 않는다.
문제 23
다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Charles,
It was a pleasure having lunch with you yesterday. I am very interested in the new household product you mentioned and how I might work with you develop it. I have seen nothing like it advertised in any of the trade journals, so it may be an original, one-of-a-kind product. If so, you will want to move fast to register it to protect your intellectual property rights in it. Let me know if you want to pursue this and I will have our patent associate contact you with a proposal.
Let's get together again soon.
Until then,
Frank
1새로 구입한 가정용품을 환불하려고
2새로 개발한 가정용품 구매를 요청하려고
3새로 개발한 가정용품에 대해 표창하려고
4새로 개발한 가정용품의 특허등록을 제안하려고
정답 및 해설

글의 목적은 새로 개발한 가정용품의 특허등록을 제안하는 것이다.

Frank는 그 제품이 "original, one-of-a-kind product"(독창적이고 유일한 제품)일 수 있으니 "register it to protect your intellectual property rights"(지식재산권 보호를 위해 등록)하라고 권하고, 원하면 "patent associate"(특허 담당자)가 제안서를 갖고 연락하겠다고 한다.

  • 새로 구입한 가정용품 환불: 구매나 환불 이야기는 없다.
  • 새로 개발한 가정용품 구매 요청: 개발 협력과 등록을 말할 뿐 구매를 요청하지 않는다.
  • 새로 개발한 가정용품 표창: 상을 준다는 내용은 없다.
문제 24
다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
I have always taught my children that politeness, learning, and order are good things, and that something good is to be desired and developed for its own sake. But at school they learned, and very quickly, that children earn Nature Trail tickets for running the quarter-mile track during lunch recess. Or Lincoln Dollars for picking up trash on the playground or for helping a young child find the bathroom ⎯ deeds that used to be called 'good citizenship.' Why is it necessary to buy the minimal cooperation of children with rewards or treats? What disturbs me is the idea that good behavior must be reinforced with incentives. Children must be taught to perform good deeds for their own sake, not in order to receive stickers, stars, and candy bars.
1아이들은 예절에 관한 교육을 잘 받아야 한다.
2금전적이거나 물질적인 보상은 아이를 망친다.
3아이들이 보상 없이도 선행하도록 교육시켜야 한다.
4효과적인 교육을 위해서는 적절한 칭찬을 해주어야 한다.
정답 및 해설

필자의 주장은 아이들이 보상 없이도 선행하도록 교육해야 한다는 것이다.

필자는 좋은 행동을 보상(incentives)으로 강화해야 한다는 생각이 불편하다고 하며, 마지막 문장 "Children must be taught to perform good deeds for their own sake, not in order to receive stickers, stars, and candy bars"로 주장을 분명히 한다.

  • 예절 교육을 잘 받아야 한다: politeness는 필자가 가르친 가치의 하나일 뿐, 핵심은 보상 없는 선행이다.
  • 금전적·물질적 보상이 아이를 망친다: 아이를 망친다고까지 말하지 않으며, 선행 자체를 위한 교육을 강조한다.
  • 적절한 칭찬이 필요하다: 보상과 강화를 비판하는 지문의 취지와 반대다.
문제 25
다음 글에서 밑줄 친 낱말의 쓰임이 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은?
Lead is a naturally occurring toxic metal found in the Earth’s crust. Its widespread use has resulted ①in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and can suffer profound and permanent ②adverse health effects, particularly affecting the development of the brain and nervous system. Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including ③decreased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage. ④Exposure of pregnant women to high levels of lead can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight, as well as minor malformations.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은 "decreased"(감소한)로, "increased"(증가한)로 고쳐야 한다.

"Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including …"은 납이 성인에게 주는 장기적 해악을 나열하므로 고혈압과 신장 손상의 위험이 커진다(increased risk)고 해야 한다.

  • "in": "result in"(~을 초래하다)으로 광범위한 환경 오염을 초래했다는 뜻이 맞다.
  • "adverse"(해로운): 어린이의 뇌·신경계 발달에 미치는 해로운 건강 영향을 가리켜 맞다.
  • "Exposure"(노출): 임신부가 높은 농도의 납에 노출되면 유산 등을 일으킨다는 뜻에 맞다.
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
16년 1회차
총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Anthropologists believe wisdom teeth, or the third set of molars, were the evolutionary answer to our ancestor’s early diet of coarse, rough food ⎯ like leaves, roots, nuts and meats ⎯ which required more chewing power and resulted in excessive wear of the teeth. The modern diet with its softer foods, along with marvels of modern technologies such as forks, spoons and knives, has made the need for wisdom teeth nonexistent. As a result, evolutionary biologists now classify wisdom teeth as vestigial organs, or body parts that have become functionless due to        .
1dental decay
2evolution
3hardness
4their shape
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "evolution"(진화)가 들어가 사랑니가 진화로 인해 기능을 잃은 흔적기관이라는 뜻이 된다.

지문은 사랑니가 거친 음식을 씹기 위한 "evolutionary answer"(진화적 해답)였지만 부드러운 음식과 식기의 등장으로 필요가 사라졌고, 그래서 진화생물학자들이 이를 "vestigial organs"(흔적기관)로 분류한다고 설명한다.

  • "dental decay"(충치): 지문은 치아 마모(wear)를 언급할 뿐 충치로 기능을 잃었다는 내용은 없다.
  • "hardness"(단단함): 단단한 것은 과거의 음식이며 사랑니가 기능을 잃은 원인이 아니다.
  • "their shape"(그 모양): 사랑니의 모양에 대한 언급은 지문에 없다.
문제 2
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
In today's technology-driven world, almost everyone, at some point in their lives, has either used or had some sort of contact with a microwave oven. Like many of the great inventions of our past, the idea behind the microwave oven was accidentally stumbled upon in 1946.

(A)Shortly after the accidental discovery, engineers at Raytheon went to work on Spencer's new idea, developing and refining it to be of practical use.
(B)Dr. Percy Spencer was working as an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation at the time, when he discovered something very unusual one day while working on a radar-related research project. While testing a new vacuum tube known as a magnetron, he discovered that a candy bar in his pocket had melted.
(C)Intrigued as he was, Spencer decided upon further experimentation. Later on, having pointed the tube at such objects as a bag of popcorn kernels and an egg, with similar results in both experiments (the popcorn popped and the egg exploded), he correctly concluded that the observed effects in each case were all attributed to exposure to low-density microwave energy.
1(Α) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(Β) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.

주어진 글이 전자레인지의 원리가 1946년 우연히 발견되었다고 하자, (B)가 Percy Spencer가 magnetron 실험 중 주머니 속 초코바가 녹은 것을 발견한 사건을 소개한다. (C)의 "Intrigued as he was"(호기심이 생겨)가 이 발견에 이어 팝콘·달걀 추가 실험을 말하고, (A)의 "Shortly after the accidental discovery"가 발견 이후 Raytheon 엔지니어들의 실용화로 마무리한다.

  • (A) - (C) - (B): 발견 이후를 다루는 (A)가 발견 사건인 (B)보다 앞설 수 없다.
  • (B) - (A) - (C): Spencer 개인의 추가 실험 (C)가 회사 차원의 실용화 (A) 뒤에 오면 시간 순서가 어긋난다.
  • (C) - (B) - (A): Spencer는 (B)에서 처음 소개되므로 "Intrigued"로 시작하는 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
문제 3
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?
To "win hands down" which means to "win easily" or "win with little or no effort" has ①its origins in horse racing. In a close, photo-finish race, a jockey ②typically strikes his horse with a bat or the reins to force it to maintain or increase speed. When the horse is leading by several lengths and a win is assured, the jockey will usually cease striking the horse or let the reins ③go loose: In effect, he puts his "hands down." The expression ④was appeared in the mid-19th century; by the end of the century, it was being used outside of horse racing to mean "with no trouble at all."
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 옳지 않은 것은 "was appeared"로, "appeared"로 고쳐야 한다.

"appear"(나타나다)는 목적어를 취하지 않는 자동사이므로 수동태로 쓸 수 없다. "The expression appeared in the mid-19th century"가 올바르다.

  • "its": 관용 표현 하나인 To "win hands down"을 받는 단수 소유격으로 옳다.
  • "typically": 동사 strikes를 수식하는 부사로 옳다.
  • "go": 사역동사 let + 목적어 + 동사원형 구조(let the reins go loose)로 옳다.
문제 4
다음 밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In many ways, the differences between pairs of training shoe are marginal. Mr. Twitchell calls them fungible, "essentially interchangeable." But successive savvy advertising strategies turned a little Oregon sports outfitter into the globally (A)dominant / dormant sports giant Nike. Their swoosh logo is now one of the most recognizable images on the planet, rendering the actual name unnecessary. And while Nike may not have been the first company to seek (B)celebrator / celebrity plugs, its relationship with Michael Jordan is arguably the most successful endorsement in history. The release of the Just Do It motto in 1988 was a (C)transparent / transformative moment for the company, weaving their brand, seemingly forever, with the inspiring and dramatic physicality of sport.
1dominant / … / celebrator / … / transparent
2dormant / … / celebrator / … / transformative
3dominant / … / celebrity / … / transformative
4dormant / … / celebrity / … / transparent
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞는 낱말은 dominant - celebrity - transformative이다.

(A) 작은 업체가 세계적인 "sports giant"(스포츠 거인)가 되었으므로 "dominant"(지배적인)가 맞고 "dormant"(휴면 중인)는 어울리지 않는다. (B) Michael Jordan과의 "endorsement"(광고 보증)를 말하므로 "celebrity plugs"(유명인 광고)이며 "celebrator"(축하하는 사람)는 맞지 않다. (C) 브랜드를 스포츠와 영원히 엮은 순간이므로 "transformative"(변혁적인)가 맞고 "transparent"(투명한)는 맞지 않다.

  • dominant - celebrator - transparent: (B)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • dormant - celebrator - transformative: (A)·(B)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • dormant - celebrity - transparent: (A)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
문제 5
밑줄 친 he[him]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는?
"There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree." said Goodman Brown to himself; and ①he glanced fearfully behind him as he added, "What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow!" His head being turned back, ②he passed a crook of the road, and, looking forward again, beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire seated at the foot of an old tree. He arose at Goodman Brown's approach and walked onward side by side with ③him. "You are late, Goodman Brown," said the man. "My wife kept me back a while," he replied, with a tremor in his voice, caused by the sudden appearance of ④him, though not wholly unexpected.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

나머지와 다른 대상은 "the sudden appearance of him"의 him으로, Goodman Brown 앞에 갑자기 나타난 the man(낯선 남자)을 가리킨다.

남자의 갑작스러운 등장 때문에 Goodman Brown의 목소리가 떨렸다는 문장이므로 이 him은 남자다. 나머지는 모두 Goodman Brown이다.

  • "he glanced fearfully behind him"의 he: 혼잣말을 하던 Goodman Brown이다.
  • "he passed a crook of the road"의 he: 고개를 뒤로 돌린 채 길모퉁이를 지나던 Goodman Brown이다.
  • "side by side with him"의 him: 남자가 다가가 나란히 걸은 상대인 Goodman Brown이다.
문제 6
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Our "ego" or self-conception could be pictured as a leaking balloon, forever requiring the helium of external love to remain ①inflated, and ever vulnerable to the smallest pinpricks of neglect. There is something at once sobering and absurd in the extent to which we are lifted by the attentions of others and sunk by their ②disregard. Our mood may ③brighten because a colleague greets us distractedly or our telephone calls go unreturned. And we are capable of thinking life ④worthy of living because someone remembers our name or sends us a fruit basket.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 "brighten"(밝아지다)으로, "darken"(어두워지다)처럼 기분이 가라앉는다는 말이 와야 한다.

동료가 건성으로 인사하거나(greets us distractedly) 전화에 답이 없는(go unreturned) 것은 무시(neglect)에 해당하므로 기분이 밝아질 이유가 없다. 앞의 "sunk by their disregard"(무시에 가라앉는다)와도 이어져야 한다.

  • "inflated"(부풀려진): 외부의 사랑이라는 헬륨이 있어야 풍선이 부푼 상태를 유지한다는 비유에 맞다.
  • "disregard"(무시): 관심(attentions)에 띄워지고 무시에 가라앉는다는 대조에 맞다.
  • "worthy"(가치 있는): 누군가 이름을 기억해 주는 작은 일로 삶이 살 가치가 있다고 여긴다는 내용에 맞다.
문제 7
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
If a black hole has a non-zero temperature ― no matter how small ― the most basic and well-established physical principles would require it to emit radiation, much like a glowing poker. But black holes, as everyone knows, are black; they supposedly do not emit anything. This was the case until Hawking, in 1974, discovered something truly amazing. Black holes, Hawking announced, are not completely black. If one ignores quantum mechanics and invokes only the laws of classical general relativity, then as originally found some six decades previously, black holes certainly do not allow anything ― not even light ― to escape their gravitational grip. But the inclusion of quantum mechanics modifies this conclusion in a profound way, and Hawking found that black holes do emit radiation, quantum mechanically.
1What Happens inside Black Holes?
2Mystery of the Quantum World
3The Birth of General Relativity
4Is a Black Hole Really Black?
정답 및 해설

제목은 "Is a Black Hole Really Black?"(블랙홀은 정말 검은가?)이 가장 적절하다.

지문은 블랙홀이 아무것도 방출하지 않는다는 통념과 달리, Hawking이 "black holes are not completely black"이며 양자역학적으로 복사를 방출한다는 것을 발견했다고 설명한다.

  • "What Happens inside Black Holes?": 블랙홀 내부에서 일어나는 일은 다루지 않는다.
  • "Mystery of the Quantum World": 양자역학은 블랙홀 복사를 설명하는 근거일 뿐 글의 주제가 아니다.
  • "The Birth of General Relativity": 일반상대성이론의 탄생 과정은 언급되지 않는다.
문제 8
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
For the New World as a whole, the Indian population decline in the century or two following Columbus's arrival is estimated to have been as large as 95 percent. The main killers were Old World germs to which Indians had never been exposed, and against which they therefore had neither immune nor genetic resistance. ①Smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus competed for top rank among the killers. ②For example, in 1837 the Mandan Indian tribe, with one of the most elaborate cultures in our Great Plains, contracted smallpox from a steamboat traveling up the Missouri River from St. Louis. ③The Mandan survived mainly by hunting, farming and gathering wild plants, though some food came from trade. ④The population of one Mandan village plummeted from 2,000 to fewer than 40 within a few weeks.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

흐름과 관계없는 문장은 Mandan족의 생계 수단(hunting, farming and gathering)을 설명하는 문장이다.

지문은 구대륙 병원균으로 인한 원주민 인구 급감을 다루며, Mandan족이 천연두에 감염되어 한 마을 인구가 급감한 사례로 이어진다. 생계 방식은 이 흐름과 무관하다.

  • "Smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus" 문장: 앞 문장의 "Old World germs"를 구체적으로 나열한다.
  • "For example, in 1837 the Mandan" 문장: 천연두 감염 사례를 제시한다.
  • "The population of one Mandan village plummeted" 문장: 감염의 결과인 인구 급감을 보여 준다.
문제 9
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Most of the world's great cities have grown randomly, little by little, in response to the needs of the moment; very rarely is a city planned for the remote future. The evolution of a city is like the evolution of the brain: it develops from a small center and slowly grows and changes, leaving many old parts still functioning. There is no way for evolution to remove _____________________________ and replace it with something of more modern manufacture. The brain must function during the renovation. That is why our brain stem is surrounded by the R-complex, then the limbic system and finally the cerebral cortex. The old parts are in charge of too many fundamental functions for them to be replaced altogether. So they wheeze along, out-of-date and sometimes counterproductive, but a necessary consequence of our evolution.
*R-complex: (두뇌의) R영역
**limbic system: (두뇌의) 변연계
***cerebral cortex: 대뇌피질
1the arrangement of new city streets
2the invasion of an alien substance
3the advantage of natural selection
4the ancient interior of the brain
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "the ancient interior of the brain"(뇌의 오래된 내부)이 들어간다.

뒤의 "The brain must function during the renovation"과 "The old parts are in charge of too many fundamental functions for them to be replaced altogether"로 보아, 진화는 오래된 부분을 제거하고 새것으로 교체할 수 없다는 내용이 빈칸 문장에 와야 한다.

  • "the arrangement of new city streets": 도시는 비유일 뿐이며, 제거·교체의 대상은 새것이 아니라 오래된 부분이다.
  • "the invasion of an alien substance": 외부 물질의 침입은 지문에 없다.
  • "the advantage of natural selection": 자연선택의 이점을 제거한다는 것은 문맥과 무관하다.
문제 10
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
The "denotation" of a word is what the word literally means. Blue, for instance, means "the color of the sky on a sunny day."

(A)Likewise, We would like to have friends who are "true blue," to win a "blue ribbon", and to own "blue-chip stocks". But we might not like being called a "bluenose".
(B)As you see above, even a simple word naming a color can have a wide range of possible meanings, depending on how it's used. This is what is meant by connotation, the implied(suggested) meaning of a word.
(C)Beyond the denotation of the word, however, we also can find many other meanings in the name of the color. We usually do not like feeling blue, but we may enjoy hearing a great blues singer.
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (C) - (A) - (B)이다.

주어진 글이 blue의 사전적 의미(denotation)를 제시하자, (C)가 "Beyond the denotation of the word, however"로 다른 의미(feeling blue, blues singer)를 소개한다. (A)는 "Likewise"로 비슷한 예(true blue, blue ribbon, bluenose)를 덧붙이고, (B)가 "As you see above"로 예들을 정리하며 connotation(함축 의미)을 정의한다.

  • (B) - (A) - (C): "As you see above"로 정리하는 (B)가 예시보다 먼저 올 수 없다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): 같은 이유로 (B)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
  • (C) - (B) - (A): "Likewise"로 예를 더하는 (A)가 정리 문단 (B) 뒤에 오면 흐름이 끊긴다.
문제 11
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
"Begin with the End in Mind" is based on the principle that all things are created twice. There's a mental or first creation, and a physical or second creation to all things.

(A)If you want a family-centered home, you plan a family room where it would be a natural gathering place. You plan sliding doors and a patio for children to play outside. You work with ideas. You work with your mind until you get a clear image of what you want to build.
(B)Take the construction of a home, for example. You design it in every detail before you ever hammer the first nail into place. You try to get a very clear sense of what kind of house you want.
(C)Then you reduce it to blueprint and develop construction plans. All of this is done before the earth is touched. If not, then in the second creation, the physical creation, you will have to make expensive changes that may double the cost of your home.
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(B) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)이다.

모든 것은 두 번 창조된다는 원리 뒤에 (B)가 "Take the construction of a home, for example"로 집짓기 예시를 시작한다. (A)는 원하는 집을 머릿속으로 구체화하는 과정을, (C)는 "Then"으로 그것을 설계도로 옮기는 단계와 두 번째(물리적) 창조를 설명한다.

  • (A) - (C) - (B): 예시를 처음 도입하는 (B)가 마지막에 올 수 없다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): 설계도로 옮기는 (C)의 "Then"은 머릿속 구상인 (A) 뒤에 와야 한다.
  • (C) - (B) - (A): "Then"으로 시작하는 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
문제 12
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense of what data may be relevant. On a long and rough sea voyage in 1882, many of the ship’s passengers were afflicted with seasickness.

(A)James speculated that seasickness must be due to some temporary disturbance of the inner ear, a problem to which the deaf mutes were not sensitive at all. Later experimentation, some carried out by James, confirmed this suspicion.
(B)This crucial clue about the causes of seasickness came thanks to James’ ability to see the importance of something interesting that others had overlooked.
(C)One who was not was the American philosopher and psychologist, William James. James had the great good fortune to notice that 15 of the passengers, all of whom were deaf and mute, were completely unaffected.
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(B) - (A) - (C)
정답 및 해설

순서는 (C) - (A) - (B)이다.

승객들이 뱃멀미에 시달렸다는 주어진 글 다음에, (C)의 "One who was not"이 멀미하지 않은 William James를 소개하며 그가 농아 승객들이 멀쩡하다는 것을 알아챘다고 한다. (A)는 James가 원인을 내이(inner ear)의 일시적 장애로 추론한 내용, (B)는 "This crucial clue"로 이 단서가 James의 관찰력 덕분이라고 정리한다.

  • (A) - (C) - (B): (A)의 "the deaf mutes"는 (C)에서 농아 승객이 소개된 뒤에야 쓸 수 있다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): "This crucial clue"가 가리킬 단서가 앞에 없다.
  • (B) - (A) - (C): (B)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없고, James를 소개하는 (C)가 마지막에 오는 것도 어색하다.
문제 13
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Umpires and other sports officials are the decision-makers and rulebook enforcers whose word is law on the field of play. Such authority comes with heavy responsibility to match. Sports officials must be unbiased masters of the rules and have thick skins. They must keep control of the conduct of games at all times, be good communicators, and stay cool in situations that can quickly grow heated ― both on the field and in the stands. For every winner in sports there is a loser, of course, and the outcome may ride on a few crucial calls. Was that three-and-two pitch a ball or a strike? Was that last-second basket a buzzer-beater or not? While instant replay provides a fallback in professional and big-time college sports, officials at other levels are on their own. The stakes can be higher than just one game. High school athletes may hope for college scholarships, and key calls against them could hurt their chances when scouts are on hand. As one veteran high school official put it, “You never know who’s in the stands.”
⇓
The roles of umpires are so ( A ) that they can have ( B ) influence on players' individual future plans as well as the play at the field.

(A) (B)
1professional _ slight
2expansive _ significant
3ambiguous _ valuable
4comprehensive _ positive
정답 및 해설

요약문에는 expansive(광범위한) - significant(상당한)가 들어간다.

심판은 규칙 집행, 경기 통제, 의사소통, 냉정 유지 등 역할이 넓고, "The stakes can be higher than just one game"처럼 판정이 고교 선수의 "college scholarships"(대학 장학금) 기회에도 영향을 줄 수 있다.

  • professional - slight: 영향이 "slight"(미미한)하다는 것은 지문과 반대다.
  • ambiguous - valuable: 역할이 "ambiguous"(모호한)하다는 내용은 없다.
  • comprehensive - positive: 불리한 판정이 기회를 해칠 수 있다(hurt their chances)고 하므로 "positive"(긍정적인) 영향으로 볼 수 없다.
문제 14
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Why would anyone be foolish enough to argue about the money supply? The more money, the merrier, right? Wrong. In slapstick movie, bumbling gangsters drop suitcases filled with bills, and bystanders dive past one another hoping to grab a few. The passer-bys always smile, but the bad guys wail and so do economists. Why do economists cry with the gangsters? A problem does not arise when just a few suitcases burst open. But if lots of luggage were to suddenly flood a town with bills, _________ might follow. If the amount of money overwhelms the capacity to produce goods, consumers, with more money to spend, bid up prices. The town is no wealthier than before; more bills do not bring a higher standard of living any more than if everyone added two zeroes to his or her salary.
1recession
2inflation
3bankruptcy
4unemployment
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "inflation"(물가 상승)이 들어간다.

빈칸 뒤 문장이 돈의 양이 생산 능력을 넘어서면 소비자가 "bid up prices"(가격을 끌어올린다)고 하고, 지폐가 늘어도 더 부유해지지 않는다고 하므로 통화량 과잉에 따른 물가 상승을 가리킨다.

  • "recession"(경기 침체): 돈이 넘쳐 가격이 오르는 상황과 맞지 않는다.
  • "bankruptcy"(파산): 파산에 관한 내용은 지문에 없다.
  • "unemployment"(실업): 고용에 관한 언급이 없다.
문제 15
다음 글의 (A), (B), (C)의 각 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절한 것을 바르게 나열한 것은?
Exactly how, when, why, and where the first maps came to be created is difficult to discover. Much of what was drawn in prehistoric and early historical times (A)[has / have] not survived, so what we find today may not be wholly representative of what was once there. There are other problems for the modern observer. Maps (B)[make / made] in prehistoric times cannot be accompanied by a title that explains the meaning of the drawing or that describes its content. However, we may be sure that in early times, just like today, maps were created for a variety of purposes and (C)[took / taken] a variety of forms. It may also be clear that, contrary to popular belief, of all the purposes to which maps have been put through the ages, the least important single purpose has been to find the way. Sea charts did not come into existence until the European Middle Ages, and topographical maps were not normally carried about by land travelers until the 18th century.

(A) (B) (C)
1have - make - taken
2have - made - took
3has - made - taken
4has - made - took
정답 및 해설

바르게 나열한 것은 has - made - took이다.

(A) 주어 "Much of what was drawn"은 much가 핵심이므로 단수 동사 has와 주어-동사 수일치를 이룬다. (B) 지도는 만들어지는 대상이므로 Maps를 뒤에서 수식하는 과거분사 made(분사의 태)가 맞다. (C) "maps were created … and took a variety of forms"로 were created와 대등하게 연결되는 과거 동사 took(병렬 구조)이 맞다.

  • have - make - taken: 수일치, 분사의 태, 병렬 구조가 모두 틀렸다.
  • have - made - took: (A)의 have가 단수 주어와 맞지 않는다.
  • has - made - taken: taken만으로는 동사 역할을 못 해 were created와 병렬을 이룰 수 없다.
문제 16
글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 것은?
Recordings at theaters around the world show that the pattern transcends different cultural habits and that different crowds all follow one universal curve showing how the sound rises over several seconds.

When the curtain closes at any stage theater, the audience bursts into applause. ㉠ It’s usually a few clappers who hesitantly start on their own, and then others join in. ㉡ Applause is a funny thing in which each person tries to give credit to the performers, but also tries to blend into the crowd; you don’t want to clap before everyone else, or to go on after others have stopped. ㉢ In fact, if you study it, you’ll discover there is a pronounced pattern in the way an audience goes from silence to full volume of applause. ㉣ Even more remarkably, this curve is absolutely identical to a curve known from physics that describes how a group of atoms or molecules collectively go from one kind of behavior to another, rapidly and abruptly, because what one does depends very strongly on what others nearby do.
1㉠
2㉡
3㉢
4㉣
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 "Even more remarkably, this curve …" 문장 바로 앞에 들어간다.

주어진 문장의 "one universal curve"(하나의 보편적 곡선)가 다음 문장의 "this curve"로 이어지고, "Even more remarkably"(더욱 놀랍게도)는 앞에 놀라운 사실(문화를 초월한 동일 패턴)이 나와야 자연스럽다. 또 주어진 문장의 "the pattern"은 앞 문장의 "pronounced pattern"을 받는다.

  • "It's usually a few clappers" 문장 앞: 아직 패턴이 언급되지 않아 "the pattern"이 가리킬 대상이 없다.
  • "Applause is a funny thing" 문장 앞: 박수 치는 사람의 심리를 설명하는 흐름 중간이라 녹음 결과가 끼어들 수 없다.
  • "In fact, if you study it" 문장 앞: 패턴이 처음 제시되는 문장보다 먼저 "the pattern"을 쓸 수 없다.
문제 17
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Fifty years ago, bees lived healthy lives in our cities and rural areas because they had plenty of flowers to feed on, fewer insecticides contaminating their floral food and fewer exotic diseases and pests. Wild bees nested successfully in undisturbed soil and twigs. (A), bees have trouble finding pollen and nectar sources because of the extensive use of herbicides that kill off so many flowering plants among crops and in ditches, roadsides and lawns. Flowers can be contaminated with insecticides that can kill bees directly or lead to chronic, debilitating effects on their health. (B), with the increase in global trade and transportation, blood-sucking parasites, viruses and other bee pathogens have been inadvertently transmitted to bees throughout the world. These parasites and pathogens weaken bees' immune systems, making them even more susceptible to effects of poor nutrition from lack of flowers, particularly in countries with high agricultural intensity and pesticide use.
1However / … / As a result
2However / … / In addition
3Thus / … / By contrast
4Thus / … / On the other hand
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 However - In addition이 들어간다.

(A) 앞은 50년 전 벌이 건강하게 살았다는 내용, 뒤는 오늘날 제초제 때문에 꽃가루·꿀을 찾기 어렵다는 내용이므로 역접의 However가 맞다. (B) 뒤는 살충제 문제에 더해 기생충·병원체 전파라는 또 다른 위협을 덧붙이므로 첨가의 In addition이 맞다.

  • However - As a result: 병원체 전파는 앞의 살충제 문제의 결과가 아니다.
  • Thus - By contrast: (A)는 결과가 아니라 대조이고, (B)는 대조가 아니라 첨가다.
  • Thus - On the other hand: (A)의 인과 연결이 맞지 않고, (B)도 반대 관점의 제시가 아니다.
문제 18
밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sea foam forms when the ocean is agitated by wind and waves. Each coastal region has (A)differing / diffusing conditions governing the formation of sea foams. Algal blooms are one common source of thick sea foams. When large blooms of algae decay offshore, great amounts of decaying algal matter often wash ashore. Foam forms as this organic matter is churned up by the (B)surface / surf. Most sea foam is not harmful to humans and is often an indication of a productive ocean ecosystem. But when large harmful algal blooms decay near shore, there are potential for impacts to human health and the environment. Along Gulf coast beaches during blooms of Karenia brevis, for example, popping sea foam bubbles are one way that algal toxins become airborne. The resulting aerosol can (C)irrigate / irritate the eyes of beach goers and poses a health risk for those with asthma or other respiratory conditions.
1differing / … / surface / … / irrigate
2diffusing / … / surface / … / irritate
3diffusing / … / surf / … / irrigate
4differing / … / surf / … / irritate
정답 및 해설

문맥에 맞는 낱말은 differing - surf - irritate이다.

(A) 해안 지역마다 조건이 다르다는 뜻이므로 "differing"(서로 다른)이 맞고 "diffusing"(확산시키는)은 맞지 않다. (B) 유기물을 휘저어 거품을 만드는 것은 "surf"(밀려드는 파도)이며 "surface"(표면)는 맞지 않다. (C) 독소 에어로졸이 눈을 "irritate"(자극하다)하는 것이 건강 위험과 맞고, "irrigate"(관개하다)는 의미가 통하지 않는다.

  • differing - surface - irrigate: (B)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • diffusing - surface - irritate: (A)·(B)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
  • diffusing - surf - irrigate: (A)·(C)가 문맥과 맞지 않는다.
문제 19
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 것은?
However, elevated levels and/or long term exposure to air pollution can lead to more serious symptoms and conditions affecting human health.

A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the environment. In most areas of Europe, these pollutants are principally the products of combustion from space heating, power generation or from motor vehicle traffic. ㉠ Pollutants from these sources may not only prove a problem in the immediate vicinity of these sources but can travel long distances. ㉡ Generally if you are young and in a good state of health, moderate air pollution levels are unlikely to have any serious short term effects. ㉢ This mainly affects the respiratory and inflammatory systems, but can also lead to more serious conditions such as heart disease and cancer. ㉣ People with lung or heart conditions may be more susceptible to the effects of air pollution.
1㉠
2㉡
3㉢
4㉣
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 "This mainly affects the respiratory …" 문장 바로 앞에 들어간다.

앞 문장이 젊고 건강하면 적당한 오염 수준은 단기적으로 심각한 영향이 없다고 하므로, "However, elevated levels"(그러나 높은 수준)로 반전하는 주어진 문장이 와야 한다. 이어지는 "This mainly affects"의 This도 주어진 문장의 심각한 증상을 받는다.

  • "Pollutants from these sources" 문장 앞: 오염원을 설명하는 중이라 However로 반전할 내용이 없다.
  • "Generally if you are young" 문장 앞: 건강 영향에 대한 일반론이 나오기 전이라 However가 어색하다.
  • "People with lung or heart conditions" 문장 앞: 이 위치면 "This mainly affects"의 This가 단기 영향이 없다는 앞 문장을 받게 되어 논리가 어긋난다.
문제 20
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sea snakes are some of the most venomous creatures on Earth. Their venom is far deadlier than the venom of coral snakes, rattlesnakes, or even king cobras. Sea snakes use their venom to kill the fish they eat and to defend themselves against predators. It’s not necessarily a good thing, however, for a sea snake to use its venom to defend itself. Venom can take a lot of energy to make-energy that could be used for growing or hunting. (A) , the more often a sea snake or other venomous animal is attacked, the more likely it is to get hurt-even if it can defend itself. Like coral snakes, many sea snakes solve this problem by warning predators up front. (B) , the yellow-bellied sea snake has bright, splashy colors that tell predators not to try anything. Over millions of years, predators have evolved to pay attention to this warning. Only a few kinds of sharks and sea eagles dare attack sea snakes. This keeps sea snakes from constantly having to defend themselves and increases their chances of survival.
1However / … / In other words
2Also / … / By contrast
3However / … / In addition
4Also / … / For example
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 Also - For example이 들어간다.

(A) 앞은 독을 만드는 데 에너지가 많이 든다는 단점, 뒤는 공격을 자주 받을수록 다칠 위험이 커진다는 또 다른 단점이므로 첨가의 Also가 맞다. (B) 뒤의 yellow-bellied sea snake의 화려한 색은 앞 문장 "warning predators up front"의 구체적 예시이므로 For example이 맞다.

  • However - In other words: (A)는 대조가 아니고, (B)는 앞 말을 바꿔 말한 것이 아니라 사례다.
  • Also - By contrast: (B)의 사례는 앞 내용과 대조되지 않는다.
  • However - In addition: (A)는 대조 관계가 아니며, (B)도 새 내용의 첨가가 아니라 예시다.
문제 21
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Despite what you might think, _____________________, according to research by psychologist Richard Wiseman. Instead, it's a result of the way lucky people think and act ⎯ which means that anyone can learn to be lucky! For instance, Wiseman found that lucky people always take notice of what's going on around them and stay open to new experiences and opportunities. Meanwhile, unlucky people tend to be tenser and too focused on certain tasks, which stops them from noticing opportunities they aren't explicitly looking for. So, next time you're heading to a party, don't go in with a goal in mind(no matter how much you want to attract someone). Instead, take things as they come and you never know what might happen. You could even make some awesome new friends.
1luck isn't matter of fate or destiny
2luck brings you closer relationships
3luck can't be obtained at any costs
4luck is the most precious asset for a person
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "luck isn't matter of fate or destiny"(운은 운명의 문제가 아니다)가 들어간다.

"Despite what you might think"(생각과 달리) 뒤에 "Instead, it's a result of the way lucky people think and act"가 이어지므로, 빈칸은 운이 타고난 운명이 아니라는 내용이어야 한다. 그래서 "anyone can learn to be lucky"라는 결론이 나온다.

  • "luck brings you closer relationships": 새 친구를 사귈 수도 있다는 말은 결과의 예일 뿐 운의 본질에 대한 설명이 아니다.
  • "luck can't be obtained at any costs": 누구나 운을 배울 수 있다는 지문과 반대다.
  • "luck is the most precious asset for a person": 운의 가치에 대한 내용은 없다.
문제 22
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. Coral reefs support more species per unit area than any other marine environment, including about 4,000 species of fish, 800 species of hard corals and hundreds of other species. Scientists estimate that there may be another 1 to 8 million undiscovered species of organisms living in and around reefs.        is considered key to finding new medicines for the 21st century. Many drugs are now being developed from coral reef animals and plants as possible cures for cancer, arthritis, human bacterial infections, viruses, and other diseases. Storehouses of immense biological wealth, reefs also provide economic and environmental services to millions of people. Coral reefs may provide goods and services worth $375 billion each year. This is an amazing figure for an environment that covers less than 1 percent of the Earth’s surface.
1This biodiversity
2Their beauty
3Survival skill of coral reefs
4Food chain
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 "This biodiversity"(이 생물 다양성)가 들어간다.

앞 문장들이 산호초에 수많은 생물 종과 미발견 종이 산다는 종의 다양성을 설명하고, 뒤 문장이 산호초 동식물에서 신약이 개발되고 있다고 하므로 이 다양성이 신약 발견의 열쇠라는 흐름이다.

  • "Their beauty": 산호초의 아름다움은 지문에 언급되지 않는다.
  • "Survival skill of coral reefs": 산호초의 생존 기술은 다루지 않는다.
  • "Food chain": 먹이사슬은 신약 개발과 연결되지 않는다.
문제 23
다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear Charles,
It was a pleasure having lunch with you yesterday. I am very interested in the new household product you mentioned and how I might work with you develop it. I have seen nothing like it advertised in any of the trade journals, so it may be an original, one-of-a-kind product. If so, you will want to move fast to register it to protect your intellectual property rights in it. Let me know if you want to pursue this and I will have our patent associate contact you with a proposal.
Let's get together again soon.
Until then,
Frank
1새로 구입한 가정용품을 환불하려고
2새로 개발한 가정용품 구매를 요청하려고
3새로 개발한 가정용품에 대해 표창하려고
4새로 개발한 가정용품의 특허등록을 제안하려고
정답 및 해설

글의 목적은 새로 개발한 가정용품의 특허등록을 제안하는 것이다.

Frank는 그 제품이 "original, one-of-a-kind product"(독창적이고 유일한 제품)일 수 있으니 "register it to protect your intellectual property rights"(지식재산권 보호를 위해 등록)하라고 권하고, 원하면 "patent associate"(특허 담당자)가 제안서를 갖고 연락하겠다고 한다.

  • 새로 구입한 가정용품 환불: 구매나 환불 이야기는 없다.
  • 새로 개발한 가정용품 구매 요청: 개발 협력과 등록을 말할 뿐 구매를 요청하지 않는다.
  • 새로 개발한 가정용품 표창: 상을 준다는 내용은 없다.
문제 24
다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
I have always taught my children that politeness, learning, and order are good things, and that something good is to be desired and developed for its own sake. But at school they learned, and very quickly, that children earn Nature Trail tickets for running the quarter-mile track during lunch recess. Or Lincoln Dollars for picking up trash on the playground or for helping a young child find the bathroom ⎯ deeds that used to be called 'good citizenship.' Why is it necessary to buy the minimal cooperation of children with rewards or treats? What disturbs me is the idea that good behavior must be reinforced with incentives. Children must be taught to perform good deeds for their own sake, not in order to receive stickers, stars, and candy bars.
1아이들은 예절에 관한 교육을 잘 받아야 한다.
2금전적이거나 물질적인 보상은 아이를 망친다.
3아이들이 보상 없이도 선행하도록 교육시켜야 한다.
4효과적인 교육을 위해서는 적절한 칭찬을 해주어야 한다.
정답 및 해설

필자의 주장은 아이들이 보상 없이도 선행하도록 교육해야 한다는 것이다.

필자는 좋은 행동을 보상(incentives)으로 강화해야 한다는 생각이 불편하다고 하며, 마지막 문장 "Children must be taught to perform good deeds for their own sake, not in order to receive stickers, stars, and candy bars"로 주장을 분명히 한다.

  • 예절 교육을 잘 받아야 한다: politeness는 필자가 가르친 가치의 하나일 뿐, 핵심은 보상 없는 선행이다.
  • 금전적·물질적 보상이 아이를 망친다: 아이를 망친다고까지 말하지 않으며, 선행 자체를 위한 교육을 강조한다.
  • 적절한 칭찬이 필요하다: 보상과 강화를 비판하는 지문의 취지와 반대다.
문제 25
다음 글에서 밑줄 친 낱말의 쓰임이 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은?
Lead is a naturally occurring toxic metal found in the Earth’s crust. Its widespread use has resulted ①in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and can suffer profound and permanent ②adverse health effects, particularly affecting the development of the brain and nervous system. Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including ③decreased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage. ④Exposure of pregnant women to high levels of lead can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight, as well as minor malformations.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은 "decreased"(감소한)로, "increased"(증가한)로 고쳐야 한다.

"Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including …"은 납이 성인에게 주는 장기적 해악을 나열하므로 고혈압과 신장 손상의 위험이 커진다(increased risk)고 해야 한다.

  • "in": "result in"(~을 초래하다)으로 광범위한 환경 오염을 초래했다는 뜻이 맞다.
  • "adverse"(해로운): 어린이의 뇌·신경계 발달에 미치는 해로운 건강 영향을 가리켜 맞다.
  • "Exposure"(노출): 임신부가 높은 농도의 납에 노출되면 유산 등을 일으킨다는 뜻에 맞다.