1 / 1
A4정답 포함← → 키 · 드래그로 넘김
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
17년 1회차
문제 1
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
All living things share basic characteristics. These common threads can be explained by descent from a common ancestor. Many kinds of evidence suggest that life began with ①single cells and that the present rainbow of organisms evolved from this common origin over hundreds of millions of years. In other words, the process of ②evolution explains the unity we observe in living things. The other striking thing about life on earth is its diversity. The same coral reef contains a multitude of animal species. Yet, each body type suits a ③particular lifestyle. The process of evolution, which involves changes in the genetic material and then physical modifications suited to different environments, explains the ④unity we observe in living things.
All living things share basic characteristics. These common threads can be explained by descent from a common ancestor. Many kinds of evidence suggest that life began with ①single cells and that the present rainbow of organisms evolved from this common origin over hundreds of millions of years. In other words, the process of ②evolution explains the unity we observe in living things. The other striking thing about life on earth is its diversity. The same coral reef contains a multitude of animal species. Yet, each body type suits a ③particular lifestyle. The process of evolution, which involves changes in the genetic material and then physical modifications suited to different environments, explains the ④unity we observe in living things.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 마지막 문장의 “unity”로, “diversity”(다양성)가 되어야 한다.
앞 문장 “The other striking thing about life on earth is its diversity”에서 화제가 다양성으로 바뀌었고, “physical modifications suited to different environments”(서로 다른 환경에 맞는 신체 변화)가 설명하는 것은 통일성이 아니라 다양성이다.
- “single” cells: 생명이 단세포에서 시작해 공통 기원에서 진화했다는 설명에 맞다.
- “evolution”: 공통 조상에서의 진화가 생물의 통일성을 설명한다는 앞부분 흐름에 맞다.
- “particular” lifestyle: 각 신체 형태가 특정한 생활 방식에 맞는다는 다양성 설명으로 적절하다.
문제 2
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| A biology teacher cannot teach proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins, without having understood the basics of organic chemistry. The teacher while teaching the use of a thermometer can discuss various scales of measuring temperature. If he or she says that the body temperature of a healthy human being is 37℃ and a student wants to know the temperature in Kelvin or Fahrenheit, then the teacher can satisfy the student only if he or she knows the process of converting one scale of temperature to another. In the same way, a chemistry teacher when teaching proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and fats, etc. should have some understanding of the human digestive system to be able to explain these concepts effectively by relating the topic to the life experiences of the learners. Thus, all branches of science . |
1cannot be taught and learned in isolation
2converge on knowledge of organic chemistry
3are interrelated with each learner's experiences
4should be acquired with the basics of chemistry
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “cannot be taught and learned in isolation”(따로 떼어 가르치고 배울 수 없다)이 들어간다.
생물 교사는 유기화학을, 온도계를 가르치는 교사는 온도 단위 환산을, 화학 교사는 인체 소화계를 알아야 한다는 예시가 이어지므로, “Thus”의 결론은 과학의 모든 분야가 서로 연결되어 있다는 내용이어야 한다.
- “converge on knowledge of organic chemistry”: 유기화학은 여러 예시 중 하나일 뿐, 모든 분야가 유기화학으로 수렴한다는 내용은 없다.
- “are interrelated with each learner's experiences”: 학습자의 경험은 화학 교사 예시의 일부일 뿐 글 전체의 결론이 아니다.
- “should be acquired with the basics of chemistry”: 온도 환산처럼 화학과 무관한 연계도 제시되므로 화학 기초로 한정할 수 없다.
문제 3
다음 글에서 밑줄 친 표현의 쓰임이 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은?
Left alone, Dodge quickly ①lay down on the burnt soil. As the flames approached him, he covered his mouth with a wet handkerchief in order not to ②breathe in the smoke. As the fire surrounded him, Dodge closed his eyes and tried to breathe from the ③thick layer of oxygen that remained near the ground. Several painful minutes passed, and Dodge survived the fire, unharmed. Sadly, with the ④exception of two men who found shelter in a small crack in a rock, all of the other men died in the awful fire.
Left alone, Dodge quickly ①lay down on the burnt soil. As the flames approached him, he covered his mouth with a wet handkerchief in order not to ②breathe in the smoke. As the fire surrounded him, Dodge closed his eyes and tried to breathe from the ③thick layer of oxygen that remained near the ground. Several painful minutes passed, and Dodge survived the fire, unharmed. Sadly, with the ④exception of two men who found shelter in a small crack in a rock, all of the other men died in the awful fire.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 표현은 “thick”으로, “thin”(얇은)이 되어야 한다.
불길이 주변 산소를 태우는 상황에서 지면 가까이에 “remained”(남아 있던) 산소는 얇은 층일 수밖에 없고, 그래서 Dodge는 땅에 엎드려 그 산소로 숨을 쉬려 한 것이다.
- “lay down”: 혼자 남은 Dodge가 불탄 땅에 엎드렸다는 뜻(lie의 과거형)으로 적절하다.
- “breathe in”: 젖은 손수건으로 입을 막아 연기를 들이마시지 않으려 했다는 흐름에 맞다.
- “exception”: 바위 틈에 피신한 두 사람을 제외하고 나머지가 모두 죽었다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
문제 4
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life— breeding, feeding, migration—is affected. Some birds—blackbirds and nightingales, among others—sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. ( ① ) Scientists have determined that long artificial days—and artificially short nights—induce early breeding in a wide range of birds. ( ② ) And because a longer day allows for longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules. ( ③ ) The problem with them is that migration, like most other aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior. ( ④ ) Leaving early may mean arriving too soon for nesting conditions to be right. |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “…it can also affect migration schedules.” 바로 뒤, “The problem with them is…” 앞에 들어가야 한다.
낮이 길어지면 먹이 활동이 늘어 이동 시기에 영향을 준다는 일반 진술 다음에, 영국의 Berwick's swans가 지방을 빨리 축적해 시베리아 이동을 일찍 준비했다는 구체적 사례가 와야 한다. 이어지는 “them”은 이 백조들을 가리키고, 마지막 “Leaving early”(일찍 떠나는 것)도 이 사례와 연결된다.
- “…sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light.” 뒤: 아직 번식·먹이·이동이 언급되기 전이라 이동 사례가 올 수 없다.
- “…induce early breeding in a wide range of birds.” 뒤: 번식에 관한 진술 뒤이며, 먹이와 이동 이야기는 다음 문장에서야 시작된다.
- “…a precisely timed biological behavior.” 뒤: 앞 문장의 “them”이 가리킬 대상이 없어지고 문제 제기의 흐름이 끊긴다.
문제 5
(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
Once we emerge from childhood, eye contact actually becomes a very unreliable clue to deception. Why? The answer is that eye contact is very easy to control. Much of what happens to us when we feel nervous, such as getting sweaty hands or feeling dry in the mouth, (A)
|
(A) (B) (C)
1is … which … equate
2being … which … equating
3is … what … equate
4being … what … equating
정답 및 해설
어법에 맞는 조합은 “is … what … equate”이다.
(A) 주어 “Much of what happens to us”의 본동사 자리이므로 주어-동사 수일치에 따라 단수 동사 is가 필요하다(such as 이하는 삽입된 수식어).
(B) 전치사 over의 목적어이면서 looking at의 목적어가 빠진 절을 이끌므로 선행사를 포함한 관계대명사 what이 맞다.
(C) know의 목적절에서 주어 people 뒤의 본동사 자리이므로 equate가 맞다.
- “being”: 분사·동명사로는 문장의 본동사 역할을 할 수 없다.
- “which”: 앞에 선행사가 없으므로 관계대명사 which를 쓸 수 없고, 선행사를 포함하는 what이 필요하다.
- “equating”: 목적절의 주어 people에 대한 본동사가 없어진다.
문제 6
다음 갈등해결을 위한 조언으로 빈칸 (A)~(D)에 적절하지 않은 것은?
| Tips for Conflict Resolution (A) Maintaining and strengthening the relationship, rather than “winning” the argument, should always be your first priority. Be respectful of the other person and his or her viewpoint. (B) If you’re holding on to old hurts and resentments, your ability to see the reality of the current situation will be impaired. Rather than looking to the past and assigning blame, focus on what you can do right now to solve the problem. (C) Conflicts can be draining, so it’s important to consider whether the issue is really worthy of your time and energy. Maybe you don't want to yield a parking space if you’ve been circling for 15 minutes. But if there are dozens of spots, arguing over a single space isn’t worth it. (D) If you can’t come to an agreement, agree to disagree. It takes two people to keep an argument going. If a conflict is going nowhere, you can choose to move on. |
1(A) Make the relationship your priority.
2(B) Focus on the present.
3(C) Weigh your words before speaking.
4(D) Know when to let something go.
정답 및 해설
적절하지 않은 것은 “(C) Weigh your words before speaking.”(말하기 전에 말을 신중히 하라)이다.
(C) 단락은 갈등이 “draining”(진을 빼는)하므로 그 문제가 “worthy of your time and energy”(시간과 에너지를 쏟을 가치가 있는지) 따져 보라는 내용이다. 주차 공간 예시도 싸울 가치가 있는 일인지 가려라는 조언이며, 말을 신중히 고르라는 내용은 없다.
- “(A) Make the relationship your priority.”: 논쟁에서 이기는 것보다 관계 유지를 최우선으로 하라는 단락 내용과 맞다.
- “(B) Focus on the present.”: 과거의 상처를 붙들지 말고 지금 할 수 있는 일에 집중하라는 내용과 맞다.
- “(D) Know when to let something go.”: 합의가 안 되면 “agree to disagree”하고 넘어가라는 내용과 맞다.
문제 7
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| By "scarcity," most of us mean that goods are in short supply: there isn't enough of something to go around. While there often is no clear-cut understanding of what constitutes "enough," the simple fact is that there is more than sufficient food to sustain everyone on the planet. The same is true of land and renewable energy. The important question, then, is why the staples of life are so unequally distributed ― why, for example, the United States, with a little more than 5 percent of the world's population, uses approximately 40 percent of the world's resources. What appears to be a problem of scarcity usually turns out, on closer inspection, to be a problem of distribution. But mainstream economists : they talk only about whether a given system is productive or efficient, and it is up to us to ask, "For whom?" |
1avert their eyes from this problem
2pay attention to reducing inequality
3cling to solving distributional issues
4have no interest in improving efficiency
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “avert their eyes from this problem”(이 문제에서 눈을 돌린다)이 들어간다.
글은 희소성처럼 보이는 문제가 실은 분배의 문제라고 주장한다. “But” 뒤 콜론 이하에서 주류 경제학자들은 생산성·효율성만 이야기하고 “For whom?”을 묻는 일은 우리 몫이라 했으므로, 그들이 분배 문제를 외면한다는 내용이 와야 한다.
- “pay attention to reducing inequality”: 불평등 해소에 주목한다면 “For whom?”을 우리가 따로 물을 이유가 없다.
- “cling to solving distributional issues”: 분배 문제에 매달린다는 것은 콜론 이하 내용과 정반대다.
- “have no interest in improving efficiency”: 그들은 오히려 효율성만 이야기한다고 했다.
문제 8
다음 글의 내용을 요약할 때 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Injuries sometimes occur when people do not take adequate carefulness with everyday activities. Although some such injuries occur because of pure carelessness or misfortune, others happen because the person did not want others to perceive him or her as too careful. For example, many people seem to avoid wearing seat belts in automobiles, helmets on bicycles and motorcycles, and life preservers in boats because such devices convey an impression of excessive carefulness. In addition, many people seem reluctant to wear protective gear (e.g., safety goggles, gloves, and helmets) when operating power tools or dangerous machinery because they will be viewed as nervous or extremely careful. This concern emerges at a young age; anecdotally, children as young as 6 or 7 years old are sometimes unwilling to wear knee pads and helmets when rollerskating because of what other children will think of them. ⇩
|
1(A) vigilance / (B) overcautious
2(A) inattention / (B) intimidated
3(A) prudence / (B) audacious
4(A) heedlessness / (B) vulnerable
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “(A) vigilance / (B) overcautious”가 들어간다.
부상은 일상 활동에서 충분한 주의를 기울이지 않을 때 생기므로 (A)는 “vigilance”(경계, 주의)가 부족하다는 뜻이다. 또 사람들은 안전벨트·헬멧이 “excessive carefulness”(지나친 조심성)로 비칠까 봐 꺼리므로 (B)는 “overcautious”(지나치게 조심하는)가 맞다.
- “(A) inattention / (B) intimidated”: 부주의가 부족하다는 것은 반대 의미이고, 겁먹은(intimidated)은 글의 ‘지나친 조심성’과 다르다.
- “(A) prudence / (B) audacious”: 신중함은 (A)에 가능하지만, 대담한(audacious) 사람으로 보이기를 피한다는 것은 글과 반대다.
- “(A) heedlessness / (B) vulnerable”: 경솔함이 부족하다는 것은 반대 의미이고, 취약한(vulnerable)도 글의 ‘지나친 조심성’과 다르다.
문제 9
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Performing from memory is often seen ①to have the effect of boosting musicality and musical communication. It is commonly argued that the very act of memorizing can guarantee a more thorough knowledge of and intimate connection with the music. In addition, memorization can enable use of direct eye contact with an audience ②who is more convincing than reference to the score. Those who "possess" the music in this way often convey the impression that they are spontaneously and sincerely communicating from the heart, and indeed, contemporary evidence suggests that musicians who achieve this ③are likely to find their audiences more responsive. Moreover, when performers receive and react to visual feedback from the audience, a performance can become truly interactive, ④involving genuine communication between all concerned.
Performing from memory is often seen ①to have the effect of boosting musicality and musical communication. It is commonly argued that the very act of memorizing can guarantee a more thorough knowledge of and intimate connection with the music. In addition, memorization can enable use of direct eye contact with an audience ②who is more convincing than reference to the score. Those who "possess" the music in this way often convey the impression that they are spontaneously and sincerely communicating from the heart, and indeed, contemporary evidence suggests that musicians who achieve this ③are likely to find their audiences more responsive. Moreover, when performers receive and react to visual feedback from the audience, a performance can become truly interactive, ④involving genuine communication between all concerned.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 적절하지 않은 것은 “who”로, “which”(또는 that)가 되어야 한다.
관계절 “is more convincing than reference to the score”(악보를 참조하는 것보다 더 설득력이 있다)의 선행사는 바로 앞 an audience가 아니라 direct eye contact이다. 사물 선행사이므로 관계대명사 who 대신 which를 써야 한다.
- “to have”: be seen to have(~하는 것으로 여겨지다) 구조로 적절하다.
- “are”: 주어 musicians(복수)에 수일치한 동사이며, who achieve this는 수식어다.
- “involving”: 주절 뒤에서 앞 내용을 부연하는 분사구문으로, 공연이 진정한 소통을 수반하므로 능동형이 맞다.
문제 10
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Even though people seek both social status and affluence, their primary goal is to attain social status. A case can be made, in particular, that their pursuit of affluence is instrumental: they pursue it not for its own sake but because ①increased affluence will enhance their social standing. Why, after all, do they want the clothes, the car, and the house they long for? In large part because ②attaining these things will impress other people. Indeed, if there were no one around to impress, few would feel driven to live a life of ③frugality, even if they could gain that without having to work for it. Likewise, if wealthy individuals found themselves living in a culture in which people ④despised rather than admired those who live in luxury, one imagines that they would abandon their mansion and late-model car in favor of a modest home with an old car parked in the driveway.
Even though people seek both social status and affluence, their primary goal is to attain social status. A case can be made, in particular, that their pursuit of affluence is instrumental: they pursue it not for its own sake but because ①increased affluence will enhance their social standing. Why, after all, do they want the clothes, the car, and the house they long for? In large part because ②attaining these things will impress other people. Indeed, if there were no one around to impress, few would feel driven to live a life of ③frugality, even if they could gain that without having to work for it. Likewise, if wealthy individuals found themselves living in a culture in which people ④despised rather than admired those who live in luxury, one imagines that they would abandon their mansion and late-model car in favor of a modest home with an old car parked in the driveway.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “frugality”(검소함)로, “luxury”(사치)가 되어야 한다.
사람들이 부를 추구하는 것은 남에게 깊은 인상을 주기 위해서라는 논지이므로, 감명시킬 사람이 없다면 일하지 않고 얻을 수 있더라도 사치스러운 삶을 살려는 동기를 느끼지 않을 것이라는 흐름이어야 한다.
- “increased”: 늘어난 부가 사회적 지위를 높인다는 도구적 추구 설명에 맞다.
- “attaining”: 옷·차·집을 얻는 것이 남에게 인상을 준다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “despised”: rather than admired와 대조되어, 사치를 경멸하는 문화라면 부자들이 저택을 버릴 것이라는 흐름에 맞다.
문제 11
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
It is generally believed that primates first appeared on Earth approximately 80 million years ago. Unlike reptiles, they were very sociable animals, creating a large community. ①One of the many ways in which the primates built a network of social support was grooming. ②In most cases, primates have visible folds that they would not have if they had, even lightly, groomed the area. ③For instance, apes spent a large amount of time grooming each other. ④Interestingly, in the case of Barbary macaques, the giving of grooming resulted in more stress relief than the receiving of grooming.
It is generally believed that primates first appeared on Earth approximately 80 million years ago. Unlike reptiles, they were very sociable animals, creating a large community. ①One of the many ways in which the primates built a network of social support was grooming. ②In most cases, primates have visible folds that they would not have if they had, even lightly, groomed the area. ③For instance, apes spent a large amount of time grooming each other. ④Interestingly, in the case of Barbary macaques, the giving of grooming resulted in more stress relief than the receiving of grooming.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “In most cases, primates have visible folds…”로 시작하는 문장이다.
글은 영장류가 사회적 지지망을 만드는 방법인 털 고르기(grooming)를 다루는데, 이 문장은 털을 다듬지 않은 부위에 보이는 주름이라는 외형 이야기로 흐름에서 벗어난다.
- “One of the many ways … was grooming.”: 사회적 지지망 구축 방법으로 털 고르기를 제시하는 화제문이다.
- “For instance, apes spent a large amount of time grooming each other.”: 털 고르기의 예시로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
- “Interestingly, in the case of Barbary macaques…”: 털 고르기를 해 주는 쪽의 스트레스 해소 효과를 덧붙여 흐름에 맞다.
문제 12
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Most people agree that Plato was a pretty good teacher. He frequently used stories to teach people how to think. One story Plato used to teach about the limitations of democracy was about a ship in the middle of the ocean. On this ship was a captain who was rather shortsighted and slightly deaf. ①He and his crew followed the principles of majority rule on decisions about navigational direction. ②They had a very skilled navigator who knew how to read the stars on voyages, but the navigator was not very popular and was rather introverted. ③As you know, it's not easy to communicate with introverted people, in particular, on the ship. ④In the panic of being lost, the captain and crew made a decision by voting to follow the most charismatic and persuasive of the crew members. They ignored and ridiculed the navigator's suggestions, remained lost, and ultimately starved to death at sea.
Most people agree that Plato was a pretty good teacher. He frequently used stories to teach people how to think. One story Plato used to teach about the limitations of democracy was about a ship in the middle of the ocean. On this ship was a captain who was rather shortsighted and slightly deaf. ①He and his crew followed the principles of majority rule on decisions about navigational direction. ②They had a very skilled navigator who knew how to read the stars on voyages, but the navigator was not very popular and was rather introverted. ③As you know, it's not easy to communicate with introverted people, in particular, on the ship. ④In the panic of being lost, the captain and crew made a decision by voting to follow the most charismatic and persuasive of the crew members. They ignored and ridiculed the navigator's suggestions, remained lost, and ultimately starved to death at sea.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “As you know, it's not easy to communicate with introverted people…”이다.
글은 플라톤이 민주주의의 한계를 가르치려고 든 배 이야기로, 다수결로 인기 있는 선원을 따르다 유능한 항해사를 무시해 굶어 죽는 줄거리다. 내향적인 사람과 소통하기 어렵다는 일반론은 이 줄거리와 무관하다.
- “He and his crew followed the principles of majority rule…”: 다수결 원칙을 소개해 민주주의의 한계라는 주제와 연결된다.
- “They had a very skilled navigator…”: 유능하지만 인기 없는 항해사를 소개해 결말의 복선이 된다.
- “In the panic of being lost, … by voting…”: 투표로 카리스마 있는 선원을 따랐다는 핵심 사건이다.
문제 13
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B)
| Before the creation of money, people used to exchange something they had for something they needed. This system of exchange is called bartering. People traded things like animal furs, shells, beads for necklaces, and cloth. Later, people realized that some items were easier to trade than others, and those items became more common in bartering. (A) , people could trade gold for almost any other item because most people knew that it was valuable and that they could easily trade it again if they needed to. After some time, certain goods became the standard goods of exchange, and everyone began to trade with the same items. Eventually, the standard goods became money - one common unit of trade most people accepted and used in business and for their daily lives. (B) , some people still use the barter system today, especially in developing countries, where people exchange different kinds of food in order to survive. |
(A) (B)
1Furthermore - For instance
2In other words - Besides
3In contrast - However
4For example - Nevertheless
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “For example - Nevertheless”가 들어간다.
(A) 앞에서 일부 물건이 다른 것보다 거래하기 쉬웠다고 했고 뒤에서 금이 그 구체적 사례로 나오므로 예시의 For example이 맞다. (B) 앞은 표준 상품이 결국 화폐가 되었다는 내용, 뒤는 오늘날에도 물물교환을 쓴다는 상반된 내용이므로 Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고)가 맞다.
- “Furthermore - For instance”: 금은 추가 정보가 아니라 예시이고, 물물교환이 남아 있다는 것은 화폐의 예가 아니다.
- “In other words - Besides”: 금 이야기는 앞 문장의 재진술이 아니며, (B)는 첨가가 아니라 대조다.
- “In contrast - However”: (B)의 However는 가능하지만, (A)의 금은 앞 내용과 대조되지 않는다.
문제 14
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B)
| Many people find it difficult to relate to someone who has a physical disability, often because they have not had any personal interaction with anyone with a disability. (A) , they might be unsure what to expect from a person who has a mobility impairment and uses a wheelchair because they have never spent any time with wheelchair users. This lack of understanding can create additional challenges for people with disabilities. If society responded more adequately to people who have impairments, they would not experience nearly as many challenges and limitations. Consider office workers who happen to use wheelchairs. Provided that there is only one level or there are ramps or elevators between levels, they may need no assistance whatsoever in the workplace. (B) , in an adapted work environment, they do not have a disability. |
(A) (B)
1However --- Thus
2In contrast --- Similarly
3Furthermore --- In addition
4For example --- In other words
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “For example --- In other words”가 들어간다.
(A) 앞은 장애인과 교류해 본 적이 없어 관계 맺기 어렵다는 일반 진술, 뒤는 휠체어 사용자에게 무엇을 기대할지 모른다는 구체적 사례이므로 For example이 맞다. (B) 앞은 경사로·엘리베이터가 있으면 도움이 전혀 필요 없다는 내용, 뒤는 적응된 환경에서는 장애가 없는 것이라는 재진술이므로 In other words(다시 말해)가 맞다.
- “However --- Thus”: (A) 앞뒤는 대조가 아니라 일반-예시 관계다.
- “In contrast --- Similarly”: (A)는 대조가 아니고, (B)도 유사한 다른 사례가 아니라 같은 내용의 재진술이다.
- “Furthermore --- In addition”: 두 빈칸 모두 첨가 관계가 아니다.
문제 15
다음 글에 나타난 필자의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
| I was always mad at Charles even though I couldn't ever put my finger on exactly what he was doing to make me angry. Charles was just one of those people who rubbed me the wrong way. Yet, I was constantly upset. When we began looking at anger in this class, I thought, "What's my primary feeling about Charles?" I almost hate to admit what I found out because it makes me look like I'm a lot more insecure than I feel I really am, but my primary feeling was fear. I was afraid that Charles with his brilliance and sharp tongue was going to make me look stupid in front of the other students. Last week I asked him to stay after class and I just told him how threatened I get when he pins me down on some minor point. He was kind of stunned, and said he wasn't trying to make me look bad, that he was really trying to score brownie points with me. We ended up laughing about it and I'm not threatened by him anymore. When he forgets and pins me down now, I just laugh and say, “Hey, that's another brownie point for you.” *brownie point: 윗사람의 신임 점수 |
1relieved → irritated
2uneasy → relieved
3calm → envious
4frightened → indifferent
정답 및 해설
필자의 심경은 “uneasy → relieved”(불안한 → 안도한)로 변한다.
처음에는 Charles가 자신을 “look stupid”(바보처럼 보이게) 만들까 봐 늘 화가 나 있었고 그 근본 감정이 “fear”였다고 고백한다. 그러나 대화 후 “I'm not threatened by him anymore”라고 하여 위협감에서 벗어나 마음이 놓였다.
- “relieved → irritated”: 불안에서 안도로 가는 실제 변화와 방향이 정반대다.
- “calm → envious”: 처음부터 화나고 두려웠으므로 평온하지 않았고, 질투로 끝나지도 않는다.
- “frightened → indifferent”: 처음의 두려움은 맞지만, 나중에는 웃으며 받아넘기는 것이지 무관심한 것이 아니다.
문제 16
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Amid the confusion and clutter of the natural environment, predators concentrate their search on telltale signs, ignoring everything else. There is a great benefit to this: When you specialize in searching for specific details, even cryptically colored prey can seem obvious. But there is also a cost to paying too close attention, since you can become blind to the alternatives. When a bird searches intently for caterpillars that look like twigs, it misses nearby moths that look like bark. The benefit of concealing coloration is not that it provides a solid guarantee of survival, but that it consistently yields a small advantage in the chance of living through each successive threatening encounter. At a minimum, even a tiny delay between the approach of a predator and its subsequent attack can help a prey animal escape. And at best, the prey will be completely overlooked. |
1Predators in Disguise
2Beauty of Concentration
3Camouflage: A Slight Edge
4Merits of Specialized Search
정답 및 해설
제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Camouflage: A Slight Edge”(위장: 작은 이점)이다.
포식자가 특정 단서에만 집중하면 다른 위장 먹잇감을 놓친다는 설명 뒤에, 은폐 색의 이점은 생존 보장이 아니라 “consistently yields a small advantage”(꾸준히 작은 이점을 준다)라는 것이 핵심이다.
- “Predators in Disguise”: 위장하는 쪽은 포식자가 아니라 먹잇감이다.
- “Beauty of Concentration”: 집중에는 대안을 보지 못하는 cost(대가)도 있다고 했으므로 집중의 아름다움이 주제가 아니다.
- “Merits of Specialized Search”: 특화된 탐색의 이점은 전반부의 일부일 뿐, 결론은 위장이 주는 이점이다.
문제 17
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
An ambiguous term is one which has more than a single meaning and whose context does not clearly indicate which meaning is intended. For instance, a sign posted at a fork in a trail which reads “Bear To The Right” can be understood in two ways. ( ① ) The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left. ( ② ) He was trying to warn hikers against taking the right trail because there is a bear in the area through which it passes. ( ③ ) The ranger’s language was therefore careless, and open to misinterpretation which could have serious consequences. ( ④ ) The only way to avoid ambiguity is to spell things out as explicitly as possible: “Keep left. Do not use trail to the right. Bears in the area.” |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left.” 바로 뒤에 들어가야 한다.
주어진 문장이 “But … just the opposite”(그러나 정반대를 의도했다고 하자)이므로 먼저 표지판의 더 그럴듯한 의미(오른쪽 길로 가라)가 나와야 한다. 이어지는 “He was trying to warn hikers…”의 He도 주어진 문장의 the ranger를 가리킨다.
- “…can be understood in two ways.” 뒤: 첫 번째 의미가 제시되기 전이라 무엇의 정반대인지 알 수 없다.
- “He was trying to warn hikers…” 뒤: He가 가리킬 레인저가 그보다 앞에 등장하지 않게 된다.
- “…which could have serious consequences.” 뒤: 이미 레인저의 부주의한 언어를 평가한 뒤라 흐름이 거꾸로 된다.
문제 18
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| River otters have webbed toes, short legs, and tapered tails. For this reason, the river otter has a streamlined body, which helps it to move through the water very easily. Sea otters are near-sighted largely because aquatic life is much more important to them than terrestrial life. As a result, the sea otter is not as well-equipped for terrestrial life as for aquatic life. |
1What Is Difference Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life?
2Are Otters Aquatic or Terrestrial Animals?
3Physical Characteristics of Sea Otters
4Otter: A Perfect Terrestrial Life
정답 및 해설
제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Are Otters Aquatic or Terrestrial Animals?”(수달은 수생 동물인가 육상 동물인가?)이다.
강수달의 물갈퀴·짧은 다리·유선형 몸이 물속 이동에 유리하고, 해달도 “not as well-equipped for terrestrial life as for aquatic life”(육상 생활보다 수중 생활에 더 적합)라고 하여, 글은 수달이 물과 육지 중 어디에 적응한 동물인가를 다룬다.
- “What Is Difference Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life?”: 수중·육상 생활 일반의 차이가 아니라 수달의 적응을 다룬다.
- “Physical Characteristics of Sea Otters”: 해달뿐 아니라 강수달도 다루며, 신체 특징 자체보다 수중 적응이 핵심이다.
- “Otter: A Perfect Terrestrial Life”: 수달은 육상보다 수중 생활에 더 적합하다고 했으므로 반대다.
문제 19
밑줄 친 it 이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는?
Black pepper is one of the most widely used spices in the world. At first, it was cultivated in India as a simple ingredient for cooking. However, ①it became a lot more important to some Europeans who also used it for keeping meat from going bad. Until the 15th century, some cities in Italy were the center for trading black pepper. As the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East grew stronger in the 16th century, however, ②it forced the European traders to pay them a high tax. This made black pepper so expensive that only a few rich people could afford ③it. In some parts of Europe, black pepper was even considered as valuable as gold. The great demand for ④it caused Europeans to search for new sea routes to India.
Black pepper is one of the most widely used spices in the world. At first, it was cultivated in India as a simple ingredient for cooking. However, ①it became a lot more important to some Europeans who also used it for keeping meat from going bad. Until the 15th century, some cities in Italy were the center for trading black pepper. As the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East grew stronger in the 16th century, however, ②it forced the European traders to pay them a high tax. This made black pepper so expensive that only a few rich people could afford ③it. In some parts of Europe, black pepper was even considered as valuable as gold. The great demand for ④it caused Europeans to search for new sea routes to India.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
가리키는 대상이 다른 것은 “it forced the European traders to pay them a high tax”의 it으로, 오스만 제국을 가리킨다.
유럽 상인에게 높은 세금을 물게 한 주체는 바로 앞 절의 the Ottoman Empire이고, 나머지 it은 모두 black pepper(후추)를 가리킨다.
- “it became a lot more important to some Europeans”: 요리 재료로 재배되던 후추가 고기 보존용으로 더 중요해졌다는 뜻이다.
- “only a few rich people could afford it”: 비싸진 후추를 소수 부자만 살 수 있었다는 뜻이다.
- “The great demand for it”: 후추에 대한 큰 수요가 인도로 가는 새 항로 탐색을 일으켰다는 뜻이다.
문제 20
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| In addition to the problems of individual resources, there are increasing links among energy, food, and water. As a result, problems in one area can spread to another, creating a (A) circle. For instance, Uganda experienced a prolonged drought in 2004 and 2005, threatening the food supply. The country was using so much water from massive Lake Victoria that the water level fell by a full meter, and Uganda cut back on hydroelectric power generation at the lake. Electricity prices nearly doubled, so Ugandans began to use more wood for fuel. People cut heavily into forests, which (B) the soil. The drought that began as a threat to food sources became an electricity problem and, eventually, an even more profound food problem. Cycles like these can end in political unrest and disasters for whole populations. |
1(A) vicious / (B) fertilized
2(A) virtuous / (B) deteriorated
3(A) destructive / (B) degraded
4(A) constructive / (B) undermined
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “(A) destructive / (B) degraded”가 들어간다.
가뭄이 전력 부족, 땔감 사용, 산림 벌채를 거쳐 더 심각한 식량 문제로 이어지므로 (A)는 악순환을 뜻하는 destructive(파괴적인) circle이 맞다. 숲을 마구 베어 낸 결과 토양이 degraded(황폐해졌다)이어야 식량 문제가 심화된다.
- “(A) vicious / (B) fertilized”: vicious circle(악순환)은 맞지만, 벌채가 토양을 비옥하게 했다는 것은 반대다.
- “(A) virtuous / (B) deteriorated”: (B)는 맞지만 virtuous circle(선순환)은 반대 의미다.
- “(A) constructive / (B) undermined”: (B)는 가능하나 건설적인(constructive) 순환은 반대 의미다.
문제 21
다음 도표의 내용과 일치하는 문장은?
This graph compares the percentages of male and female students in OECD countries who achieved various levels of reading proficiency at age 15. ①The percentage of girls is more than three times the percentage of boys at Below Level 1b. ②The percentage of girls is more than twice the percentage of boys at Level 5. ③The difference between the percentages of boys and girls is smallest at Level 4 and greatest at Level 6. ④The percentage of girls is always higher than that of boys at Level 3 and above, whereas the percentage of boys is higher than that of girls at Level 2 and below.
This graph compares the percentages of male and female students in OECD countries who achieved various levels of reading proficiency at age 15. ①The percentage of girls is more than three times the percentage of boys at Below Level 1b. ②The percentage of girls is more than twice the percentage of boys at Level 5. ③The difference between the percentages of boys and girls is smallest at Level 4 and greatest at Level 6. ④The percentage of girls is always higher than that of boys at Level 3 and above, whereas the percentage of boys is higher than that of girls at Level 2 and below.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
도표와 일치하는 문장은 "The percentage of girls is always higher than that of boys at Level 3 and above, whereas the percentage of boys is higher than that of girls at Level 2 and below"(Level 3 이상에서는 항상 여학생 비율이, Level 2 이하에서는 남학생 비율이 더 높다)이다.
Level 3·4·5·6 에서 여학생(30.9, 24.7, 8.8, 1.2%)이 남학생(27.0, 16.8, 4.8, 0.5%)보다 높고, Level 2·1a·1b·Below Level 1b 에서는 남학생(26.0, 16.6, 6.6, 1.8%)이 여학생(21.9, 9.5, 2.6, 0.5%)보다 높다.
- "more than three times the percentage of boys at Below Level 1b"(Below Level 1b 에서 여학생이 남학생의 3배 이상) — 여학생 0.5%, 남학생 1.8%로 오히려 남학생이 더 높다.
- "more than twice the percentage of boys at Level 5"(Level 5 에서 여학생이 남학생의 2배 이상) — 여학생 8.8%는 남학생 4.8%의 2배(9.6%)에 못 미친다.
- "smallest at Level 4 and greatest at Level 6"(차이가 Level 4 에서 가장 작고 Level 6 에서 가장 크다) — 실제 차이는 Level 6 에서 가장 작고(0.7%p) Level 4 에서 가장 크다(7.9%p). 반대로 서술했다.
문제 22
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Béla Bartók's Duos for Two Violins is characterized by dissonance. By employing dissonance in this work, Bartók tries to reveal the rich diversity of sounds. However, dissonance is a relative concept, and it needs to be understood in relation to consonance. Further, the dissonance prevalent in this work does not express disorder. Rather, it tries to evoke subtle harmony among individual sounds. This is mainly because dissonance can be perceived as an expression of harmonious individuality. |
1ways of revealing diversity of sounds
2role of consonance in violin performance
3importance of harmony in Duos for Two Violins
4true meaning of dissonance in Béla Bartók's work
정답 및 해설
주제로 가장 적절한 것은 “true meaning of dissonance in Béla Bartók's work”(바르톡 작품에서 불협화음의 진정한 의미)이다.
글은 이 작품의 불협화음이 “does not express disorder”(무질서를 표현하지 않는다)이며 오히려 “subtle harmony among individual sounds”(개별 소리 사이의 미묘한 조화)를 불러일으킨다고 하여 불협화음의 참뜻을 밝힌다.
- “ways of revealing diversity of sounds”: 소리의 다양성은 불협화음의 목적으로 잠깐 언급될 뿐, 그 방법들을 다루지 않는다.
- “role of consonance in violin performance”: 협화음은 불협화음을 이해하기 위한 상대 개념으로만 나온다.
- “importance of harmony in Duos for Two Violins”: 조화는 불협화음이 불러일으키는 결과로 언급될 뿐, 중심 소재는 불협화음이다.
문제 23
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
These dull characters created by Charles Schulz attracted neither cartoon critics nor the people at Walt Disney, who didn't want to buy Peanuts. They said the characters did not inspire people to dream or encourage them to hope. ( ① ) Even after it became popular in many newspapers, critics still thought the comic strip would fail, criticizing it for having uninteresting characters. ( ② ) Some people said that Snoopy, the dog, should be taken out. ( ③ ) He even kept Snoopy, who is now one of the most loved cartoon characters of all time. ( ④ ) |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “Some people said that Snoopy, the dog, should be taken out.” 바로 뒤에 들어가야 한다.
비평가들의 혹평과 스누피를 빼라는 요구가 이어진 뒤, Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고) 슐츠가 작품을 바꾸지 않았다는 역접이 와야 한다. 다음 문장 “He even kept Snoopy”도 ‘바꾸지 않았고 심지어 스누피도 지켰다’로 이어진다.
- “They said the characters did not inspire people…” 뒤: 이후 “Even after it became popular…”로 비판이 계속되므로 여기서 역접으로 끊을 수 없다.
- “…criticizing it for having uninteresting characters.” 뒤: 스누피를 빼라는 요구가 그 사이에 끼어 “He even kept Snoopy”와의 연결이 끊긴다.
- “He even kept Snoopy…” 뒤: ‘심지어 스누피도 지켰다’가 ‘바꾸지 않았다’보다 먼저 나와 순서가 어긋난다.
문제 24
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳은 것은?
Most of the time journalism cannot possibly offer anything but a fleeting record of events ①compiling in great haste. Many news stories are, at bottom, hypotheses about what happened. Science, of course, works by hypotheses, discarding them when errors are discovered, and it does so, on the whole, without blame, even when a mistake costs lives. The press, ②that lays no claim to scientific accuracy, is not easily forgiven its errors. Admittedly, the press often rushes into print with insufficient information, responding to an occasionally mindless hunger for news. A utopian society might demand that the press ③print nothing until it had reached absolute certainty. But such a society, while waiting for some ultimate version of events, would be so rife with rumor, alarm, and lies ④which the errors of our journalism would by comparison seem models of truth.
Most of the time journalism cannot possibly offer anything but a fleeting record of events ①compiling in great haste. Many news stories are, at bottom, hypotheses about what happened. Science, of course, works by hypotheses, discarding them when errors are discovered, and it does so, on the whole, without blame, even when a mistake costs lives. The press, ②that lays no claim to scientific accuracy, is not easily forgiven its errors. Admittedly, the press often rushes into print with insufficient information, responding to an occasionally mindless hunger for news. A utopian society might demand that the press ③print nothing until it had reached absolute certainty. But such a society, while waiting for some ultimate version of events, would be so rife with rumor, alarm, and lies ④which the errors of our journalism would by comparison seem models of truth.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 옳은 것은 “print”이다. 요구 동사 demand 뒤 that절에는 당위의 should가 생략된 동사원형을 쓴다.
“A utopian society might demand that the press (should) print nothing…”이므로 주어 the press가 단수라도 prints가 아닌 print가 맞다.
- “compiling”: 사건 기록은 서둘러 편집되는 대상이므로 수동의 과거분사 compiled가 되어야 한다.
- “that”: 콤마 뒤 계속적 용법에는 관계대명사 that을 쓸 수 없으므로 which가 되어야 한다.
- “which”: so rife with … that ~(너무 ~해서 …하다)의 so ~ that 구문이므로 that이 되어야 한다.
문제 25
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Children often invent novel ways to express desired meanings. In her 1995 article, linguist Clark cited such examples as a 24-month-old saying, “There comes the rat-man” and a 25-month-old saying, “Mommy just fixed this spear-page.” The “rat-man” was a colleague of her father’s who worked with rats in a psychology laboratory; the “spear-page” was a torn picture of a jungle tribe holding spears that her mother had taped together. Clark also cited the example of a 28-month-old saying, “You’re the sworder and I’m the gunner.” As these examples suggest, children’s innovative uses of language are . They reflect rules for forming new words, such as combining words or other components that are meaningful in their own right and that, when put together, have an unambiguous meaning. Such linguistic creativity allows children to express meanings that are well beyond what their limited vocabularies would otherwise allow. |
1impromptu
2quite arbitrary
3far from random
4results from endless drills
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “far from random”(결코 무작위적이지 않은)이 들어간다.
빈칸 뒤 “They reflect rules for forming new words”(새 단어를 만드는 규칙을 반영한다)에서, rat-man·spear-page·sworder 같은 아이들의 신조어는 의미 있는 요소를 결합해 분명한 의미를 만드는 규칙적인 것임을 알 수 있다.
- “impromptu”(즉흥적인): 규칙을 반영한다는 뒤 문장과 맞지 않는다.
- “quite arbitrary”(꽤 임의적인): 규칙성과 정반대다.
- “results from endless drills”(끝없는 반복 훈련의 결과): 아이들이 스스로 만들어 낸 창의적 표현이라는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
17년 1회차
문제 1
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
All living things share basic characteristics. These common threads can be explained by descent from a common ancestor. Many kinds of evidence suggest that life began with ①single cells and that the present rainbow of organisms evolved from this common origin over hundreds of millions of years. In other words, the process of ②evolution explains the unity we observe in living things. The other striking thing about life on earth is its diversity. The same coral reef contains a multitude of animal species. Yet, each body type suits a ③particular lifestyle. The process of evolution, which involves changes in the genetic material and then physical modifications suited to different environments, explains the ④unity we observe in living things.
All living things share basic characteristics. These common threads can be explained by descent from a common ancestor. Many kinds of evidence suggest that life began with ①single cells and that the present rainbow of organisms evolved from this common origin over hundreds of millions of years. In other words, the process of ②evolution explains the unity we observe in living things. The other striking thing about life on earth is its diversity. The same coral reef contains a multitude of animal species. Yet, each body type suits a ③particular lifestyle. The process of evolution, which involves changes in the genetic material and then physical modifications suited to different environments, explains the ④unity we observe in living things.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 마지막 문장의 “unity”로, “diversity”(다양성)가 되어야 한다.
앞 문장 “The other striking thing about life on earth is its diversity”에서 화제가 다양성으로 바뀌었고, “physical modifications suited to different environments”(서로 다른 환경에 맞는 신체 변화)가 설명하는 것은 통일성이 아니라 다양성이다.
- “single” cells: 생명이 단세포에서 시작해 공통 기원에서 진화했다는 설명에 맞다.
- “evolution”: 공통 조상에서의 진화가 생물의 통일성을 설명한다는 앞부분 흐름에 맞다.
- “particular” lifestyle: 각 신체 형태가 특정한 생활 방식에 맞는다는 다양성 설명으로 적절하다.
문제 2
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| A biology teacher cannot teach proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins, without having understood the basics of organic chemistry. The teacher while teaching the use of a thermometer can discuss various scales of measuring temperature. If he or she says that the body temperature of a healthy human being is 37℃ and a student wants to know the temperature in Kelvin or Fahrenheit, then the teacher can satisfy the student only if he or she knows the process of converting one scale of temperature to another. In the same way, a chemistry teacher when teaching proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and fats, etc. should have some understanding of the human digestive system to be able to explain these concepts effectively by relating the topic to the life experiences of the learners. Thus, all branches of science . |
1cannot be taught and learned in isolation
2converge on knowledge of organic chemistry
3are interrelated with each learner's experiences
4should be acquired with the basics of chemistry
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “cannot be taught and learned in isolation”(따로 떼어 가르치고 배울 수 없다)이 들어간다.
생물 교사는 유기화학을, 온도계를 가르치는 교사는 온도 단위 환산을, 화학 교사는 인체 소화계를 알아야 한다는 예시가 이어지므로, “Thus”의 결론은 과학의 모든 분야가 서로 연결되어 있다는 내용이어야 한다.
- “converge on knowledge of organic chemistry”: 유기화학은 여러 예시 중 하나일 뿐, 모든 분야가 유기화학으로 수렴한다는 내용은 없다.
- “are interrelated with each learner's experiences”: 학습자의 경험은 화학 교사 예시의 일부일 뿐 글 전체의 결론이 아니다.
- “should be acquired with the basics of chemistry”: 온도 환산처럼 화학과 무관한 연계도 제시되므로 화학 기초로 한정할 수 없다.
문제 3
다음 글에서 밑줄 친 표현의 쓰임이 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은?
Left alone, Dodge quickly ①lay down on the burnt soil. As the flames approached him, he covered his mouth with a wet handkerchief in order not to ②breathe in the smoke. As the fire surrounded him, Dodge closed his eyes and tried to breathe from the ③thick layer of oxygen that remained near the ground. Several painful minutes passed, and Dodge survived the fire, unharmed. Sadly, with the ④exception of two men who found shelter in a small crack in a rock, all of the other men died in the awful fire.
Left alone, Dodge quickly ①lay down on the burnt soil. As the flames approached him, he covered his mouth with a wet handkerchief in order not to ②breathe in the smoke. As the fire surrounded him, Dodge closed his eyes and tried to breathe from the ③thick layer of oxygen that remained near the ground. Several painful minutes passed, and Dodge survived the fire, unharmed. Sadly, with the ④exception of two men who found shelter in a small crack in a rock, all of the other men died in the awful fire.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 표현은 “thick”으로, “thin”(얇은)이 되어야 한다.
불길이 주변 산소를 태우는 상황에서 지면 가까이에 “remained”(남아 있던) 산소는 얇은 층일 수밖에 없고, 그래서 Dodge는 땅에 엎드려 그 산소로 숨을 쉬려 한 것이다.
- “lay down”: 혼자 남은 Dodge가 불탄 땅에 엎드렸다는 뜻(lie의 과거형)으로 적절하다.
- “breathe in”: 젖은 손수건으로 입을 막아 연기를 들이마시지 않으려 했다는 흐름에 맞다.
- “exception”: 바위 틈에 피신한 두 사람을 제외하고 나머지가 모두 죽었다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
문제 4
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life— breeding, feeding, migration—is affected. Some birds—blackbirds and nightingales, among others—sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. ( ① ) Scientists have determined that long artificial days—and artificially short nights—induce early breeding in a wide range of birds. ( ② ) And because a longer day allows for longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules. ( ③ ) The problem with them is that migration, like most other aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior. ( ④ ) Leaving early may mean arriving too soon for nesting conditions to be right. |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “…it can also affect migration schedules.” 바로 뒤, “The problem with them is…” 앞에 들어가야 한다.
낮이 길어지면 먹이 활동이 늘어 이동 시기에 영향을 준다는 일반 진술 다음에, 영국의 Berwick's swans가 지방을 빨리 축적해 시베리아 이동을 일찍 준비했다는 구체적 사례가 와야 한다. 이어지는 “them”은 이 백조들을 가리키고, 마지막 “Leaving early”(일찍 떠나는 것)도 이 사례와 연결된다.
- “…sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light.” 뒤: 아직 번식·먹이·이동이 언급되기 전이라 이동 사례가 올 수 없다.
- “…induce early breeding in a wide range of birds.” 뒤: 번식에 관한 진술 뒤이며, 먹이와 이동 이야기는 다음 문장에서야 시작된다.
- “…a precisely timed biological behavior.” 뒤: 앞 문장의 “them”이 가리킬 대상이 없어지고 문제 제기의 흐름이 끊긴다.
문제 5
(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
Once we emerge from childhood, eye contact actually becomes a very unreliable clue to deception. Why? The answer is that eye contact is very easy to control. Much of what happens to us when we feel nervous, such as getting sweaty hands or feeling dry in the mouth, (A)
|
(A) (B) (C)
1is … which … equate
2being … which … equating
3is … what … equate
4being … what … equating
정답 및 해설
어법에 맞는 조합은 “is … what … equate”이다.
(A) 주어 “Much of what happens to us”의 본동사 자리이므로 주어-동사 수일치에 따라 단수 동사 is가 필요하다(such as 이하는 삽입된 수식어).
(B) 전치사 over의 목적어이면서 looking at의 목적어가 빠진 절을 이끌므로 선행사를 포함한 관계대명사 what이 맞다.
(C) know의 목적절에서 주어 people 뒤의 본동사 자리이므로 equate가 맞다.
- “being”: 분사·동명사로는 문장의 본동사 역할을 할 수 없다.
- “which”: 앞에 선행사가 없으므로 관계대명사 which를 쓸 수 없고, 선행사를 포함하는 what이 필요하다.
- “equating”: 목적절의 주어 people에 대한 본동사가 없어진다.
문제 6
다음 갈등해결을 위한 조언으로 빈칸 (A)~(D)에 적절하지 않은 것은?
| Tips for Conflict Resolution (A) Maintaining and strengthening the relationship, rather than “winning” the argument, should always be your first priority. Be respectful of the other person and his or her viewpoint. (B) If you’re holding on to old hurts and resentments, your ability to see the reality of the current situation will be impaired. Rather than looking to the past and assigning blame, focus on what you can do right now to solve the problem. (C) Conflicts can be draining, so it’s important to consider whether the issue is really worthy of your time and energy. Maybe you don't want to yield a parking space if you’ve been circling for 15 minutes. But if there are dozens of spots, arguing over a single space isn’t worth it. (D) If you can’t come to an agreement, agree to disagree. It takes two people to keep an argument going. If a conflict is going nowhere, you can choose to move on. |
1(A) Make the relationship your priority.
2(B) Focus on the present.
3(C) Weigh your words before speaking.
4(D) Know when to let something go.
정답 및 해설
적절하지 않은 것은 “(C) Weigh your words before speaking.”(말하기 전에 말을 신중히 하라)이다.
(C) 단락은 갈등이 “draining”(진을 빼는)하므로 그 문제가 “worthy of your time and energy”(시간과 에너지를 쏟을 가치가 있는지) 따져 보라는 내용이다. 주차 공간 예시도 싸울 가치가 있는 일인지 가려라는 조언이며, 말을 신중히 고르라는 내용은 없다.
- “(A) Make the relationship your priority.”: 논쟁에서 이기는 것보다 관계 유지를 최우선으로 하라는 단락 내용과 맞다.
- “(B) Focus on the present.”: 과거의 상처를 붙들지 말고 지금 할 수 있는 일에 집중하라는 내용과 맞다.
- “(D) Know when to let something go.”: 합의가 안 되면 “agree to disagree”하고 넘어가라는 내용과 맞다.
문제 7
다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| By "scarcity," most of us mean that goods are in short supply: there isn't enough of something to go around. While there often is no clear-cut understanding of what constitutes "enough," the simple fact is that there is more than sufficient food to sustain everyone on the planet. The same is true of land and renewable energy. The important question, then, is why the staples of life are so unequally distributed ― why, for example, the United States, with a little more than 5 percent of the world's population, uses approximately 40 percent of the world's resources. What appears to be a problem of scarcity usually turns out, on closer inspection, to be a problem of distribution. But mainstream economists : they talk only about whether a given system is productive or efficient, and it is up to us to ask, "For whom?" |
1avert their eyes from this problem
2pay attention to reducing inequality
3cling to solving distributional issues
4have no interest in improving efficiency
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “avert their eyes from this problem”(이 문제에서 눈을 돌린다)이 들어간다.
글은 희소성처럼 보이는 문제가 실은 분배의 문제라고 주장한다. “But” 뒤 콜론 이하에서 주류 경제학자들은 생산성·효율성만 이야기하고 “For whom?”을 묻는 일은 우리 몫이라 했으므로, 그들이 분배 문제를 외면한다는 내용이 와야 한다.
- “pay attention to reducing inequality”: 불평등 해소에 주목한다면 “For whom?”을 우리가 따로 물을 이유가 없다.
- “cling to solving distributional issues”: 분배 문제에 매달린다는 것은 콜론 이하 내용과 정반대다.
- “have no interest in improving efficiency”: 그들은 오히려 효율성만 이야기한다고 했다.
문제 8
다음 글의 내용을 요약할 때 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Injuries sometimes occur when people do not take adequate carefulness with everyday activities. Although some such injuries occur because of pure carelessness or misfortune, others happen because the person did not want others to perceive him or her as too careful. For example, many people seem to avoid wearing seat belts in automobiles, helmets on bicycles and motorcycles, and life preservers in boats because such devices convey an impression of excessive carefulness. In addition, many people seem reluctant to wear protective gear (e.g., safety goggles, gloves, and helmets) when operating power tools or dangerous machinery because they will be viewed as nervous or extremely careful. This concern emerges at a young age; anecdotally, children as young as 6 or 7 years old are sometimes unwilling to wear knee pads and helmets when rollerskating because of what other children will think of them. ⇩
|
1(A) vigilance / (B) overcautious
2(A) inattention / (B) intimidated
3(A) prudence / (B) audacious
4(A) heedlessness / (B) vulnerable
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “(A) vigilance / (B) overcautious”가 들어간다.
부상은 일상 활동에서 충분한 주의를 기울이지 않을 때 생기므로 (A)는 “vigilance”(경계, 주의)가 부족하다는 뜻이다. 또 사람들은 안전벨트·헬멧이 “excessive carefulness”(지나친 조심성)로 비칠까 봐 꺼리므로 (B)는 “overcautious”(지나치게 조심하는)가 맞다.
- “(A) inattention / (B) intimidated”: 부주의가 부족하다는 것은 반대 의미이고, 겁먹은(intimidated)은 글의 ‘지나친 조심성’과 다르다.
- “(A) prudence / (B) audacious”: 신중함은 (A)에 가능하지만, 대담한(audacious) 사람으로 보이기를 피한다는 것은 글과 반대다.
- “(A) heedlessness / (B) vulnerable”: 경솔함이 부족하다는 것은 반대 의미이고, 취약한(vulnerable)도 글의 ‘지나친 조심성’과 다르다.
문제 9
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Performing from memory is often seen ①to have the effect of boosting musicality and musical communication. It is commonly argued that the very act of memorizing can guarantee a more thorough knowledge of and intimate connection with the music. In addition, memorization can enable use of direct eye contact with an audience ②who is more convincing than reference to the score. Those who "possess" the music in this way often convey the impression that they are spontaneously and sincerely communicating from the heart, and indeed, contemporary evidence suggests that musicians who achieve this ③are likely to find their audiences more responsive. Moreover, when performers receive and react to visual feedback from the audience, a performance can become truly interactive, ④involving genuine communication between all concerned.
Performing from memory is often seen ①to have the effect of boosting musicality and musical communication. It is commonly argued that the very act of memorizing can guarantee a more thorough knowledge of and intimate connection with the music. In addition, memorization can enable use of direct eye contact with an audience ②who is more convincing than reference to the score. Those who "possess" the music in this way often convey the impression that they are spontaneously and sincerely communicating from the heart, and indeed, contemporary evidence suggests that musicians who achieve this ③are likely to find their audiences more responsive. Moreover, when performers receive and react to visual feedback from the audience, a performance can become truly interactive, ④involving genuine communication between all concerned.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 적절하지 않은 것은 “who”로, “which”(또는 that)가 되어야 한다.
관계절 “is more convincing than reference to the score”(악보를 참조하는 것보다 더 설득력이 있다)의 선행사는 바로 앞 an audience가 아니라 direct eye contact이다. 사물 선행사이므로 관계대명사 who 대신 which를 써야 한다.
- “to have”: be seen to have(~하는 것으로 여겨지다) 구조로 적절하다.
- “are”: 주어 musicians(복수)에 수일치한 동사이며, who achieve this는 수식어다.
- “involving”: 주절 뒤에서 앞 내용을 부연하는 분사구문으로, 공연이 진정한 소통을 수반하므로 능동형이 맞다.
문제 10
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Even though people seek both social status and affluence, their primary goal is to attain social status. A case can be made, in particular, that their pursuit of affluence is instrumental: they pursue it not for its own sake but because ①increased affluence will enhance their social standing. Why, after all, do they want the clothes, the car, and the house they long for? In large part because ②attaining these things will impress other people. Indeed, if there were no one around to impress, few would feel driven to live a life of ③frugality, even if they could gain that without having to work for it. Likewise, if wealthy individuals found themselves living in a culture in which people ④despised rather than admired those who live in luxury, one imagines that they would abandon their mansion and late-model car in favor of a modest home with an old car parked in the driveway.
Even though people seek both social status and affluence, their primary goal is to attain social status. A case can be made, in particular, that their pursuit of affluence is instrumental: they pursue it not for its own sake but because ①increased affluence will enhance their social standing. Why, after all, do they want the clothes, the car, and the house they long for? In large part because ②attaining these things will impress other people. Indeed, if there were no one around to impress, few would feel driven to live a life of ③frugality, even if they could gain that without having to work for it. Likewise, if wealthy individuals found themselves living in a culture in which people ④despised rather than admired those who live in luxury, one imagines that they would abandon their mansion and late-model car in favor of a modest home with an old car parked in the driveway.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “frugality”(검소함)로, “luxury”(사치)가 되어야 한다.
사람들이 부를 추구하는 것은 남에게 깊은 인상을 주기 위해서라는 논지이므로, 감명시킬 사람이 없다면 일하지 않고 얻을 수 있더라도 사치스러운 삶을 살려는 동기를 느끼지 않을 것이라는 흐름이어야 한다.
- “increased”: 늘어난 부가 사회적 지위를 높인다는 도구적 추구 설명에 맞다.
- “attaining”: 옷·차·집을 얻는 것이 남에게 인상을 준다는 뜻으로 적절하다.
- “despised”: rather than admired와 대조되어, 사치를 경멸하는 문화라면 부자들이 저택을 버릴 것이라는 흐름에 맞다.
문제 11
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
It is generally believed that primates first appeared on Earth approximately 80 million years ago. Unlike reptiles, they were very sociable animals, creating a large community. ①One of the many ways in which the primates built a network of social support was grooming. ②In most cases, primates have visible folds that they would not have if they had, even lightly, groomed the area. ③For instance, apes spent a large amount of time grooming each other. ④Interestingly, in the case of Barbary macaques, the giving of grooming resulted in more stress relief than the receiving of grooming.
It is generally believed that primates first appeared on Earth approximately 80 million years ago. Unlike reptiles, they were very sociable animals, creating a large community. ①One of the many ways in which the primates built a network of social support was grooming. ②In most cases, primates have visible folds that they would not have if they had, even lightly, groomed the area. ③For instance, apes spent a large amount of time grooming each other. ④Interestingly, in the case of Barbary macaques, the giving of grooming resulted in more stress relief than the receiving of grooming.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “In most cases, primates have visible folds…”로 시작하는 문장이다.
글은 영장류가 사회적 지지망을 만드는 방법인 털 고르기(grooming)를 다루는데, 이 문장은 털을 다듬지 않은 부위에 보이는 주름이라는 외형 이야기로 흐름에서 벗어난다.
- “One of the many ways … was grooming.”: 사회적 지지망 구축 방법으로 털 고르기를 제시하는 화제문이다.
- “For instance, apes spent a large amount of time grooming each other.”: 털 고르기의 예시로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
- “Interestingly, in the case of Barbary macaques…”: 털 고르기를 해 주는 쪽의 스트레스 해소 효과를 덧붙여 흐름에 맞다.
문제 12
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Most people agree that Plato was a pretty good teacher. He frequently used stories to teach people how to think. One story Plato used to teach about the limitations of democracy was about a ship in the middle of the ocean. On this ship was a captain who was rather shortsighted and slightly deaf. ①He and his crew followed the principles of majority rule on decisions about navigational direction. ②They had a very skilled navigator who knew how to read the stars on voyages, but the navigator was not very popular and was rather introverted. ③As you know, it's not easy to communicate with introverted people, in particular, on the ship. ④In the panic of being lost, the captain and crew made a decision by voting to follow the most charismatic and persuasive of the crew members. They ignored and ridiculed the navigator's suggestions, remained lost, and ultimately starved to death at sea.
Most people agree that Plato was a pretty good teacher. He frequently used stories to teach people how to think. One story Plato used to teach about the limitations of democracy was about a ship in the middle of the ocean. On this ship was a captain who was rather shortsighted and slightly deaf. ①He and his crew followed the principles of majority rule on decisions about navigational direction. ②They had a very skilled navigator who knew how to read the stars on voyages, but the navigator was not very popular and was rather introverted. ③As you know, it's not easy to communicate with introverted people, in particular, on the ship. ④In the panic of being lost, the captain and crew made a decision by voting to follow the most charismatic and persuasive of the crew members. They ignored and ridiculed the navigator's suggestions, remained lost, and ultimately starved to death at sea.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “As you know, it's not easy to communicate with introverted people…”이다.
글은 플라톤이 민주주의의 한계를 가르치려고 든 배 이야기로, 다수결로 인기 있는 선원을 따르다 유능한 항해사를 무시해 굶어 죽는 줄거리다. 내향적인 사람과 소통하기 어렵다는 일반론은 이 줄거리와 무관하다.
- “He and his crew followed the principles of majority rule…”: 다수결 원칙을 소개해 민주주의의 한계라는 주제와 연결된다.
- “They had a very skilled navigator…”: 유능하지만 인기 없는 항해사를 소개해 결말의 복선이 된다.
- “In the panic of being lost, … by voting…”: 투표로 카리스마 있는 선원을 따랐다는 핵심 사건이다.
문제 13
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B)
| Before the creation of money, people used to exchange something they had for something they needed. This system of exchange is called bartering. People traded things like animal furs, shells, beads for necklaces, and cloth. Later, people realized that some items were easier to trade than others, and those items became more common in bartering. (A) , people could trade gold for almost any other item because most people knew that it was valuable and that they could easily trade it again if they needed to. After some time, certain goods became the standard goods of exchange, and everyone began to trade with the same items. Eventually, the standard goods became money - one common unit of trade most people accepted and used in business and for their daily lives. (B) , some people still use the barter system today, especially in developing countries, where people exchange different kinds of food in order to survive. |
(A) (B)
1Furthermore - For instance
2In other words - Besides
3In contrast - However
4For example - Nevertheless
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “For example - Nevertheless”가 들어간다.
(A) 앞에서 일부 물건이 다른 것보다 거래하기 쉬웠다고 했고 뒤에서 금이 그 구체적 사례로 나오므로 예시의 For example이 맞다. (B) 앞은 표준 상품이 결국 화폐가 되었다는 내용, 뒤는 오늘날에도 물물교환을 쓴다는 상반된 내용이므로 Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고)가 맞다.
- “Furthermore - For instance”: 금은 추가 정보가 아니라 예시이고, 물물교환이 남아 있다는 것은 화폐의 예가 아니다.
- “In other words - Besides”: 금 이야기는 앞 문장의 재진술이 아니며, (B)는 첨가가 아니라 대조다.
- “In contrast - However”: (B)의 However는 가능하지만, (A)의 금은 앞 내용과 대조되지 않는다.
문제 14
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B)
| Many people find it difficult to relate to someone who has a physical disability, often because they have not had any personal interaction with anyone with a disability. (A) , they might be unsure what to expect from a person who has a mobility impairment and uses a wheelchair because they have never spent any time with wheelchair users. This lack of understanding can create additional challenges for people with disabilities. If society responded more adequately to people who have impairments, they would not experience nearly as many challenges and limitations. Consider office workers who happen to use wheelchairs. Provided that there is only one level or there are ramps or elevators between levels, they may need no assistance whatsoever in the workplace. (B) , in an adapted work environment, they do not have a disability. |
(A) (B)
1However --- Thus
2In contrast --- Similarly
3Furthermore --- In addition
4For example --- In other words
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “For example --- In other words”가 들어간다.
(A) 앞은 장애인과 교류해 본 적이 없어 관계 맺기 어렵다는 일반 진술, 뒤는 휠체어 사용자에게 무엇을 기대할지 모른다는 구체적 사례이므로 For example이 맞다. (B) 앞은 경사로·엘리베이터가 있으면 도움이 전혀 필요 없다는 내용, 뒤는 적응된 환경에서는 장애가 없는 것이라는 재진술이므로 In other words(다시 말해)가 맞다.
- “However --- Thus”: (A) 앞뒤는 대조가 아니라 일반-예시 관계다.
- “In contrast --- Similarly”: (A)는 대조가 아니고, (B)도 유사한 다른 사례가 아니라 같은 내용의 재진술이다.
- “Furthermore --- In addition”: 두 빈칸 모두 첨가 관계가 아니다.
문제 15
다음 글에 나타난 필자의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
| I was always mad at Charles even though I couldn't ever put my finger on exactly what he was doing to make me angry. Charles was just one of those people who rubbed me the wrong way. Yet, I was constantly upset. When we began looking at anger in this class, I thought, "What's my primary feeling about Charles?" I almost hate to admit what I found out because it makes me look like I'm a lot more insecure than I feel I really am, but my primary feeling was fear. I was afraid that Charles with his brilliance and sharp tongue was going to make me look stupid in front of the other students. Last week I asked him to stay after class and I just told him how threatened I get when he pins me down on some minor point. He was kind of stunned, and said he wasn't trying to make me look bad, that he was really trying to score brownie points with me. We ended up laughing about it and I'm not threatened by him anymore. When he forgets and pins me down now, I just laugh and say, “Hey, that's another brownie point for you.” *brownie point: 윗사람의 신임 점수 |
1relieved → irritated
2uneasy → relieved
3calm → envious
4frightened → indifferent
정답 및 해설
필자의 심경은 “uneasy → relieved”(불안한 → 안도한)로 변한다.
처음에는 Charles가 자신을 “look stupid”(바보처럼 보이게) 만들까 봐 늘 화가 나 있었고 그 근본 감정이 “fear”였다고 고백한다. 그러나 대화 후 “I'm not threatened by him anymore”라고 하여 위협감에서 벗어나 마음이 놓였다.
- “relieved → irritated”: 불안에서 안도로 가는 실제 변화와 방향이 정반대다.
- “calm → envious”: 처음부터 화나고 두려웠으므로 평온하지 않았고, 질투로 끝나지도 않는다.
- “frightened → indifferent”: 처음의 두려움은 맞지만, 나중에는 웃으며 받아넘기는 것이지 무관심한 것이 아니다.
문제 16
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Amid the confusion and clutter of the natural environment, predators concentrate their search on telltale signs, ignoring everything else. There is a great benefit to this: When you specialize in searching for specific details, even cryptically colored prey can seem obvious. But there is also a cost to paying too close attention, since you can become blind to the alternatives. When a bird searches intently for caterpillars that look like twigs, it misses nearby moths that look like bark. The benefit of concealing coloration is not that it provides a solid guarantee of survival, but that it consistently yields a small advantage in the chance of living through each successive threatening encounter. At a minimum, even a tiny delay between the approach of a predator and its subsequent attack can help a prey animal escape. And at best, the prey will be completely overlooked. |
1Predators in Disguise
2Beauty of Concentration
3Camouflage: A Slight Edge
4Merits of Specialized Search
정답 및 해설
제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Camouflage: A Slight Edge”(위장: 작은 이점)이다.
포식자가 특정 단서에만 집중하면 다른 위장 먹잇감을 놓친다는 설명 뒤에, 은폐 색의 이점은 생존 보장이 아니라 “consistently yields a small advantage”(꾸준히 작은 이점을 준다)라는 것이 핵심이다.
- “Predators in Disguise”: 위장하는 쪽은 포식자가 아니라 먹잇감이다.
- “Beauty of Concentration”: 집중에는 대안을 보지 못하는 cost(대가)도 있다고 했으므로 집중의 아름다움이 주제가 아니다.
- “Merits of Specialized Search”: 특화된 탐색의 이점은 전반부의 일부일 뿐, 결론은 위장이 주는 이점이다.
문제 17
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
An ambiguous term is one which has more than a single meaning and whose context does not clearly indicate which meaning is intended. For instance, a sign posted at a fork in a trail which reads “Bear To The Right” can be understood in two ways. ( ① ) The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left. ( ② ) He was trying to warn hikers against taking the right trail because there is a bear in the area through which it passes. ( ③ ) The ranger’s language was therefore careless, and open to misinterpretation which could have serious consequences. ( ④ ) The only way to avoid ambiguity is to spell things out as explicitly as possible: “Keep left. Do not use trail to the right. Bears in the area.” |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left.” 바로 뒤에 들어가야 한다.
주어진 문장이 “But … just the opposite”(그러나 정반대를 의도했다고 하자)이므로 먼저 표지판의 더 그럴듯한 의미(오른쪽 길로 가라)가 나와야 한다. 이어지는 “He was trying to warn hikers…”의 He도 주어진 문장의 the ranger를 가리킨다.
- “…can be understood in two ways.” 뒤: 첫 번째 의미가 제시되기 전이라 무엇의 정반대인지 알 수 없다.
- “He was trying to warn hikers…” 뒤: He가 가리킬 레인저가 그보다 앞에 등장하지 않게 된다.
- “…which could have serious consequences.” 뒤: 이미 레인저의 부주의한 언어를 평가한 뒤라 흐름이 거꾸로 된다.
문제 18
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| River otters have webbed toes, short legs, and tapered tails. For this reason, the river otter has a streamlined body, which helps it to move through the water very easily. Sea otters are near-sighted largely because aquatic life is much more important to them than terrestrial life. As a result, the sea otter is not as well-equipped for terrestrial life as for aquatic life. |
1What Is Difference Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life?
2Are Otters Aquatic or Terrestrial Animals?
3Physical Characteristics of Sea Otters
4Otter: A Perfect Terrestrial Life
정답 및 해설
제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 “Are Otters Aquatic or Terrestrial Animals?”(수달은 수생 동물인가 육상 동물인가?)이다.
강수달의 물갈퀴·짧은 다리·유선형 몸이 물속 이동에 유리하고, 해달도 “not as well-equipped for terrestrial life as for aquatic life”(육상 생활보다 수중 생활에 더 적합)라고 하여, 글은 수달이 물과 육지 중 어디에 적응한 동물인가를 다룬다.
- “What Is Difference Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life?”: 수중·육상 생활 일반의 차이가 아니라 수달의 적응을 다룬다.
- “Physical Characteristics of Sea Otters”: 해달뿐 아니라 강수달도 다루며, 신체 특징 자체보다 수중 적응이 핵심이다.
- “Otter: A Perfect Terrestrial Life”: 수달은 육상보다 수중 생활에 더 적합하다고 했으므로 반대다.
문제 19
밑줄 친 it 이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 셋과 다른 하나는?
Black pepper is one of the most widely used spices in the world. At first, it was cultivated in India as a simple ingredient for cooking. However, ①it became a lot more important to some Europeans who also used it for keeping meat from going bad. Until the 15th century, some cities in Italy were the center for trading black pepper. As the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East grew stronger in the 16th century, however, ②it forced the European traders to pay them a high tax. This made black pepper so expensive that only a few rich people could afford ③it. In some parts of Europe, black pepper was even considered as valuable as gold. The great demand for ④it caused Europeans to search for new sea routes to India.
Black pepper is one of the most widely used spices in the world. At first, it was cultivated in India as a simple ingredient for cooking. However, ①it became a lot more important to some Europeans who also used it for keeping meat from going bad. Until the 15th century, some cities in Italy were the center for trading black pepper. As the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East grew stronger in the 16th century, however, ②it forced the European traders to pay them a high tax. This made black pepper so expensive that only a few rich people could afford ③it. In some parts of Europe, black pepper was even considered as valuable as gold. The great demand for ④it caused Europeans to search for new sea routes to India.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
가리키는 대상이 다른 것은 “it forced the European traders to pay them a high tax”의 it으로, 오스만 제국을 가리킨다.
유럽 상인에게 높은 세금을 물게 한 주체는 바로 앞 절의 the Ottoman Empire이고, 나머지 it은 모두 black pepper(후추)를 가리킨다.
- “it became a lot more important to some Europeans”: 요리 재료로 재배되던 후추가 고기 보존용으로 더 중요해졌다는 뜻이다.
- “only a few rich people could afford it”: 비싸진 후추를 소수 부자만 살 수 있었다는 뜻이다.
- “The great demand for it”: 후추에 대한 큰 수요가 인도로 가는 새 항로 탐색을 일으켰다는 뜻이다.
문제 20
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| In addition to the problems of individual resources, there are increasing links among energy, food, and water. As a result, problems in one area can spread to another, creating a (A) circle. For instance, Uganda experienced a prolonged drought in 2004 and 2005, threatening the food supply. The country was using so much water from massive Lake Victoria that the water level fell by a full meter, and Uganda cut back on hydroelectric power generation at the lake. Electricity prices nearly doubled, so Ugandans began to use more wood for fuel. People cut heavily into forests, which (B) the soil. The drought that began as a threat to food sources became an electricity problem and, eventually, an even more profound food problem. Cycles like these can end in political unrest and disasters for whole populations. |
1(A) vicious / (B) fertilized
2(A) virtuous / (B) deteriorated
3(A) destructive / (B) degraded
4(A) constructive / (B) undermined
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “(A) destructive / (B) degraded”가 들어간다.
가뭄이 전력 부족, 땔감 사용, 산림 벌채를 거쳐 더 심각한 식량 문제로 이어지므로 (A)는 악순환을 뜻하는 destructive(파괴적인) circle이 맞다. 숲을 마구 베어 낸 결과 토양이 degraded(황폐해졌다)이어야 식량 문제가 심화된다.
- “(A) vicious / (B) fertilized”: vicious circle(악순환)은 맞지만, 벌채가 토양을 비옥하게 했다는 것은 반대다.
- “(A) virtuous / (B) deteriorated”: (B)는 맞지만 virtuous circle(선순환)은 반대 의미다.
- “(A) constructive / (B) undermined”: (B)는 가능하나 건설적인(constructive) 순환은 반대 의미다.
문제 21
다음 도표의 내용과 일치하는 문장은?
This graph compares the percentages of male and female students in OECD countries who achieved various levels of reading proficiency at age 15. ①The percentage of girls is more than three times the percentage of boys at Below Level 1b. ②The percentage of girls is more than twice the percentage of boys at Level 5. ③The difference between the percentages of boys and girls is smallest at Level 4 and greatest at Level 6. ④The percentage of girls is always higher than that of boys at Level 3 and above, whereas the percentage of boys is higher than that of girls at Level 2 and below.
This graph compares the percentages of male and female students in OECD countries who achieved various levels of reading proficiency at age 15. ①The percentage of girls is more than three times the percentage of boys at Below Level 1b. ②The percentage of girls is more than twice the percentage of boys at Level 5. ③The difference between the percentages of boys and girls is smallest at Level 4 and greatest at Level 6. ④The percentage of girls is always higher than that of boys at Level 3 and above, whereas the percentage of boys is higher than that of girls at Level 2 and below.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
도표와 일치하는 문장은 "The percentage of girls is always higher than that of boys at Level 3 and above, whereas the percentage of boys is higher than that of girls at Level 2 and below"(Level 3 이상에서는 항상 여학생 비율이, Level 2 이하에서는 남학생 비율이 더 높다)이다.
Level 3·4·5·6 에서 여학생(30.9, 24.7, 8.8, 1.2%)이 남학생(27.0, 16.8, 4.8, 0.5%)보다 높고, Level 2·1a·1b·Below Level 1b 에서는 남학생(26.0, 16.6, 6.6, 1.8%)이 여학생(21.9, 9.5, 2.6, 0.5%)보다 높다.
- "more than three times the percentage of boys at Below Level 1b"(Below Level 1b 에서 여학생이 남학생의 3배 이상) — 여학생 0.5%, 남학생 1.8%로 오히려 남학생이 더 높다.
- "more than twice the percentage of boys at Level 5"(Level 5 에서 여학생이 남학생의 2배 이상) — 여학생 8.8%는 남학생 4.8%의 2배(9.6%)에 못 미친다.
- "smallest at Level 4 and greatest at Level 6"(차이가 Level 4 에서 가장 작고 Level 6 에서 가장 크다) — 실제 차이는 Level 6 에서 가장 작고(0.7%p) Level 4 에서 가장 크다(7.9%p). 반대로 서술했다.
문제 22
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Béla Bartók's Duos for Two Violins is characterized by dissonance. By employing dissonance in this work, Bartók tries to reveal the rich diversity of sounds. However, dissonance is a relative concept, and it needs to be understood in relation to consonance. Further, the dissonance prevalent in this work does not express disorder. Rather, it tries to evoke subtle harmony among individual sounds. This is mainly because dissonance can be perceived as an expression of harmonious individuality. |
1ways of revealing diversity of sounds
2role of consonance in violin performance
3importance of harmony in Duos for Two Violins
4true meaning of dissonance in Béla Bartók's work
정답 및 해설
주제로 가장 적절한 것은 “true meaning of dissonance in Béla Bartók's work”(바르톡 작품에서 불협화음의 진정한 의미)이다.
글은 이 작품의 불협화음이 “does not express disorder”(무질서를 표현하지 않는다)이며 오히려 “subtle harmony among individual sounds”(개별 소리 사이의 미묘한 조화)를 불러일으킨다고 하여 불협화음의 참뜻을 밝힌다.
- “ways of revealing diversity of sounds”: 소리의 다양성은 불협화음의 목적으로 잠깐 언급될 뿐, 그 방법들을 다루지 않는다.
- “role of consonance in violin performance”: 협화음은 불협화음을 이해하기 위한 상대 개념으로만 나온다.
- “importance of harmony in Duos for Two Violins”: 조화는 불협화음이 불러일으키는 결과로 언급될 뿐, 중심 소재는 불협화음이다.
문제 23
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
These dull characters created by Charles Schulz attracted neither cartoon critics nor the people at Walt Disney, who didn't want to buy Peanuts. They said the characters did not inspire people to dream or encourage them to hope. ( ① ) Even after it became popular in many newspapers, critics still thought the comic strip would fail, criticizing it for having uninteresting characters. ( ② ) Some people said that Snoopy, the dog, should be taken out. ( ③ ) He even kept Snoopy, who is now one of the most loved cartoon characters of all time. ( ④ ) |
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “Some people said that Snoopy, the dog, should be taken out.” 바로 뒤에 들어가야 한다.
비평가들의 혹평과 스누피를 빼라는 요구가 이어진 뒤, Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고) 슐츠가 작품을 바꾸지 않았다는 역접이 와야 한다. 다음 문장 “He even kept Snoopy”도 ‘바꾸지 않았고 심지어 스누피도 지켰다’로 이어진다.
- “They said the characters did not inspire people…” 뒤: 이후 “Even after it became popular…”로 비판이 계속되므로 여기서 역접으로 끊을 수 없다.
- “…criticizing it for having uninteresting characters.” 뒤: 스누피를 빼라는 요구가 그 사이에 끼어 “He even kept Snoopy”와의 연결이 끊긴다.
- “He even kept Snoopy…” 뒤: ‘심지어 스누피도 지켰다’가 ‘바꾸지 않았다’보다 먼저 나와 순서가 어긋난다.
문제 24
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳은 것은?
Most of the time journalism cannot possibly offer anything but a fleeting record of events ①compiling in great haste. Many news stories are, at bottom, hypotheses about what happened. Science, of course, works by hypotheses, discarding them when errors are discovered, and it does so, on the whole, without blame, even when a mistake costs lives. The press, ②that lays no claim to scientific accuracy, is not easily forgiven its errors. Admittedly, the press often rushes into print with insufficient information, responding to an occasionally mindless hunger for news. A utopian society might demand that the press ③print nothing until it had reached absolute certainty. But such a society, while waiting for some ultimate version of events, would be so rife with rumor, alarm, and lies ④which the errors of our journalism would by comparison seem models of truth.
Most of the time journalism cannot possibly offer anything but a fleeting record of events ①compiling in great haste. Many news stories are, at bottom, hypotheses about what happened. Science, of course, works by hypotheses, discarding them when errors are discovered, and it does so, on the whole, without blame, even when a mistake costs lives. The press, ②that lays no claim to scientific accuracy, is not easily forgiven its errors. Admittedly, the press often rushes into print with insufficient information, responding to an occasionally mindless hunger for news. A utopian society might demand that the press ③print nothing until it had reached absolute certainty. But such a society, while waiting for some ultimate version of events, would be so rife with rumor, alarm, and lies ④which the errors of our journalism would by comparison seem models of truth.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 옳은 것은 “print”이다. 요구 동사 demand 뒤 that절에는 당위의 should가 생략된 동사원형을 쓴다.
“A utopian society might demand that the press (should) print nothing…”이므로 주어 the press가 단수라도 prints가 아닌 print가 맞다.
- “compiling”: 사건 기록은 서둘러 편집되는 대상이므로 수동의 과거분사 compiled가 되어야 한다.
- “that”: 콤마 뒤 계속적 용법에는 관계대명사 that을 쓸 수 없으므로 which가 되어야 한다.
- “which”: so rife with … that ~(너무 ~해서 …하다)의 so ~ that 구문이므로 that이 되어야 한다.
문제 25
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Children often invent novel ways to express desired meanings. In her 1995 article, linguist Clark cited such examples as a 24-month-old saying, “There comes the rat-man” and a 25-month-old saying, “Mommy just fixed this spear-page.” The “rat-man” was a colleague of her father’s who worked with rats in a psychology laboratory; the “spear-page” was a torn picture of a jungle tribe holding spears that her mother had taped together. Clark also cited the example of a 28-month-old saying, “You’re the sworder and I’m the gunner.” As these examples suggest, children’s innovative uses of language are . They reflect rules for forming new words, such as combining words or other components that are meaningful in their own right and that, when put together, have an unambiguous meaning. Such linguistic creativity allows children to express meanings that are well beyond what their limited vocabularies would otherwise allow. |
1impromptu
2quite arbitrary
3far from random
4results from endless drills
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 “far from random”(결코 무작위적이지 않은)이 들어간다.
빈칸 뒤 “They reflect rules for forming new words”(새 단어를 만드는 규칙을 반영한다)에서, rat-man·spear-page·sworder 같은 아이들의 신조어는 의미 있는 요소를 결합해 분명한 의미를 만드는 규칙적인 것임을 알 수 있다.
- “impromptu”(즉흥적인): 규칙을 반영한다는 뒤 문장과 맞지 않는다.
- “quite arbitrary”(꽤 임의적인): 규칙성과 정반대다.
- “results from endless drills”(끝없는 반복 훈련의 결과): 아이들이 스스로 만들어 낸 창의적 표현이라는 내용과 맞지 않는다.