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법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
20년 1회차
문제 1
다음 밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
| It’s tempting to identify knowledge with facts, but not every fact is an item of knowledge. Imagine shaking a sealed cardboard box containing a single coin. As you put the box down, the coin inside the box has landed either heads or tails: let’s say that’s a fact. But as long as no one looks into the box, this fact remains unknown; it is not yet within the realm of (A)[fact / knowledge]. Nor do facts become knowledge simply by being written down. If you write the sentence ‘The coin has landed heads’ on one slip of paper and ‘The coin has landed tails’ on another, then you will have written down a fact on one of the slips, but you still won’t have gained knowledge of the outcome of the coin toss. Knowledge demands some kind of access to a fact on the part of some living subject. (B)[With / Without] a mind to access it, whatever is stored in libraries and databases won’t be knowledge, but just ink marks and electronic traces. In any given case of knowledge, this access may or may not be unique to an individual: the same fact may be known by one person and not by others. Common knowledge might be shared by many people, but there is no knowledge that dangles (C)[attached / unattached] to any subject. |
(A) (B) (C)
1fact with unattached
2knowledge without unattached
3knowledge with attached
4fact without attached
정답 및 해설
문맥상 (A) knowledge, (B) Without, (C) unattached가 적절하다.
글은 사실(fact)이 곧 지식은 아니며 “Knowledge demands some kind of access to a fact on the part of some living subject”(지식은 살아 있는 주체의 접근을 요구한다)고 주장한다.
- (A): 아무도 상자를 보지 않으면 그 사실은 아직 knowledge(지식)의 영역에 들어오지 않았다는 뜻이므로 “fact”는 맞지 않는다.
- (B): 접근할 정신이 “없으면” 도서관의 기록도 잉크 자국일 뿐이므로 “With”는 반대 의미다.
- (C): 어떤 주체에도 “unattached”(연결되지 않은) 채로 매달린 지식은 없다는 결론이므로 “attached”는 논지와 어긋난다.
문제 2
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Impressionable youth are not the only ones subject to . Most of us have probably had an experience of being pressured by a salesman. Have you ever had a sales rep try to sell you some “office solution” by telling you that 70 percent of your competitors are using their service, so why aren’t you? But what if 70 percent of your competitors are idiots? Or what if that 70 percent were given so much value added or offered such a low price that they couldn’t resist the opportunity? The practice is designed to do one thing and one thing only—to pressure you to buy. To make you feel you might be missing out on something or that everyone else knows but you. |
1peer pressure
2impulse buying
3bullying tactics
4keen competition
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 peer pressure(또래·주변의 압력)가 들어간다.
판매원이 “70 percent of your competitors are using their service”라며 남들이 다 하니 너도 사라고 압박하는 사례로, 젊은이뿐 아니라 어른도 주변 사람들의 압력에 휘둘린다는 내용이다.
- “impulse buying”(충동구매): 글의 초점은 충동이 아니라 남들과 비교시키는 압박이다.
- “bullying tactics”(괴롭힘 전술): 위협이나 괴롭힘은 언급되지 않는다.
- “keen competition”(치열한 경쟁): 경쟁사 비율은 압박의 수단일 뿐 주제가 아니다.
문제 3
다음 밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
| People with high self-esteem have confidence in their skills and competence and enjoy facing the challenges that life offers them. They (A)[willingly / unwillingly] work in teams because they are sure of themselves and enjoy taking the opportunity to contribute. However, those who have low self-esteem tend to feel awkward, shy, and unable to express themselves. Often they compound their problems by opting for avoidance strategies because they (B)[deny / hold] the belief that whatever they do will result in failure. Conversely, they may compensate for their lack of self-esteem by exhibiting boastful and arrogant behavior to cover up their sense of unworthiness. Furthermore, such individuals account for their successes by finding reasons that are outside of themselves, while those with high self-esteem (C)[attempt / attribute] their success to internal characteristics. |
(A) (B) (C)
1willingly … deny … attempt
2willingly … hold … attribute
3unwillingly … hold … attempt
4unwillingly … deny … attribute
정답 및 해설
문맥상 (A) willingly, (B) hold, (C) attribute가 적절하다.
자존감 높은 사람과 낮은 사람의 태도를 대조하는 글이다.
- (A): 자신감이 있어 기여할 기회를 즐기므로 팀 작업을 “willingly”(기꺼이) 하며, “unwillingly”는 반대다.
- (B): 무엇을 해도 실패한다는 믿음을 “hold”(가지다)하기 때문에 회피 전략을 택하므로 “deny”(부정하다)는 맞지 않는다.
- (C): “attribute A to B”(A를 B의 탓·덕으로 돌리다) 구조로 성공을 내적 특성 덕분으로 여긴다는 뜻이며, “attempt”는 to와 이런 구조를 이루지 못한다.
문제 4
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| To be sure, no other species can lay claim to our capacity to devise something new and original, from the sublime to the sublimely ridiculous. Other animals do build things—birds assemble their intricate nests, beavers construct dams, and ants dig elaborate networks of tunnels. “But airplanes, strangely tilted skyscrapers and Chia Pets, well, they’re pretty impressive,” Fuentes says, adding that from an evolutionary standpoint, “creativity is as much a part of our tool kit as walking on two legs, having a big brain and really good hands for manipulating things.” For a physically unprepossessing primate, without great fangs or claws or wings or other obvious physical advantages, creativity has been the great equalizer—and more—ensuring, for now, at least, the survival of Homo sapiens. *sublime 황당한, (터무니없이) 극단적인 *Chia Pets 잔디가 머리털처럼 자라나는 피규어 |
1Where Does Human Creativity Come From?
2What Are the Physical Characteristics of Primates?
3Physical Advantages of Homo Sapiens over Other Species
4Creativity: a Unique Trait Human Species Have For Survival
정답 및 해설
제목으로는 Creativity: a Unique Trait Human Species Have For Survival(창의성: 인류가 생존을 위해 지닌 고유한 특성)이 적절하다.
다른 종은 인간의 창의력을 가질 수 없으며, 신체적 이점이 없는 영장류에게 창의성이 “the great equalizer”로서 호모 사피엔스의 생존을 보장해 왔다는 내용이다.
- “Where Does Human Creativity Come From?”: 창의성의 기원은 다루지 않는다.
- “What Are the Physical Characteristics of Primates?”: 영장류의 신체 특징은 창의성을 강조하기 위한 배경일 뿐이다.
- “Physical Advantages of Homo Sapiens over Other Species”: 오히려 인간은 신체적 이점이 없다고 했다.
문제 5
다음 글의 요지를 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
“Most of bird identification is based on a sort of subjective impression-the way a bird moves and little instantaneous appearances at different angles and sequences of different appearances, and as it turns its head and as it flies and as it turns around, you see sequences of different shapes and angles,” Sibley says, “All that combines to create a unique impression of a bird that can’t really be taken apart and described in words. When it comes down to being in the fieldland looking at a bird, you don’t take time to analyze it and say it shows this, this, and this; therefore it must be this species. It’s more natural and instinctive. After a lot of practice, you look at the bird, and it triggers little switches in your brain. It looks right. You know what it is at a glance.”
“Most of bird identification is based on a sort of subjective impression-the way a bird moves and little instantaneous appearances at different angles and sequences of different appearances, and as it turns its head and as it flies and as it turns around, you see sequences of different shapes and angles,” Sibley says, “All that combines to create a unique impression of a bird that can’t really be taken apart and described in words. When it comes down to being in the fieldland looking at a bird, you don’t take time to analyze it and say it shows this, this, and this; therefore it must be this species. It’s more natural and instinctive. After a lot of practice, you look at the bird, and it triggers little switches in your brain. It looks right. You know what it is at a glance.”
| According to Sibley, bird identification is based on (A) rather than (B) . |
1instinctive impression – discrete analysis
2objective research – subjective judgements
3physical appearances – behavioral traits
4close observation - distant observation
정답 및 해설
(A) instinctive impression(본능적 인상), (B) discrete analysis(개별적 분석)가 적절하다.
Sibley는 새 식별이 “subjective impression”에 기반하며, 관찰자는 “you don’t take time to analyze it”, 즉 특징을 하나하나 분석하지 않고 “It’s more natural and instinctive”하게 한눈에 알아본다고 말한다.
- “objective research – subjective judgements”: 주관적 인상에 기반한다는 글과 정반대다.
- “physical appearances – behavioral traits”: 움직임과 모습을 모두 종합한 인상을 말하므로 둘을 대립시키지 않는다.
- “close observation - distant observation”: 관찰 거리는 언급되지 않는다.
문제 6
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A)In the not-too-distant future, a driverless car could come to you when you need it, and when you are done with it, it could then drive away without any need for a parking space. Increases in car sharing and short-term leasing are also likely to be associated with a corresponding decrease in the importance of exterior car design.
(B)As a result, the symbolic meanings derived from cars and their relationship to consumer self-identity and status are likely to change in turn.
(C)Rather than serving as a medium for personalization and self-identity, car exteriors might increasingly come to represent a channel for advertising and other promotional activities, including brand ambassador programs, such as those offered by Free Car Media.
| As cars are becoming less dependent on people, the means and circumstances in which the product is used by consumers are also likely to undergo significant changes, with higher rates of participation in car sharing and short-term leasing programs. |
(A)In the not-too-distant future, a driverless car could come to you when you need it, and when you are done with it, it could then drive away without any need for a parking space. Increases in car sharing and short-term leasing are also likely to be associated with a corresponding decrease in the importance of exterior car design.
(B)As a result, the symbolic meanings derived from cars and their relationship to consumer self-identity and status are likely to change in turn.
(C)Rather than serving as a medium for personalization and self-identity, car exteriors might increasingly come to represent a channel for advertising and other promotional activities, including brand ambassador programs, such as those offered by Free Car Media.
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설
글의 순서는 (A) - (C) - (B)가 적절하다.
주어진 글의 카 셰어링·단기 리스 증가를 (A)가 무인차 예시로 구체화하며 “decrease in the importance of exterior car design”(외관 디자인의 중요성 감소)을 언급한다. (C)는 이를 받아 외관이 개성 표현 대신 광고 수단이 될 것이라 하고, (B)가 “As a result”로 자동차의 상징적 의미가 변할 것이라 결론짓는다.
- (B)로 시작하면 “As a result”가 가리킬 원인이 주어진 글에 충분히 제시되지 않는다.
- (C)로 시작하면 “Rather than serving as a medium for personalization”이 받을 외관 디자인 이야기가 아직 나오지 않았다.
문제 7
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A)But something was missing. In the United States, a line worker would take a rubber mallet and tap the edges of the door to ensure that it fit perfectly. In Japan, that job didn't seem to exist.
(B)Confused, the American auto executives asked at what point they made sure the door fit perfectly. Their Japanese guide looked at them and smiled sheepishly. "We make sure it fits when we design it."
(C)In the Japanese auto plant, they didn't examine the problem and accumulate data to figure out the best solution — they engineered the outcome they wanted from the beginning. If they didn't achieve their desired outcome, they understood it was because of a decision they made at the start of the process.
| There is a wonderful story of a group of American car executives who went to Japan to see a Japanese assembly line. At the end of the line, the doors were put on the hinges, the same as in America. |
(A)But something was missing. In the United States, a line worker would take a rubber mallet and tap the edges of the door to ensure that it fit perfectly. In Japan, that job didn't seem to exist.
(B)Confused, the American auto executives asked at what point they made sure the door fit perfectly. Their Japanese guide looked at them and smiled sheepishly. "We make sure it fits when we design it."
(C)In the Japanese auto plant, they didn't examine the problem and accumulate data to figure out the best solution — they engineered the outcome they wanted from the beginning. If they didn't achieve their desired outcome, they understood it was because of a decision they made at the start of the process.
1(A) - (B) - (C)
2(A) - (C) - (B)
3(B) - (A) - (C)
4(B) - (C) - (A)
정답 및 해설
글의 순서는 (A) - (B) - (C)가 적절하다.
주어진 글에서 일본 조립 라인을 견학한 미국 경영진이 (A)에서 문을 고무망치로 맞추는 작업이 없다는 점을 발견하고, (B)에서 이에 “Confused” 상태로 질문하자 “We make sure it fits when we design it”이라는 답을 듣는다. (C)는 이를 일반화해 일본 공장은 처음부터 원하는 결과를 설계한다고 정리한다.
- (B)가 먼저 오면 경영진이 무엇에 혼란스러워했는지 근거가 없다.
- (C)가 (B)보다 앞서면 설계 단계에서 맞춘다는 일본 측 답변이 나오기 전에 결론이 제시되어 흐름이 끊긴다.
문제 8
다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| There has been much research on nonverbal cues to deception dating back to the work of Ekman and his idea of leakage. It is well documented that people use others’ nonverbal behaviors as a way to detect lies. My research and that of many others has strongly supported people’s reliance on observations of others’ nonverbal behaviors when assessing honesty. (A)___________, social scientific research on the link between various nonverbal behaviors and the act of lying suggests that the link is typically not very strong or consistent. In my research, I have observed that the nonverbal signals that seem to give one liar away are different than those given by a second liar. (B)___________, the scientific evidence linking nonverbal behaviors and deception has grown weaker over time. People infer honesty based on how others nonverbally present themselves, but that has very limited utility and validity. |
1However - What’s more
2As a result – On the contrary
3However – Nevertheless
4As a result - For instance
정답 및 해설
(A) However, (B) What’s more가 적절하다.
(A) 앞은 사람들이 거짓말 탐지에 비언어적 행동에 의존한다는 내용, 뒤는 그 연관성이 강하지 않다는 연구 결과이므로 역접이다. (B) 앞뒤는 모두 비언어적 행동과 거짓말의 연관이 약하다는 같은 방향의 근거를 추가하므로 첨가의 연결어가 맞다.
- “As a result”: (A) 앞뒤는 인과가 아니라 대조 관계다.
- “Nevertheless”·“On the contrary”: (B) 뒤는 앞 내용과 대조되지 않고 같은 주장을 강화한다.
- “For instance”: (B) 뒤의 증거 약화는 앞 문장의 사례가 아니라 별개의 추가 근거다.
문제 9
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
As soon as the start-up is incorporated it will need a bank account, and the need for a payroll account will follow quickly. The banks are very competitive in services to do payroll and related tax bookkeeping, ①starting with even the smallest of businesses. These are areas ②where a business wants the best quality service and the most “free” accounting help it can get. The changing payroll tax legislation is a headache to keep up with, especially when a sales force will be operating in many of the fifty states. And the ③requiring reports are a burden on a company’s add administrative staff. Such services are often provided best by the banker. The banks’ references in this area should be compared with the payroll service alternatives such as ADP, but the future and the long-term relationship should be kept in mind when a decision is ④being made.
As soon as the start-up is incorporated it will need a bank account, and the need for a payroll account will follow quickly. The banks are very competitive in services to do payroll and related tax bookkeeping, ①starting with even the smallest of businesses. These are areas ②where a business wants the best quality service and the most “free” accounting help it can get. The changing payroll tax legislation is a headache to keep up with, especially when a sales force will be operating in many of the fifty states. And the ③requiring reports are a burden on a company’s add administrative staff. Such services are often provided best by the banker. The banks’ references in this area should be compared with the payroll service alternatives such as ADP, but the future and the long-term relationship should be kept in mind when a decision is ④being made.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 것은 requiring으로, required로 고쳐야 한다.
명사 reports를 수식하는 분사의 능동·수동 구별 문제로, 보고서는 “요구되는” 대상이므로 과거분사 required reports(요구되는 보고서)가 맞다.
- “starting”: 앞 절을 부연하는 분사구문으로 “starting with even the smallest of businesses”(아주 작은 업체부터 시작하여)는 옳다.
- “where”: 선행사 areas를 받고 뒤에 완전한 절이 오는 관계부사로 옳다.
- “being”: when a decision is being made는 진행형 수동태(결정이 내려지고 있을 때)로 옳다.
문제 10
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
Many people refuse to visit animal shelters because they find it too sad or ①depressed. They shouldn’t feel so bad because so many lucky animals are saved from a dangerous life on the streets, ②where they’re at risk of traffic accidents, attack by other animals or humans, and subject to the elements. Many lost pets likewise ③are found and reclaimed by distraught owners simply because they were brought into animal shelters. Most importantly, ④adoptable pets find homes, and sick or dangerous animals are humanely relieved of their suffering.
Many people refuse to visit animal shelters because they find it too sad or ①depressed. They shouldn’t feel so bad because so many lucky animals are saved from a dangerous life on the streets, ②where they’re at risk of traffic accidents, attack by other animals or humans, and subject to the elements. Many lost pets likewise ③are found and reclaimed by distraught owners simply because they were brought into animal shelters. Most importantly, ④adoptable pets find homes, and sick or dangerous animals are humanely relieved of their suffering.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 것은 depressed로, depressing으로 고쳐야 한다.
감정 분사의 구별 문제로, find it too sad or ___에서 it(보호소 방문)은 우울하게 “만드는” 대상이므로 현재분사 depressing(우울하게 하는)이 맞다. 병렬된 sad와도 대상의 성질을 나타낸다.
- “where”: 선행사 the streets를 받는 관계부사로 뒤에 완전한 절이 와서 옳다.
- “are found”: 주어 Many lost pets가 복수이고 “발견되는” 대상이므로 복수 수동태가 옳다.
- “adoptable”: 명사 pets를 수식하는 형용사(입양 가능한)로 옳다.
문제 11
다음 밑줄 친 (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
| EQ testing, when performed with reliable testing methods, can provide you with very useful information about yourself. I’ve found, having tested thousands of people, that many are a bit surprised by their results. For example, one person who believed she was very socially responsible and often concerned about others came out with an (A)[average / extraordinary] score in that area. She was quite disappointed in her score. It turned out that she had very high standards for social responsibility and therefore was extremely (B)[easy / hard] on herself when she performed her assessment. In reality, she was (C)[more / less] socially responsible than most people, but she believed that she could be much better than she was. |
(A) (B) (C)
1average easy less
2average hard more
3extraordinary hard less
4extraordinary easy more
정답 및 해설
문맥상 (A) average, (B) hard, (C) more가 적절하다.
자신이 사회적 책임감이 높다고 믿은 사람이 실망스러운 점수를 받았지만, 실은 기준이 너무 높아 스스로를 엄격하게 평가했을 뿐이라는 내용이다.
- (A): “She was quite disappointed in her score”이므로 “extraordinary”(뛰어난) 점수는 맞지 않고 “average”(평범한)가 맞다.
- (B): 매우 높은 기준 때문에 자신에게 “hard”(엄격한)했으므로 “easy”는 반대다.
- (C): 실제로는 대부분의 사람보다 책임감이 “more”(더) 높았다는 대조이므로 “less”는 맞지 않다.
문제 12
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| A person may try to by using evidence to his advantage. A mother asks her son, “How are you doing in English this term?” He responds cheerfully, “Oh, I just got a ninety-five on a quiz.” The statement conceals the fact that he has failed every other quiz and that his actual average is 55. Yet, if she pursues the matter no further, the mother may be delighted that her son is doing so well. Linda asks Susan, “Have you read much Dickens?” Susan responds, “Oh, Pickwick Papers is one of my favorite novels.” The statement may disguise the fact that Pickwick Papers is the only novel by Dickens that she has read, and it may give Linda the impression that Susan is a great Dickens enthusiast. |
1earn extra money
2effect a certain belief
3hide memory problems
4make other people feel guilty
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 effect a certain belief(어떤 믿음을 불러일으키다)가 들어간다.
아들은 퀴즈 하나의 95점만 말해 성적이 좋다고 믿게 하고, Susan은 Pickwick Papers만 언급해 Dickens 애호가라는 인상을 준다. 즉 증거를 유리하게 골라 상대에게 특정한 믿음을 만들어 낸다는 내용이다(effect = 초래하다).
- “earn extra money”(추가로 돈을 벌다): 금전 이야기는 없다.
- “hide memory problems”(기억력 문제를 숨기다): 숨기는 것은 불리한 사실이지 기억력이 아니다.
- “make other people feel guilty”(죄책감을 느끼게 하다): 상대는 오히려 기뻐하거나 감탄한다.
문제 13
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
↓
(A) (B)
| Whether we are complimented for our appearance, our garden, a dinner we prepared, or an assignment at the office, it is always satisfying to receive recognition for a job well done. Certainly, reinforcement theory sees occasional praise as an aid to learning a new skill. However, some evidence cautions against making sweeping generalizations regarding the use of praise in improving performance. It seems that while praise improves performance on certain tasks, on others it can instead prove harmful. Imagine the situation in which the enthusiastic support of hometown fans expecting victory brings about the downfall of their team. In this situation, it seems that praise creates pressure on athletes, disrupting their performance. |
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| Whether (A) helps or hurts a performance depends on (B) . |
(A) (B)
1praise … task types
2competition … quality of teamwork
3praise … quality of teamwork
4competition … task types
정답 및 해설
(A) praise, (B) task types가 적절하다.
“while praise improves performance on certain tasks, on others it can instead prove harmful”(칭찬은 어떤 과업에서는 수행을 높이지만 다른 과업에서는 해롭다)이 요지이므로, 칭찬의 효과는 과업의 종류에 달려 있다.
- “competition … quality of teamwork”: 경쟁도 팀워크의 질도 글의 변수가 아니다.
- “praise … quality of teamwork”: 홈 팬 사례는 칭찬이 주는 압박을 보여 줄 뿐 팀워크를 다루지 않는다.
- “competition … task types”: 수행을 돕거나 해치는 주체는 경쟁이 아니라 칭찬이다.
문제 14
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
As we consider media consumption in the context of anonymous social relations, we mean all of those occasions that involve the presence of strangers, such as viewing television in public places like bars, ①going to concerts or dance clubs, or reading a newspaper on a bus or subway. Typically, there are social rules that ②govern how we interact with those around us and with the media product. For instance, it is considered rude in our culture, or at least aggressive, ③read over another person’s shoulder or to get up and change TV channels in a public setting. Any music fan knows what is appropriate at a particular kind of concert. The presence of other people is often crucial to defining the setting and hence the activity of media consumption, ④despite the fact that the relationships are totally impersonal.
As we consider media consumption in the context of anonymous social relations, we mean all of those occasions that involve the presence of strangers, such as viewing television in public places like bars, ①going to concerts or dance clubs, or reading a newspaper on a bus or subway. Typically, there are social rules that ②govern how we interact with those around us and with the media product. For instance, it is considered rude in our culture, or at least aggressive, ③read over another person’s shoulder or to get up and change TV channels in a public setting. Any music fan knows what is appropriate at a particular kind of concert. The presence of other people is often crucial to defining the setting and hence the activity of media consumption, ④despite the fact that the relationships are totally impersonal.
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정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 것은 read로, to read로 고쳐야 한다.
가주어 it - 진주어 to부정사 구문으로, it is considered rude ... to read over another person’s shoulder가 되어야 하며 뒤의 “or to get up and change”와도 병렬을 이룬다.
- “going”: viewing, reading과 병렬된 동명사로 옳다.
- “govern”: 주격 관계대명사 that의 선행사 social rules가 복수이므로 복수 동사가 옳다.
- “despite”: 뒤에 명사구 the fact가 오므로 전치사가 옳다.
문제 15
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
Many of us believe that amnesia, or sudden memory loss, results in the inability to recall one’s name and identity. This belief may reflect the way amnesia is usually ①portrayed in movies, television, and literature. For example, when we meet Matt Damon’s character in the movie The Bourne Identity, we learn that he has no memory for who he is, why he has the skills he does, or where he is from. He spends much of the movie ②trying to answer these questions. However, the inability to remember your name and identity ③are exceedingly rare in reality. Amnesia most often results from a brain injury that leaves the victim unable to form new memories, but with most memories of the past ④intact. Some movies do accurately portray this more common syndrome; our favorite Memento.
Many of us believe that amnesia, or sudden memory loss, results in the inability to recall one’s name and identity. This belief may reflect the way amnesia is usually ①portrayed in movies, television, and literature. For example, when we meet Matt Damon’s character in the movie The Bourne Identity, we learn that he has no memory for who he is, why he has the skills he does, or where he is from. He spends much of the movie ②trying to answer these questions. However, the inability to remember your name and identity ③are exceedingly rare in reality. Amnesia most often results from a brain injury that leaves the victim unable to form new memories, but with most memories of the past ④intact. Some movies do accurately portray this more common syndrome; our favorite Memento.
1①
2②
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4④
정답 및 해설
어법상 틀린 것은 are로, is로 고쳐야 한다.
주어-동사 수일치 문제로, 주어의 핵심은 단수 명사 the inability이고 to remember your name and identity는 수식어구이므로 단수 동사가 와야 한다.
- “portrayed”: amnesia가 “묘사되는” 대상이므로 수동태 is portrayed가 옳다.
- “trying”: spend + 시간 + -ing(~하느라 시간을 보내다) 구문으로 옳다.
- “intact”: with + 목적어 + 보어 구문에서 형용사 보어(온전한)로 옳다.
문제 16
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Much is now known about natural hazards and the negative impacts they have on people and their property. It would seem obvious that any logical person would avoid such potential impacts or at least modify their behavior or their property to minimize such impacts. However, humans are not always rational. Until someone has a personal experience or knows someone who has such an experience, most people subconsciously believe “It won’t happen here” or “It won’t happen to me.” Even knowledgeable scientists who are aware of the hazards, the odds of their occurrence, and the costs of an event . |
1refuse to remain silent
2do not always act appropriately
3put the genetic factor at the top end
4have difficulty in defining natural hazards
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 do not always act appropriately(항상 적절히 행동하지는 않는다)가 들어간다.
“humans are not always rational”이라는 흐름 속에서, 위험과 확률·비용을 아는 과학자들조차 직접 겪기 전에는 “It won’t happen to me”라고 믿어 적절히 대비하지 않는다는 결론이다.
- “refuse to remain silent”(침묵을 거부하다): 발언 여부는 글과 무관하다.
- “put the genetic factor at the top end”(유전적 요인을 최우선에 두다): 유전 이야기는 없다.
- “have difficulty in defining natural hazards”(자연재해 정의에 어려움을 겪다): 과학자들은 위험을 잘 안다고 했다.
문제 17
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
| The rise of cities and kingdoms and the improvement in transport infrastructure brought about new opportunities for specialization. Densely populated cities provided full-time employment not just for professional shoemakers and doctors, but also for carpenters, priests, soldiers and lawyers. Villages that gained a reputation for producing really good wine, olive oil or ceramics discovered that it was worth their while to specialize nearly exclusively in that product and trade it with other settlements for all the other goods they needed. This made a lot of sense. Climates and soils differ, so why drink mediocre wine from your backyard if you can buy a smoother variety from a place whose soil and climate is much better suited to grape vines? If the clay in your backyard makes stronger and prettier pots, then you can make an exchange. |
1how climates and soils influence the local products
2ways to gain a good reputation for local specialties
3what made people engage in specialization and trade
4the rise of cities and full-time employment for professionals
정답 및 해설
주제로는 what made people engage in specialization and trade(사람들이 전문화와 교역을 하게 된 이유)가 적절하다.
도시·왕국의 성장과 교통 발달이 “new opportunities for specialization”을 가져왔고, 좋은 산물로 이름난 마을은 그 제품에 특화해 다른 물품과 교역했다는 내용이다.
- “how climates and soils influence the local products”: 기후와 토양은 특화의 이유를 보여 주는 예시일 뿐이다.
- “ways to gain a good reputation for local specialties”: 평판을 얻는 방법은 다루지 않는다.
- “the rise of cities and full-time employment for professionals”: 도시와 전업 직업은 전문화의 한 사례로 일부에 불과하다.
문제 18
밑줄 친 the issue가 가리키는 내용으로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Nine-year-old Ryan Kyote was eating breakfast at home in Napa, California, when he saw the news: an Indiana school had taken a 6-year-old’s meal when her lunch account didn’t have enough money. Kyote asked if that could happen to his friends. When his mom contacted the school district to find out, she learned that students at schools in their district had, all told, as much as $25,000 in lunch debt. Although the district says it never penalized students who owed, Kyote decided to use his saved allowance to pay off his grade’s debt, about $74—becoming the face of a movement to end lunch-money debt. When California Governor Gavin Newsom signed a bill in October that banned “lunch shaming,” or giving worse food to students with debt, he thanked Kyote for his “empathy and his courage” in raising awareness of the issue. “Heroes,” Kyote points out, “come in all ages.” |
1The governor signed a bill to decline lunch items to students with lunch debt.
2Kyote’s lunch was taken away because he ran out of money in his lunch account.
3The school district with financial burden cut the budget failing to serve quality meals.
4Many students in the district who could not afford lunch were burdened with lunch debt.
정답 및 해설
the issue가 가리키는 것은 Many students in the district who could not afford lunch were burdened with lunch debt.이다.
Kyote는 학군 학생들의 “lunch debt”(급식비 부채)가 $25,000에 이른다는 것을 알고 용돈으로 갚아 주며 급식비 부채 해소 운동의 얼굴이 되었고, 주지사는 그가 이 문제에 대한 인식을 높였다고 감사했다.
- “The governor signed a bill to decline lunch items...”: 법안은 오히려 부채 학생에게 더 나쁜 음식을 주는 것을 금지했다.
- “Kyote’s lunch was taken away...”: 급식을 빼앗긴 것은 Indiana의 6세 아이이지 Kyote가 아니다.
- “The school district with financial burden cut the budget...”: 예산 삭감이나 급식 질 저하는 언급되지 않는다.
문제 19
청고래에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
| The biggest heart in the world is inside the blue whale. It weighs more than seven tons. It’s as big as a room. When this creature is born it is 20 feet long and weighs four tons. It is way bigger than your car. It drinks a hundred gallons of milk from its mama every day and gains 200 pounds a day, and when it is seven or eight years old it endures an unimaginable puberty and then it essentially disappears from human ken, for next to nothing is known of the mating habits, travel patterns, diet, social life, language, social structure and diseases. There are perhaps 10,000 blue whales in the world, living in every ocean on earth, and of the largest animal who ever lived we know nearly nothing. But we know this: the animals with the largest hearts in the world generally travel in pairs, and their penetrating moaning cries, their piercing yearning tongue, can be heard underwater for miles and miles. |
1아기 청고래는 매일 100갤런의 모유를 마시고, 하루에 200 파운드씩 체중이 증가한다.
2청고래는 사춘기를 지나면서 인간의 시야에서 사라져서 청고래에 대해 알려진 것이 많지 않다.
3세계에서 가장 큰 심장을 지닌 동물이면서, 몸집이 가장 큰 동물이다.
4청고래는 일반적으로 혼자서 이동하고, 청고래의 소리는 물속을 관통하여 수 마일까지 전달될 수 있다.
정답 및 해설
글과 일치하지 않는 것은 청고래가 일반적으로 혼자서 이동한다는 내용이다.
글은 “the animals with the largest hearts in the world generally travel in pairs”라고 하여 청고래가 대개 짝을 지어 이동한다고 했다.
- 매일 100갤런의 모유와 하루 200파운드 체중 증가: “drinks a hundred gallons of milk ... and gains 200 pounds a day”와 일치한다.
- 사춘기 이후 인간의 시야에서 사라짐: “disappears from human ken, for next to nothing is known”과 일치한다.
- 가장 큰 심장과 가장 큰 몸집: “The biggest heart in the world”, “the largest animal who ever lived”와 일치한다.
문제 20
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
| In addition to controlling temperatures when handling fresh produce, control of the atmosphere is important. Some moisture is needed in the air to prevent dehydration during storage, but too much moisture can encourage growth of molds. Some commercial storage units have controlled atmospheres, with the levels of both carbon dioxide and moisture being regulated carefully. Sometimes other gases, such as ethylene gas, may be introduced at controlled levels to help achieve optimal quality of bananas and other fresh produce. Related to the control of gases and moisture is the need for some circulation of air among the stored foods. |
1The necessity of controlling harmful gases in atmosphere
2The best way to control levels of moisture in growing plants and fruits
3The seriousness of increasing carbon footprints every year around the world
4The importance of controlling certain levels of gases and moisture in storing foods
정답 및 해설
주제로는 The importance of controlling certain levels of gases and moisture in storing foods(식품 저장 시 가스와 수분 수준 조절의 중요성)가 적절하다.
신선 농산물 취급 시 “control of the atmosphere is important”라며 저장 중 수분·이산화탄소·에틸렌 수준과 공기 순환을 조절해야 한다고 설명한다.
- “The necessity of controlling harmful gases in atmosphere”: 대기 중 유해 가스가 아니라 저장고 내부 공기 조절을 다룬다.
- “The best way to control levels of moisture in growing plants and fruits”: 재배가 아니라 저장 단계의 이야기다.
- “The seriousness of increasing carbon footprints...”: 탄소 발자국은 언급되지 않는다.
문제 21
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
Even if lying doesn’t have any harmful effects in a particular case, it is still morally wrong because, if discovered, lying weakens the general practice of truth telling on which human communication relies. For instance, if I were to lie about my age on grounds of vanity, and my lying were discovered, even though no serious harm would have been done, I would have ①undermined your trust generally. In that case you would be far less likely to believe anything I might say in the future. Thus all lying, when discovered, has indirect ②harmful effects. However, very occasionally, these harmful effects might possibly be outweighed by the ③benefits which arise from a lie. For example, if someone is seriously ill, lying to them about their life expectancy might probably give them a chance of living longer. On the other hand, telling them the truth could possibly ④prevent a depression that would accelerate their physical decline.
Even if lying doesn’t have any harmful effects in a particular case, it is still morally wrong because, if discovered, lying weakens the general practice of truth telling on which human communication relies. For instance, if I were to lie about my age on grounds of vanity, and my lying were discovered, even though no serious harm would have been done, I would have ①undermined your trust generally. In that case you would be far less likely to believe anything I might say in the future. Thus all lying, when discovered, has indirect ②harmful effects. However, very occasionally, these harmful effects might possibly be outweighed by the ③benefits which arise from a lie. For example, if someone is seriously ill, lying to them about their life expectancy might probably give them a chance of living longer. On the other hand, telling them the truth could possibly ④prevent a depression that would accelerate their physical decline.
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4④
정답 및 해설
문맥상 적절하지 않은 낱말은 prevent로, cause(유발하다) 류의 말이 와야 한다.
“On the other hand” 앞은 거짓말이 환자의 수명을 늘릴 수 있다는 내용이므로, 뒤는 진실을 말하면 신체 쇠약을 가속하는 우울증을 유발할 수 있다는 대조가 되어야 한다.
- “undermined”(약화시켰다): 거짓말이 들키면 신뢰를 전반적으로 약화시킨다는 흐름에 맞다.
- “harmful”(해로운): 들킨 거짓말은 간접적으로 해로운 결과를 낳는다는 앞 내용과 맞다.
- “benefits”(이익): 해로운 영향이 거짓말의 이익보다 작을 수 있다는 However 뒤 흐름에 맞다.
문제 22
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Several common properties of seawater are crucial to the survival and well-being of the ocean’s inhabitants. Water accounts for 80-90% of the volume of most marine organisms. ( ① ) It provides buoyancy and body support for swimming and floating organisms and reduces the need for heavy skeletal structures. ( ② ) The life processes of marine organisms in turn alter many fundamental physical and chemical properties of seawater, including its transparency and chemical makeup, making organisms an integral part of the total marine environment. ( ③ ) Understanding the interactions between organisms and their marine environment requires a brief examination of some of the more important physical and chemical attributes of seawater. ( ④ ) The characteristics of pure water and sea water differ in some respects, so we consider first the basic properties of pure water and then examine how those properties differ in seawater.
| Water is also the medium for most chemical reactions needed to sustain life. |
Several common properties of seawater are crucial to the survival and well-being of the ocean’s inhabitants. Water accounts for 80-90% of the volume of most marine organisms. ( ① ) It provides buoyancy and body support for swimming and floating organisms and reduces the need for heavy skeletal structures. ( ② ) The life processes of marine organisms in turn alter many fundamental physical and chemical properties of seawater, including its transparency and chemical makeup, making organisms an integral part of the total marine environment. ( ③ ) Understanding the interactions between organisms and their marine environment requires a brief examination of some of the more important physical and chemical attributes of seawater. ( ④ ) The characteristics of pure water and sea water differ in some respects, so we consider first the basic properties of pure water and then examine how those properties differ in seawater.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 부력과 신체 지지를 제공한다는 문장 바로 뒤에 들어가는 것이 적절하다.
주어진 문장의 “also”는 앞에 물의 다른 역할이 먼저 나와야 함을 뜻한다. “It provides buoyancy and body support...”로 물이 생물에게 주는 역할을 말한 뒤, 물이 생명 유지에 필요한 화학 반응의 매개체이기도 하다는 내용이 이어진다.
- 물이 해양 생물 부피의 80~90%를 차지한다는 문장 바로 뒤: 물의 역할이 아직 하나도 제시되지 않아 also가 받을 대상이 없다.
- 생물의 생명 활동이 “in turn” 바닷물 성질을 바꾼다는 문장 뒤: 이미 방향이 생물→바닷물로 바뀌어 흐름이 맞지 않는다.
- 바닷물의 물리·화학적 속성을 살펴봐야 한다는 문장 뒤: 순수한 물과 바닷물 비교로 넘어가는 도입부라 들어갈 자리가 아니다.
문제 23
(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) (B) (C)
| Here’s the even more surprising part: The advent of AI didn’t (A) diminish / increase the performance of purely human chess players. Quite the opposite. Cheap, supersmart chess programs (B) discouraged / inspired more people than ever to play chess, at more tournaments than ever, and the players got better than ever. There are more than twice as many grand masters now as there were when Deep Blue first beat Kasparov. The top-ranked human chess player today, Magnus Carlsen, trained with AIs and has been deemed the most computerlike of all human chess players. He also has the (C) highest / lowest human grand master rating of all time. |
(A) (B) (C)
1diminish … discouraged … highest
2increase … discouraged … lowest
3diminish … inspired … highest
4increase … inspired … lowest
정답 및 해설
문맥상 (A) diminish, (B) inspired, (C) highest가 적절하다.
“Quite the opposite”이 이어지므로 AI의 등장이 인간 체스 실력을 떨어뜨리지 않았고, 오히려 더 많은 사람이 체스를 두고 실력도 향상되었다는 내용이다.
- (A): 뒤에서 실력이 더 좋아졌다고 하므로 “didn’t increase”는 흐름에 맞지 않는다.
- (B): 그 어느 때보다 많은 사람이 체스를 두게 되었으므로 “discouraged”(단념시켰다)는 반대다.
- (C): AI로 훈련한 Magnus Carlsen이 사상 “highest”(최고) 등급을 가졌다는 것이 논지에 맞으며 “lowest”는 반대다.
문제 24
다음 글의 내용을 요약할 때 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
| Aesthetic value in fashion objects, like aesthetic value in fine art objects, is self-oriented. Consumers have the need to be attracted and to surround themselves with other people who are attractive. However, unlike aesthetic value in the fine arts, aesthetic value in fashion is also other-oriented. Attractiveness of appearance is a way of eliciting the reaction of others and facilitating social interaction. ⇩ Aesthetic value in fashion objects is . |
1inherently only self-oriented
2just other-oriented unlike the other
3both self-oriented and other-oriented
4hard to define regardless of its nature
정답 및 해설
빈칸에는 both self-oriented and other-oriented(자기 지향적이면서 타인 지향적)가 들어간다.
패션의 미적 가치는 순수 예술처럼 “self-oriented”이지만, “unlike aesthetic value in the fine arts”, 타인의 반응을 끌어내고 사회적 상호작용을 돕는 “other-oriented” 성격도 지닌다고 했다.
- “inherently only self-oriented”: 타인 지향적 측면도 있다고 했으므로 틀리다.
- “just other-oriented unlike the other”: 자기 지향적 측면도 있다고 했으므로 틀리다.
- “hard to define regardless of its nature”: 정의의 어려움은 언급되지 않는다.
문제 25
글의 흐름으로 보아 아래 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Some believe there is no value to dreams, but it is wrong to dismiss these nocturnal dramas as irrelevant. There is something to be gained in remembering. ( ① ) We can feel more connected, more complete, and more on track. We can receive inspiration, information, and comfort. Albert Einstein stated that his theory of relativity was inspired by a dream. ( ② ) In fact, he claimed that dreams were responsible for many of his discoveries. ( ③ ) Asking why we dream makes as much sense as questioning why we breathe. Dreaming is an integral part of a healthy life. ( ④ ) Many people report being inspired with a new approach for a problem upon awakening, even though they don’t remember the specific dream.
| The great news is that this is true whether or not we remember our dreams. |
Some believe there is no value to dreams, but it is wrong to dismiss these nocturnal dramas as irrelevant. There is something to be gained in remembering. ( ① ) We can feel more connected, more complete, and more on track. We can receive inspiration, information, and comfort. Albert Einstein stated that his theory of relativity was inspired by a dream. ( ② ) In fact, he claimed that dreams were responsible for many of his discoveries. ( ③ ) Asking why we dream makes as much sense as questioning why we breathe. Dreaming is an integral part of a healthy life. ( ④ ) Many people report being inspired with a new approach for a problem upon awakening, even though they don’t remember the specific dream.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설
주어진 문장은 “Dreaming is an integral part of a healthy life.” 바로 뒤에 들어가는 것이 적절하다.
주어진 문장의 “this”는 꿈이 건강한 삶의 필수 부분이라는 내용을 가리키고, 꿈을 기억하든 못 하든 그렇다는 말 뒤에 “even though they don’t remember the specific dream”이라는 구체적 사례가 자연스럽게 이어진다.
- “There is something to be gained in remembering.” 뒤: 기억의 이점을 말하는 부분이라 “whether or not we remember”와 충돌한다.
- Einstein의 상대성 이론이 꿈에서 영감을 받았다는 문장 뒤: 바로 다음의 “he claimed”와 Einstein 이야기가 끊긴다.
- “In fact, he claimed...” 문장 뒤: this가 받을 내용이 Einstein의 개인 주장이 되어 어색하며, 뒤의 “Asking why we dream”과도 이어지지 않는다.