[법원직 9급 영어] 23년 1회차
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제 전 회차를 한 권으로 — PDF 전자책(문제집·정답해설집)
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제

23년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · A4 약 1장

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법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com

23년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
Henry Molaison에 대한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Henry Molaison, a 27-year-old man, suffered from debilitating *seizures for about a decade in the 1950s. On September 1, 1953, Molaison allowed surgeons to remove a section of tissue from each side of his brain to stop the seizures. The operation worked, but Molaison was left with permanent **amnesia, unable to form new memories. This tragic outcome led to one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century brain science: the discovery that complex functions like learning and memory are linked to specific regions of the brain. Molaison became known as “H.M.” in research to protect his privacy. Scientists William Scoville studied Molaison and nine other patients who had similar surgeries, finding that only those who had parts of their ***medial temporal lobes removed experienced memory problems, specifically with recent memory. He discovered that a specific structure in the brain was necessary for normal memory. Molaison's life was a series of firsts, as he couldn't remember anything he had done before. However, he was able to acquire new motor skills over time. Studies of Molaison allowed neuroscientists to further explore the brain networks involved in conscious and unconscious memories, even after his death in 2008.
* seizure 발작
** amnesia 기억 상실증
*** medial temporal lobe 내측 측두엽
1외과의사들이 발작을 멈추기 위해 그의 뇌의 양쪽에서 조직의 한 부분을 제거하게 했다.
2수술 결과는 학습과 기억과 같은 복잡한 기능들이 뇌의 특정 영역과 연결되어 있다는 발견으로 이어졌다.
3살아가면서 이전에 한 일을 조금씩 기억할 수 있었지만, 시간이 지나면서 운동 능력이 약화되었다.
4그에 대한 연구는 의식적 기억 및 무의식적 기억과 관련된 뇌의 연결 조직을 더 탐구할 수 있게 하였다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 예전 일을 조금씩 기억했지만 운동 능력은 약해졌다는 진술이다.

지문은 “he couldn't remember anything he had done before”(이전에 한 일을 아무것도 기억하지 못했다)라고 하고, 오히려 “he was able to acquire new motor skills over time”(시간이 지나며 새로운 운동 기술을 습득할 수 있었다)이라고 해 두 부분 모두 반대다.

  • 뇌 양쪽 조직 제거: “allowed surgeons to remove a section of tissue from each side of his brain to stop the seizures”(발작을 멈추려고 뇌 양쪽 조직 일부를 제거하게 했다)와 일치한다.
  • 학습·기억과 뇌 특정 영역의 연결: “complex functions like learning and memory are linked to specific regions of the brain”과 일치한다.
  • 의식적·무의식적 기억 연구: “explore the brain networks involved in conscious and unconscious memories”(의식적·무의식적 기억에 관여하는 뇌 연결망을 탐구)와 일치한다.
문제 2
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Humans have an inborn *affinity for nature that goes beyond the tangible benefits we derive from the microbes, plants, and animals of the **biomes ①in which we live. The idea that nature in the form of landscapes, plants, and animals ②are good for our well-being is old and can be traced to Charles Darwin or earlier. This idea was called biophilia by psychologist Erich Fromm and was studied by Harvard ant biologist Edward O. Wilson and Stephen Kellert. In 1984, Wilson published Biophilia, which was followed by another book, The Biophilia Hypothesis, ③edited by Kellert and Wilson, in 1995. Their biophilia hypothesis is ④that humans have a universal desire to be in natural settings.
* affinity 친밀감
** biome 생물군계(生物群系)
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 밑줄 친 are로, is가 되어야 한다(주어-동사 수일치).

주어는 단수 명사 “The idea”이고 “that nature in the form of landscapes, plants, and animals”는 idea의 내용을 설명하는 동격 that절이다. 따라서 본동사는 단수형 is여야 하며, 뒤의 “and is old”와도 짝이 맞는다.

  • in which: 선행사 the biomes를 받아 “we live in the biomes”의 전치사를 앞으로 뺀 전치사+관계대명사로 옳다.
  • edited: The Biophilia Hypothesis가 Kellert와 Wilson에 의해 ‘편집된’ 것이므로 수동의 과거분사가 옳다.
  • that: be동사 is의 보어 역할을 하는 명사절 접속사로, 뒤에 완전한 절이 와서 옳다.
문제 3
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Life on Earth faced an extreme test of survivability during the *Cryogenian Period, which began 720 million years ago. The planet was frozen over most of the 85 million-year period. But life somehow survived during this time called “Snowball Earth”. Scientists are trying to better understand the start of this period. They believe a greatly reduced amount of the sun's warmth reached the planet's surface as its radiation bounced off the white ice sheets. Also, they said the fossils found in black shale and identified as seaweed are a sign that livable water environments were more widespread at the time than they once believed. The findings of some research support the idea that the planet was more of a “Slushball Earth” with melting snow. This enabled the earliest forms of complex life to survive in areas once thought to have been frozen solid. The researchers said the most important finding was that ice-free, open water conditions existed in place during the last part of so-called “the Ice Age”. The findings demonstrate that the world's oceans were not completely frozen. It means areas of habitable refuge existed where multicellular organisms could survive.
* Cryogenian Period 크라이오제니아기
(600∼850만년 전 시기)
1지구는 8천 5백만 년의 대부분의 기간 동안 얼어 있었지만 생명체는 살아남았다.
2과학자들은 “눈덩이 지구” 기간 동안에도 지구의 표면에 다다른 태양의 온기가 크게 감소하지 않았다고 믿고 있다.
3“슬러시볼 지구”의 기간 동안에 초기 형태의 복잡한 생명체가 생존하는 것은 가능했다.
4연구결과 "빙하 시대" 후반기의 세계의 바다가 완전히 얼지 않았다는 것이 입증되었다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 태양의 온기가 크게 감소하지 않았다는 진술이다.

지문은 “a greatly reduced amount of the sun's warmth reached the planet's surface”(지표면에 도달한 태양의 온기가 크게 줄었다)라고 하며, 그 이유로 복사열이 흰 빙상에 반사된 점을 든다.

  • 대부분 얼어 있었지만 생명체 생존: “frozen over most of the 85 million-year period. But life somehow survived”와 일치한다.
  • 슬러시볼 지구 시기의 복잡한 생명체 생존: “This enabled the earliest forms of complex life to survive”와 일치한다.
  • 바다가 완전히 얼지 않음: “the world's oceans were not completely frozen”과 일치한다.
문제 4
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
As global temperatures rise, so do sea levels, threatening coastal communities around the world. Surprisingly, even small organisms like oysters ________________________. Oysters are keystone species with *ripple effects on the health of their ecosystems and its inhabitants. Just one adult oyster can filter up to fifty gallons of water in a single day, making waterways cleaner. Healthy oyster reefs also provide a home for hundreds of other marine organisms, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem balance. As rising sea levels lead to pervasive flooding, oyster reefs act as walls to buffer storms and protect against further coastal erosion.
* ripple effect 파급효과
1can come to our defense
2can be the food for emergency
3may be contaminated by microplastics
4can increase the income of local residents
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 can come to our defense(우리를 지켜줄 수 있다)가 들어간다.

해수면 상승이 해안 공동체를 위협한다는 도입 뒤, 굴이 물을 정화하고 생물 다양성을 높이며 “oyster reefs act as walls to buffer storms and protect against further coastal erosion”(굴 암초가 폭풍을 완충하는 벽 역할을 하고 해안 침식을 막는다)이라고 마무리한다. 즉 작은 굴도 인간을 보호한다는 내용이다.

  • can be the food for emergency(비상식량이 될 수 있다): 식량 이야기는 지문에 없다.
  • may be contaminated by microplastics(미세플라스틱에 오염될 수 있다): 오염 문제는 언급되지 않는다.
  • can increase the income of local residents(주민 소득을 늘릴 수 있다): 경제적 효과는 다루지 않는다.
문제 5
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The myth of the taste map, which claims that different sections of the tongue are responsible for specific tastes, is incorrect, according to modern science. The taste map originated from the experiments of German scientist David Hänig in the early 1900s, which found that the tongue is most sensitive to tastes along the edges and not so much at the center. However, this has been misinterpreted over the years to claim that sweet is at the front of the tongue, bitter is at the back, and salty and sour are at the sides. In reality, different tastes are sensed by *taste buds all over the tongue. Taste buds work together to make us crave or dislike certain foods, based on our long-term learning and association. For example, our ancestors needed fruit for nutrients and easy calories, so we are naturally drawn to sweet tastes, while bitterness in some plants serves as a warning of toxicity. Of course, different species in the animal kingdom also have unique taste abilities: carnivores do not eat fruit and therefore do not crave sugar like humans do.
* taste bud 미뢰

⇩
The claim that different parts of the tongue are responsible for specific tastes has been proven to be (A) by modern science, and the taste preferences are influenced by the (B) history.

(A) (B)
1correct … evolutionary
2false … evolutionary
3false … psychological
4correct … psychological
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 false, (B)에는 evolutionary가 들어간다.

(A) 혀 부위별 맛 지도는 “is incorrect, according to modern science”(현대 과학에 따르면 틀렸다)이므로 false(거짓의)가 맞다. (B) “our ancestors needed fruit for nutrients”, “bitterness in some plants serves as a warning of toxicity”처럼 조상 시절부터의 생존 필요가 맛 선호를 만들었으므로 evolutionary(진화적인) 역사가 맞다.

  • correct(옳은): 지문의 incorrect, misinterpreted와 정반대다.
  • psychological(심리적인): 선호의 근거는 개인 심리가 아니라 조상의 생존 필요라는 진화적 배경이다.
문제 6
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Language is the primary means ①by which people communicate with one another. Although most creatures communicate, human speech is more complex, more creative, and ②used more extensively than the communication systems of other animals. Language is an essential part of what it means to be human and is a basic part of all cultures. Linguistic anthropology is concerned with understanding language and its relation to culture. Language is an amazing thing ③what we take for granted. When we speak, we use our bodies-our lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, and lips-to produce noises of varying tone and pitch. And, somehow, when we and others ④do this together, we are able to communicate with one another, but only if we speak the same language. Linguistic anthropologists want to understand the variation among languages and how language is structured, learned, and used.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 밑줄 친 what으로, that(또는 which)이 되어야 한다(관계대명사 what vs that).

what은 선행사를 포함하므로 앞에 선행사가 올 수 없다. 여기서는 “an amazing thing”이라는 선행사가 있고 뒤 절 “we take for granted”에 목적어가 빠져 있으므로 목적격 관계대명사 that/which가 필요하다.

  • by which: “people communicate with one another by the means”의 전치사+관계대명사로 옳다.
  • used: is 뒤에 more complex, more creative와 병렬된 보어로, 언어가 ‘사용되는’ 것이므로 수동의 과거분사가 옳다.
  • do: 복수 주어 we and others에 맞춘 대동사(produce noises를 대신)로 옳다.
문제 7
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Healthcare chatbots have been purposed to solve this problem and ensure proper diagnosis and advice for people from the comfort of their homes.

People have grown hesitant to approach hospitals or health centers due to the fear of contracting a disease or the heavy sum of consultation fees. ( ① ) This leads them to self-diagnose themselves based upon unverified information sources on the Internet. ( ② ) This often proves harmful effects on the person's mental and physical health if misdiagnosed and improper medicines are consumed. ( ③ ) Based upon the severity of the diagnosis, the chatbot prescribes over the counter treatment or escalates the diagnosis to a verified healthcare professional. ( ④ ) Interactive chatbots that have been trained on a large and wide variety of symptoms, risk factors, and treatment can handle user health queries with ease, especially in the case of COVID-19.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 잘못된 자가진단의 해로움을 말한 문장 뒤, “Based upon the severity of the diagnosis, the chatbot…” 문장 앞에 들어가야 한다.

주어진 문장의 “this problem”(이 문제)은 앞에서 말한 검증되지 않은 정보로 자가진단해 해를 입는 문제를 가리키고, 여기서 처음 Healthcare chatbots가 소개된다. 그래야 뒤 문장의 “the chatbot”(그 챗봇)이 자연스럽게 이어진다.

  • 병원 기피 문장 뒤: 아직 자가진단 문제가 제시되기 전이라 this problem이 가리킬 대상이 없다.
  • 자가진단 문장 뒤: 바로 다음의 This often proves harmful effects가 자가진단을 받아야 하므로 흐름이 끊긴다.
  • 챗봇 처방 문장 뒤: 이미 the chatbot이 등장한 뒤라 챗봇을 처음 소개하는 문장이 오기에 늦다.
문제 8
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sports fan depression is a real phenomenon that affects many *avid sports fans, especially during times of disappointment or defeat.

(A)Fans may experience a decrease in mood, appetite, and sleep quality, as well as an increase in stress levels and a heightened risk of developing anxiety or depression. There are many factors that can contribute to sports fan depression, including personal investment in a team's success, social pressures to support a particular team, and the intense media coverage and scrutiny that often accompanies high-profile sports events.
(B)For many fans, their emotional investment in their favorite teams or athletes can be so intense that losing or failing to meet expectations can lead to feelings of sadness, frustration, and even depression. Research has shown that sports fan depression can have a range of negative effects on both mental and physical health.
(C)To mitigate the negative effects of sports fan depression, it's important for fans to maintain a healthy perspective on sports and remember that they are ultimately just games. Engaging in self-care activities such as exercise, spending time with loved ones, and seeking support from a mental health professional can also be helpful.
* avid 열심인
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(B) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)이다.

스포츠 팬 우울증이 실제 현상이라는 주어진 글 뒤에, (B)가 그 원인(감정적 몰입)과 “a range of negative effects”(다양한 부정적 영향)를 언급한다. (A)는 그 영향의 구체적 증상과 원인 요인을 나열하고, (C)는 “To mitigate the negative effects”(부정적 영향을 완화하려면)로 해결책을 제시한다.

  • (A)로 시작하는 순서: (A)의 증상 나열은 부정적 영향을 언급한 (B) 뒤에 와야 자연스럽다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): 해결책 (C) 뒤에 다시 증상과 원인 (A)가 오면 흐름이 거꾸로 된다.
  • (C)로 시작하는 순서: 문제의 내용이 제시되기 전에 완화책이 먼저 나올 수 없다.
문제 9
Roald Dahl에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Roald Dahl (1916-1990) was born in Wales of Norwegian parents. He spent his childhood in England and, at age eighteen, went to work for the Shell Oil Company in Africa. When World War II broke out, he joined the Royal Air Force and became a fighter pilot. At the age of twenty-six he moved to Washington, D.C., and it was there he began to write. His first short story, which recounted his adventures in the war, was bought by The Saturday Evening Post, and so began a long and illustrious career. After establishing himself as a writer for adults, Roald Dahl began writing children’s stories in 1960 while living in England with his family. His first stories were written as entertainment for his own children, to whom many of his books are dedicated. Roald Dahl is now considered one of the most beloved storytellers of our time.
1어린 시절을 영국에서 보냈고, 18세에 아프리카에서 일했다.
22차 세계대전이 발발했을 때는 공군에 입대하여 조종사가 되었다.
3전쟁에서 자신의 모험을 다룬 첫 번째 단편 소설을 썼다.
4성인을 위한 작가가 된 뒤 영국에서 가족과 떨어져 혼자 살면서 글을 썼다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 가족과 떨어져 혼자 살면서 글을 썼다는 진술이다.

지문은 “began writing children’s stories in 1960 while living in England with his family”(영국에서 가족과 함께 살면서 동화를 쓰기 시작했다)라고 한다.

  • 영국에서의 어린 시절과 18세 아프리카 근무: “spent his childhood in England and, at age eighteen, went to work for the Shell Oil Company in Africa”와 일치한다.
  • 공군 입대·조종사: “joined the Royal Air Force and became a fighter pilot”과 일치한다.
  • 전쟁 모험을 다룬 첫 단편: “His first short story, which recounted his adventures in the war”와 일치한다.
문제 10
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
One of the most interesting discoveries in the field of new sources of sustainable energy is bio-solar energy from jellyfish. Scientists have discovered that the fluorescent protein in this animal can be used to generate solar energy in a more sustainable way than current *photovoltaic energy. How is this energy generated? ①The process involves converting the jellyfish’s fluorescent protein into a solar cell that is capable of generating energy and transferring it to small devices. ②There has been constant criticism that the natural environment is being damaged by reckless solar power generation. ③The main advantage of using these living beings as a natural energy source is that they are a clean alternative that does not use fossil fuels or require the use of limited resources. ④Although this project is still currently in the trial phase, the expectation is that this source of energy will be able to be expanded and become a green alternative for powering the type of small electronic devices that are becoming more and more common.
* photovoltaic 광전기성의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

흐름과 관계없는 문장은 무분별한 태양광 발전이 자연을 훼손한다는 비판을 다룬 문장이다.

글은 해파리의 형광 단백질로 만드는 bio-solar energy의 생성 과정, 장점, 전망을 차례로 설명한다. “reckless solar power generation”(무분별한 태양광 발전)에 대한 비판은 해파리 에너지와 무관하다.

  • 형광 단백질을 태양 전지로 바꾸는 과정 문장: 바로 앞 질문 How is this energy generated?에 대한 답이다.
  • 화석 연료를 쓰지 않는 깨끗한 대안이라는 장점 문장: 해파리 에너지의 이점을 설명한다.
  • 시험 단계이지만 소형 기기 전원으로 확대될 것이라는 문장: 해파리 에너지의 전망으로 글을 마무리한다.
문제 11
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
On the human level, a cow seems simple. You feed it grass, and it pays you back with milk. It's a trick whose secret is limited to cows and a few other mammals (most can't digest grass).

(A)A cow's complexity is even greater. In particular, a cow (plus a bull) can make a new generation of baby cows. This is a simple thing on a human level, but inexpressibly complex on a microscopic level.
(B)Seen through a microscope, though, it all gets more complicated. And the closer you look, the more complicated it gets. Milk is not a single substance, but a mixture of many. Grass is so complex that we still don't fully understand it.
(C)You don't need to understand the details to exploit the process: it's a straightforward transformation from grass into milk, more like chemistry - or *alchemy - than biology. It is, in its way, magic, but it's rational magic that works reliably. All you need is some grass, a cow and several generations of practical knowhow.
* alchemy 연금술
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (C) - (B) - (A)이다.

“On the human level, a cow seems simple”이라는 주어진 글을 (C)가 “You don't need to understand the details”(세부를 몰라도 된다)로 이어 간다. (B)는 “Seen through a microscope, though”(그러나 현미경으로 보면)로 복잡성을 제시하고, (A)는 “A cow's complexity is even greater”(소의 복잡성은 더 크다)로 우유·풀보다 더 복잡한 소로 심화한다.

  • (B)로 시작하는 순서: 인간 수준의 단순함을 다 말하기 전에 though로 전환하면 이르다.
  • (C) - (A) - (B): (A)의 even greater는 앞에서 우유와 풀의 복잡성을 말한 (B) 뒤에 와야 비교가 성립한다.
문제 12
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
But here it’s worth noting that more than half the workforce has little or no opportunity for remote work.

COVID-19’s spread flattened the cultural and technological barriers standing in the way of remote work. One analysis of the potential for remote work to persist showed that 20 to 25 percent of workforces in advanced economies could work from home in the range of three to five days a week. ( ① ) This is four to five times more remote work than pre-COVID-19. ( ② ) Moreover, not all work that can be done remotely should be; for example, negotiations, brainstorming, and providing sensitive feedback are activities that may be less effective when done remotely. ( ③ ) The outlook for remote work, then, depends on the work environment, job, and the tasks at hand, so *hybrid work setups, where some work happens on-site and some remotely, are likely to persist. ( ④ ) To unlock sustainable performance and well-being in a hybrid world, the leading driver of performance and productivity should be the sense of purpose work provides to employees, not compensation.
* hybrid 혼합체
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 “This is four to five times more remote work than pre-COVID-19.” 뒤, “Moreover, not all work…” 앞에 들어가야 한다.

원격 근무 증가를 말한 뒤 “But”으로 노동 인구 절반 이상은 원격 근무 기회가 거의 없다는 한계를 제시하고, 이어 “Moreover”(게다가)로 원격으로 가능한 일도 다 그래야 하는 것은 아니라는 두 번째 한계를 덧붙이는 흐름이다.

  • 20~25퍼센트 분석 문장 뒤: 바로 뒤 This is four to five times more가 그 수치를 받아야 하므로 끼어들 수 없다.
  • 협상·브레인스토밍 예시 뒤: 한계를 정리한 뒤의 결론부 then 앞이라 But의 역접이 어색하다.
  • 하이브리드 근무 지속 문장 뒤: 결론과 제언 사이에 한계를 다시 꺼내면 흐름이 맞지 않는다.
문제 13
Sigmund Freud에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Sigmund Freud was a doctor of psychology in Vienna, Austria at the end of the nineteenth century. He treated many patients with nervous problems through his “talk cure.” For this type of treatment, Freud simply let his patients talk to him about anything that was bothering them. While treating his patients, he began to realize that although there were events in a patient's past that she or he might not remember consciously, these events could affect the person's actions in her or his present life. Freud called the place where past memories were hidden the unconscious mind. Images from the unconscious mind might show up in a person's dreams or through the person's actions. Freud wrote a book about his theories about the unconscious mind and dreaming in 1899. The title of the book was “The Interpretation of Dreams”
1오스트리아의 정신과 의사였다.
2신경 문제가 있는 환자들을 대화를 통해 치료했다.
3기억이 나지 않는 과거는 환자에게 영향을 미치지 못한다고 주장했다.
4“꿈의 해석”이라는 책을 썼다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 기억나지 않는 과거는 영향을 미치지 못한다고 주장했다는 진술이다.

지문은 환자가 의식적으로 기억하지 못하는 과거 사건도 “these events could affect the person's actions in her or his present life”(현재 삶의 행동에 영향을 줄 수 있다)라고 한다.

  • 오스트리아의 정신과 의사: “a doctor of psychology in Vienna, Austria”와 일치한다.
  • 대화를 통한 치료: “treated many patients with nervous problems through his talk cure”와 일치한다.
  • 꿈의 해석 저술: “The title of the book was The Interpretation of Dreams”와 일치한다.
문제 14
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
All emotions tell us something about ourselves and our situation. But sometimes we find it hard to accept what we feel. We might judge ourselves for feeling a certain way, like if we feel jealous, for example. But instead of thinking we should not feel that way, it's better to notice how we actually feel. Avoiding negative feelings or pretending we don't feel the way we do can *backfire. It's harder to move past difficult feelings and allow them to fade if we don't face them and try to understand why we feel that way. You don't have to dwell on your emotions or constantly talk about how you feel. Emotional awareness simply means recognizing, respecting, and accepting your feelings as they happen.
* backfire 역효과를 내다
1부정적인 감정은 잘 조절해서 표현해야 한다.
2과거의 부정적 감정은 되도록 빨리 극복해야 한다.
3감정을 수용하기 어렵다면 전문가의 도움을 받아야한다.
4우리의 감정을 인식하고 존중하며 그대로 받아들여야 한다.
정답 및 해설

요지는 감정을 인식하고 존중하며 그대로 받아들여야 한다는 것이다.

글은 부정적 감정을 피하거나 없는 척하면 “can backfire”(역효과를 낼 수 있다)고 하고, 마지막에 “Emotional awareness simply means recognizing, respecting, and accepting your feelings”(감정 인식이란 감정을 인식하고 존중하고 받아들이는 것)라고 정리한다.

  • 부정적 감정을 조절해서 표현: 조절·표현 방법은 다루지 않고, 오히려 감정을 판단하지 말고 알아차리라고 한다.
  • 과거의 부정적 감정을 빨리 극복: 빨리 넘기는 것보다 먼저 마주하고 이해해야 한다는 내용이다.
  • 전문가의 도움: 전문가 상담은 지문에 언급되지 않는다.
문제 15
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
At the level of lawmaking, there is no reason why tech giants should have such an ironclad grip on technological resources and innovation.

(A)As the Daily Wire's Matt Walsh has pointed out, for example, if you don't buy your kid a smartphone, he won't have one. There is no need to put in his hand a device that enables him to indulge his every impulse without supervision.
(B)At the private and personal level, there's no reason why they should have control of your life, either. In policy, politics, and our personal lives, it should not be taken as "inevitable" that our data will be sold to the highest bidder, our children will be addicted to online games, and our lives will be lived in the metaverse.
(C)As a free people, we are entitled to exert absolute control over which kinds of digital products we consume, and in what quantities. Most especially, parents should control what tech products go to their kids.
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.

주어진 글이 “At the level of lawmaking”(입법 차원)을 말하자, (B)가 “At the private and personal level … either”(개인 차원에서도 마찬가지)로 이어 간다. (C)는 소비자가 디지털 제품을 통제할 권리와 부모가 자녀의 기기를 통제해야 한다고 하고, (A)는 “for example”로 자녀에게 스마트폰을 사주지 않는 사례를 든다.

  • (B) - (A) - (C): (A)의 스마트폰 예시는 부모의 통제를 말한 (C) 뒤에 와야 예시가 성립한다.
  • (C)로 시작하는 순서: 입법 차원 다음에 개인 차원으로 넘어가는 (B)의 either 연결이 먼저 와야 한다.
문제 16
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
These may appear as challenges which may be impossible to address because of the uncertainty in our ability to predict future climate.

Global warming is a reality man has to live with. ( ① ) This is a very important issue to recognize, because, of all the parameters that affect human existence, on planet earth, it is the food security that is of paramount importance to life on earth and which is most threatened by global warming. ( ② ) Future food security will be dependent on a combination of the stresses, both biotic and *abiotic, imposed by climate change, variability of weather within the growing season, development of **cultivars more suited to different ***ambient conditions, and, the ability to develop effective adaptation strategies which allow these cultivars to express their genetic potential under the changing climate conditions. ( ③ ) However, these challenges also provide us the opportunities to enhance our understanding of soil-plant-atmosphere interaction and how one could utilize this knowledge to enable us achieve the ultimate goal of enhanced food security across all areas of the globe. ( ④ )
* abiotic 비생물적인 ** cultivar 품종 *** ambient 주변의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 스트레스 요인과 적응 전략을 나열한 문장 뒤, “However, these challenges…” 앞에 들어가야 한다.

주어진 문장의 “These may appear as challenges”는 앞에서 나열한 기후 변화의 스트레스, 생육기 날씨 변동, 품종 개발, 적응 전략을 가리킨다. 뒤 문장은 “However, these challenges also provide us the opportunities”로 그 도전을 기회로 반전시킨다.

  • 첫 문장 뒤: 아직 These가 가리킬 과제들이 제시되지 않았다.
  • 식량 안보 중요성 문장 뒤: 바로 뒤 Future food security 문장이 과제를 나열하기 전이라 These의 지시 대상이 없다.
  • 글의 맨 끝: these challenges가 앞서 나와야 However 문장이 성립하므로 순서가 뒤집힌다.
문제 17
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Anthropologist Paul Ekman proposed in the 1970s that humans experience six basic emotions: anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy, and sadness. However, the exact number of emotions ① disputing, with some researchers suggesting there are only four, and others counting as many as 27. Additionally, scientists debate whether emotions are universal to all human cultures or whether we’re born with them or learn them through experience. ② Despite these disagreements, emotions are clear products of activity in specific regions of the brain. The *amygdala and the insula or **insular cortex are two representative brain structures most ③ closely linked with emotions. The amygdala, a paired, almond-shaped structure deep within the brain, integrates emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation. It interprets fear, helps distinguish friends from foes, and identifies social rewards and how to attain ④ them. The insula is the source of disgust. The experience of disgust may protect you from ingesting poison or spoiled food.
* amygdala 편도체
** insula cortex 대뇌 피질
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 밑줄 친 disputing으로, is disputed가 되어야 한다(문장의 본동사와 태).

“the exact number of emotions”가 주어인데 본동사가 없다. 감정의 정확한 수는 ‘논쟁되는’ 대상이므로 단수 주어 number에 맞춘 수동태 is disputed가 필요하다.

  • Despite: 뒤에 명사구 these disagreements가 오므로 전치사가 옳다.
  • closely: 과거분사 linked를 수식하는 부사로 옳다.
  • them: 복수 명사 social rewards를 받는 대명사로 옳다.
문제 18
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Do you want to be a successful anchor? If so, keep this in mind. As an anchor, the individual will be called upon to communicate news and information to viewer during newscasts, special reports and other types of news programs. This will include interpreting news events, adlibbing, and communicating breaking news effectively when scripts are not available. Anchoring duties also involve gathering and writing stories. The anchor must be able to deliver scripts clearly and effectively. Strong writing skills, solid news judgement and a strong sense of visual storytelling are essential skills. This individual must be a self-starter who cultivates sources and finds new information as a regular part of job. Live reporting skills are important, as well as the ability to adlib and describe breaking news as it takes place.
1difficulties of producing live news
2qualifications to become a news anchor
3the importance of the social role of journalists
4the importance of forming the right public opinion
정답 및 해설

주제는 qualifications to become a news anchor(뉴스 앵커가 되기 위한 자격 요건)이다.

“Do you want to be a successful anchor?”로 시작해 앵커의 업무와 “Strong writing skills, solid news judgement … are essential skills”(필수 역량), 생방송 보도 능력 등을 나열한다.

  • difficulties of producing live news(생방송 뉴스 제작의 어려움): 생방송 보도는 필요한 역량 중 하나로 언급될 뿐 어려움을 다루지 않는다.
  • the importance of the social role of journalists(기자의 사회적 역할의 중요성): 사회적 역할은 언급되지 않는다.
  • the importance of forming the right public opinion(올바른 여론 형성의 중요성): 여론 형성은 지문에 없다.
문제 19
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of French sculptor Auguste Rodin. Rodin, often considered a sculptural Impressionist, did not set out to rebel against artistic traditions, however, he incorporated novel ways of building his sculpture that defied classical categories and techniques. Specifically, Rodin modeled complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surfaces into clay. While he never self-identified as an Impressionist, the vigorous, gestural modeling he employed in his works is often likened to the quick, gestural *brush strokes aiming to capture a fleeting moment that was typical of the Impressionists. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and **allegory, in favor of modeling the human body with intense realism, and celebrating individual character and physicality.
* brush stroke 붓놀림
** allegory 우화, 풍자
1현대 조각은 일반적으로 로댕의 작품에서 시작된 것으로 여겨진다.
2로댕은 고전적인 기술을 거부하며 조각품을 만드는 새로운 방법을 통합했다.
3로댕은 자신을 인상파라고 밝히며 인상파의 전형적인 붓놀림을 보여주었다.
4로댕의 가장 독창적인 작품은 신화와 우화의 전통적인 주제에서 벗어나고자 했다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 로댕이 자신을 인상파라고 밝혔다는 진술이다.

지문은 “While he never self-identified as an Impressionist”(스스로 인상파라고 밝힌 적은 없지만)라고 하고, 그의 조형 방식이 인상파 붓놀림에 “likened”(비유된다)고만 한다.

  • 현대 조각의 시작: “Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of … Auguste Rodin”과 일치한다.
  • 고전적 기술을 거부한 새로운 방법: “novel ways of building his sculpture that defied classical categories and techniques”와 일치한다.
  • 신화·우화 주제에서 벗어남: “departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory”와 일치한다.
문제 20
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Cosmetics became so closely associated with portraiture that some photography handbooks included recipes for them. American photographers also, at times, used cosmetics to retouch negatives and prints, enlivening women's faces with traces of rouge. Some customers with dark skin requested photographs that would make them look lighter. A skin lightener advertisement that appeared in an African American newspaper in 1935 referenced this practice by promising that its product could achieve the same look produced by photographers: a lighter skin Cop free of *blemishes. By drawing attention to the face and encouraging cosmetics use, portrait photography heightened the aesthetic valuation of smooth and often light-colored skin.
* blemish (피부 등의)티
1side effects of excessive use of cosmetics
2overuse of cosmetics promoted by photographers
3active use of cosmetics to make the face look better
4decreased use of cosmetics due to advances in photography
정답 및 해설

주제는 active use of cosmetics to make the face look better(얼굴을 더 좋아 보이게 하려는 화장품의 적극적 사용)이다.

사진 안내서에 화장품 제조법이 실리고, 사진가가 “used cosmetics to retouch negatives and prints”(화장품으로 원판과 인화지를 보정)했으며, 초상 사진이 “encouraging cosmetics use”(화장품 사용을 장려)해 매끄럽고 밝은 피부의 미적 가치를 높였다고 한다.

  • side effects of excessive use of cosmetics(화장품 과다 사용의 부작용): 부작용은 언급되지 않는다.
  • overuse of cosmetics promoted by photographers(사진가가 부추긴 화장품 남용): 사용을 장려했다는 내용이지 남용을 다루지 않는다.
  • decreased use of cosmetics due to advances in photography(사진 발달로 인한 화장품 사용 감소): 사용이 오히려 늘었다는 내용과 반대다.
문제 21
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥 상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
“Play is something done for its own sake.” says psychiatrist Stuart Brown, author of “Play” He writes: “It’s voluntary, it’s pleasurable, it offers a sense of engagement, it takes you out of time. And the act itself is more important than the outcome.” With this definition in mind, it’s easy to recognize play’s potential benefits. Play ①nurtures relationships with oneself and others. It ②relieves stress and increases happiness. It builds feelings of empathy, creativity, and collaboration. It supports the growth of *sturdiness and grit. When children are deprived of opportunities for play, their development can be significantly ③enhanced. Play is so important that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights declared it a ④fundamental right of every child. Play is not **frivolous. It is not something to do after the “real work” is done. Play is the real work of childhood. Through it, children have their best chance for becoming whole, happy adults.
* sturdiness 강건함
** frivolous 경박한, 하찮은
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은 밑줄 친 enhanced(향상된)로, hindered(저해된) 같은 말이 와야 한다.

“When children are deprived of opportunities for play”(놀이 기회를 빼앗기면) 발달이 ‘향상된다’는 것은 놀이의 이점을 강조하는 글의 논지와 모순된다.

  • nurtures(기르다, 키우다): 놀이가 자신·타인과의 관계를 키운다는 이점으로 적절하다.
  • relieves(덜어 주다): 놀이가 스트레스를 줄이고 행복을 높인다는 내용으로 적절하다.
  • fundamental(기본적인): 유엔이 놀이를 모든 아동의 기본 권리로 선언했다는 내용으로 적절하다.
문제 22
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Lewis Pugh is a British endurance swimmer, who is best known for his long-distance swims in cold and open waters. He swims in cold places as a way to draw attention to the urgent need to protect the world's oceans and waterways from the effects of climate change and pollution. In 2019, Pugh decided to swim in Lake Imja, which is located in the Khumbu region of Nepal, near Mount Everest. After a failed first attempt, Lewis had a *debrief to discuss the best way to swim at 5,300 meters above sea level. He is usually very aggressive when he swims because he wants to finish quickly and get out of the cold water. But this time he showed        and swam slowly.
* debrief 평가회의
1grief
2anger
3humility
4confidence
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 humility(겸손)가 들어간다.

Pugh는 평소 “very aggressive when he swims”(공격적으로 빨리 끝내려 한다)였지만, 첫 시도에 실패하고 해발 5,300미터 환경을 논의한 뒤 이번에는 “swam slowly”(천천히 헤엄쳤다). 실패 후 자연 앞에서 자세를 낮춘 태도이므로 겸손이 맞다.

  • grief(슬픔): 슬퍼할 계기나 감정 묘사는 없다.
  • anger(분노): 천천히 헤엄친 행동과 맞지 않는다.
  • confidence(자신감): 실패 뒤 평소의 공격적 방식을 버리고 신중해진 것이므로 반대에 가깝다.
문제 23
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
Fast fashion is a method of producing inexpensive clothing at a rapid pace to respond to the latest fashion trends. With shopping evolving into a form of entertainment in the age of fast fashion, customers are contributing to what sustainability experts refer to as a throwaway culture. This means customers simply discard products once they are deemed useless rather than recycling or donating them. ①The consumers are generally satisfied with the quality of fast fashion brand clothing. ②As a result, these discarded items add a huge burden to the environment. ③To resolve the throwaway culture and fast fashion crisis, the concept of sustainability in fashion is brought to the spotlight. ④Sustainable fashion involves apparel, footwear, and accessories that are produced, distributed, and utilized as sustainably as possible while taking into account socio-economic and environmental concerns.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

흐름과 관계없는 문장은 소비자들이 패스트 패션 의류의 품질에 대체로 만족한다는 문장이다.

글은 패스트 패션이 낳은 throwaway culture(버리는 문화)와 그 환경 부담, 해결책인 지속 가능한 패션으로 이어진다. 품질 만족도는 이 흐름과 무관하며, 바로 뒤 “As a result, these discarded items”는 앞의 제품을 버린다는 내용을 받아야 한다.

  • 버려진 물건이 환경에 큰 부담이 된다는 문장: 버리는 문화의 결과로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
  • 지속 가능성 개념이 주목받는다는 문장: 버리는 문화와 패스트 패션 위기의 해결책을 제시한다.
  • 지속 가능한 패션의 정의 문장: 앞에서 제시한 해결책 개념을 구체화한다.
문제 24
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Wrinkles are a sure sign of aging, and may also hint that bone health is on the decline. Researchers at Yale School of Medicine found that some women with deepening and worsening skin wrinkles also had lower bone density, independent of age and factors known to influence bone mass. Skin and bones share a common building-block protein, type 1 collagen, which is lost with age, says study author Dr. Lubna Pal. Wrinkles between the eyebrows - the vertical lines above the bridge of the nose - appear to be the strongest markers of *brittle bones, she says. Long-term studies are needed, but it appears the skin reflects what's happening at the level of the bone, says Pal.
* brittle 잘 부러지는
1나이가 들면서 주름이 생기는 것은 당연한 현상이다.
2골밀도 감소와 주름 생성의 관계에 관해서는 연구가 더 필요하다.
3여성이 남성보다 주름이 더 많이 생기는 이유는 골밀도 차이 때문이다.
4주름은 단지 피부 노화와만 연관된 것이 아니라 뼈 건강 상태와도 연관이 있다.
정답 및 해설

요지는 주름이 피부 노화뿐 아니라 뼈 건강 상태와도 연관된다는 것이다.

첫 문장 “Wrinkles are a sure sign of aging, and may also hint that bone health is on the decline”(주름은 노화의 신호이자 뼈 건강 저하의 단서일 수 있다)과 마지막 “the skin reflects what's happening at the level of the bone”이 이를 뒷받침한다.

  • 나이가 들면 주름이 생기는 것은 당연: 도입의 전제일 뿐 글이 전하려는 핵심이 아니다.
  • 관계에 대한 연구가 더 필요: “Long-term studies are needed”는 부수적 언급이고, 글의 중심은 주름과 골밀도의 연관성이다.
  • 여성이 남성보다 주름이 많은 이유: 남녀 비교는 지문에 없다.
문제 25
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Meditation can improve your quality of life thanks to its many psychological and physical benefits. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as meditation, have been shown to improve mental health, specifically in the area of stress, according to a study in the Clinical Psychology Review. When faced with a difficult or stressful moment, our bodies create cortisol, the steroid hormone responsible for regulating stress and our natural fight-or-flight response, among many other functions. Chronic stress can cause sustained and elevated levels of cortisol, which can lead to other negative effects on your health, including *cardiovascular and immune systems and gut health. Meditation, which focuses on calming the mind and regulating emotion, can help to reduce chronic stress in the body and lower the risk of its side effects.
* cardiovascular 심혈관계의
1Meditation benefits us both mentally and physically.
2Cortisol is released in a stressful situation.
3Stress does not usually affect our cardiovascular systems.
4Meditation can help lower chronic stress in the body.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 Stress does not usually affect our cardiovascular systems.(스트레스는 대개 심혈관계에 영향을 주지 않는다)이다.

지문은 만성 스트레스로 코르티솔이 높게 유지되면 “negative effects on your health, including cardiovascular and immune systems”(심혈관계·면역계 등 건강에 부정적 영향)를 줄 수 있다고 한다.

  • Meditation benefits us both mentally and physically.(명상은 정신적·신체적으로 이롭다): “its many psychological and physical benefits”와 일치한다.
  • Cortisol is released in a stressful situation.(스트레스 상황에서 코르티솔이 분비된다): “When faced with a difficult or stressful moment, our bodies create cortisol”과 일치한다.
  • Meditation can help lower chronic stress in the body.(명상은 만성 스트레스를 낮춘다): “can help to reduce chronic stress in the body”와 일치한다.
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
23년 1회차
총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
Henry Molaison에 대한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Henry Molaison, a 27-year-old man, suffered from debilitating *seizures for about a decade in the 1950s. On September 1, 1953, Molaison allowed surgeons to remove a section of tissue from each side of his brain to stop the seizures. The operation worked, but Molaison was left with permanent **amnesia, unable to form new memories. This tragic outcome led to one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century brain science: the discovery that complex functions like learning and memory are linked to specific regions of the brain. Molaison became known as “H.M.” in research to protect his privacy. Scientists William Scoville studied Molaison and nine other patients who had similar surgeries, finding that only those who had parts of their ***medial temporal lobes removed experienced memory problems, specifically with recent memory. He discovered that a specific structure in the brain was necessary for normal memory. Molaison's life was a series of firsts, as he couldn't remember anything he had done before. However, he was able to acquire new motor skills over time. Studies of Molaison allowed neuroscientists to further explore the brain networks involved in conscious and unconscious memories, even after his death in 2008.
* seizure 발작
** amnesia 기억 상실증
*** medial temporal lobe 내측 측두엽
1외과의사들이 발작을 멈추기 위해 그의 뇌의 양쪽에서 조직의 한 부분을 제거하게 했다.
2수술 결과는 학습과 기억과 같은 복잡한 기능들이 뇌의 특정 영역과 연결되어 있다는 발견으로 이어졌다.
3살아가면서 이전에 한 일을 조금씩 기억할 수 있었지만, 시간이 지나면서 운동 능력이 약화되었다.
4그에 대한 연구는 의식적 기억 및 무의식적 기억과 관련된 뇌의 연결 조직을 더 탐구할 수 있게 하였다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 예전 일을 조금씩 기억했지만 운동 능력은 약해졌다는 진술이다.

지문은 “he couldn't remember anything he had done before”(이전에 한 일을 아무것도 기억하지 못했다)라고 하고, 오히려 “he was able to acquire new motor skills over time”(시간이 지나며 새로운 운동 기술을 습득할 수 있었다)이라고 해 두 부분 모두 반대다.

  • 뇌 양쪽 조직 제거: “allowed surgeons to remove a section of tissue from each side of his brain to stop the seizures”(발작을 멈추려고 뇌 양쪽 조직 일부를 제거하게 했다)와 일치한다.
  • 학습·기억과 뇌 특정 영역의 연결: “complex functions like learning and memory are linked to specific regions of the brain”과 일치한다.
  • 의식적·무의식적 기억 연구: “explore the brain networks involved in conscious and unconscious memories”(의식적·무의식적 기억에 관여하는 뇌 연결망을 탐구)와 일치한다.
문제 2
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Humans have an inborn *affinity for nature that goes beyond the tangible benefits we derive from the microbes, plants, and animals of the **biomes ①in which we live. The idea that nature in the form of landscapes, plants, and animals ②are good for our well-being is old and can be traced to Charles Darwin or earlier. This idea was called biophilia by psychologist Erich Fromm and was studied by Harvard ant biologist Edward O. Wilson and Stephen Kellert. In 1984, Wilson published Biophilia, which was followed by another book, The Biophilia Hypothesis, ③edited by Kellert and Wilson, in 1995. Their biophilia hypothesis is ④that humans have a universal desire to be in natural settings.
* affinity 친밀감
** biome 생물군계(生物群系)
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 밑줄 친 are로, is가 되어야 한다(주어-동사 수일치).

주어는 단수 명사 “The idea”이고 “that nature in the form of landscapes, plants, and animals”는 idea의 내용을 설명하는 동격 that절이다. 따라서 본동사는 단수형 is여야 하며, 뒤의 “and is old”와도 짝이 맞는다.

  • in which: 선행사 the biomes를 받아 “we live in the biomes”의 전치사를 앞으로 뺀 전치사+관계대명사로 옳다.
  • edited: The Biophilia Hypothesis가 Kellert와 Wilson에 의해 ‘편집된’ 것이므로 수동의 과거분사가 옳다.
  • that: be동사 is의 보어 역할을 하는 명사절 접속사로, 뒤에 완전한 절이 와서 옳다.
문제 3
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Life on Earth faced an extreme test of survivability during the *Cryogenian Period, which began 720 million years ago. The planet was frozen over most of the 85 million-year period. But life somehow survived during this time called “Snowball Earth”. Scientists are trying to better understand the start of this period. They believe a greatly reduced amount of the sun's warmth reached the planet's surface as its radiation bounced off the white ice sheets. Also, they said the fossils found in black shale and identified as seaweed are a sign that livable water environments were more widespread at the time than they once believed. The findings of some research support the idea that the planet was more of a “Slushball Earth” with melting snow. This enabled the earliest forms of complex life to survive in areas once thought to have been frozen solid. The researchers said the most important finding was that ice-free, open water conditions existed in place during the last part of so-called “the Ice Age”. The findings demonstrate that the world's oceans were not completely frozen. It means areas of habitable refuge existed where multicellular organisms could survive.
* Cryogenian Period 크라이오제니아기
(600∼850만년 전 시기)
1지구는 8천 5백만 년의 대부분의 기간 동안 얼어 있었지만 생명체는 살아남았다.
2과학자들은 “눈덩이 지구” 기간 동안에도 지구의 표면에 다다른 태양의 온기가 크게 감소하지 않았다고 믿고 있다.
3“슬러시볼 지구”의 기간 동안에 초기 형태의 복잡한 생명체가 생존하는 것은 가능했다.
4연구결과 "빙하 시대" 후반기의 세계의 바다가 완전히 얼지 않았다는 것이 입증되었다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 태양의 온기가 크게 감소하지 않았다는 진술이다.

지문은 “a greatly reduced amount of the sun's warmth reached the planet's surface”(지표면에 도달한 태양의 온기가 크게 줄었다)라고 하며, 그 이유로 복사열이 흰 빙상에 반사된 점을 든다.

  • 대부분 얼어 있었지만 생명체 생존: “frozen over most of the 85 million-year period. But life somehow survived”와 일치한다.
  • 슬러시볼 지구 시기의 복잡한 생명체 생존: “This enabled the earliest forms of complex life to survive”와 일치한다.
  • 바다가 완전히 얼지 않음: “the world's oceans were not completely frozen”과 일치한다.
문제 4
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
As global temperatures rise, so do sea levels, threatening coastal communities around the world. Surprisingly, even small organisms like oysters ________________________. Oysters are keystone species with *ripple effects on the health of their ecosystems and its inhabitants. Just one adult oyster can filter up to fifty gallons of water in a single day, making waterways cleaner. Healthy oyster reefs also provide a home for hundreds of other marine organisms, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem balance. As rising sea levels lead to pervasive flooding, oyster reefs act as walls to buffer storms and protect against further coastal erosion.
* ripple effect 파급효과
1can come to our defense
2can be the food for emergency
3may be contaminated by microplastics
4can increase the income of local residents
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 can come to our defense(우리를 지켜줄 수 있다)가 들어간다.

해수면 상승이 해안 공동체를 위협한다는 도입 뒤, 굴이 물을 정화하고 생물 다양성을 높이며 “oyster reefs act as walls to buffer storms and protect against further coastal erosion”(굴 암초가 폭풍을 완충하는 벽 역할을 하고 해안 침식을 막는다)이라고 마무리한다. 즉 작은 굴도 인간을 보호한다는 내용이다.

  • can be the food for emergency(비상식량이 될 수 있다): 식량 이야기는 지문에 없다.
  • may be contaminated by microplastics(미세플라스틱에 오염될 수 있다): 오염 문제는 언급되지 않는다.
  • can increase the income of local residents(주민 소득을 늘릴 수 있다): 경제적 효과는 다루지 않는다.
문제 5
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The myth of the taste map, which claims that different sections of the tongue are responsible for specific tastes, is incorrect, according to modern science. The taste map originated from the experiments of German scientist David Hänig in the early 1900s, which found that the tongue is most sensitive to tastes along the edges and not so much at the center. However, this has been misinterpreted over the years to claim that sweet is at the front of the tongue, bitter is at the back, and salty and sour are at the sides. In reality, different tastes are sensed by *taste buds all over the tongue. Taste buds work together to make us crave or dislike certain foods, based on our long-term learning and association. For example, our ancestors needed fruit for nutrients and easy calories, so we are naturally drawn to sweet tastes, while bitterness in some plants serves as a warning of toxicity. Of course, different species in the animal kingdom also have unique taste abilities: carnivores do not eat fruit and therefore do not crave sugar like humans do.
* taste bud 미뢰

⇩
The claim that different parts of the tongue are responsible for specific tastes has been proven to be (A) by modern science, and the taste preferences are influenced by the (B) history.

(A) (B)
1correct … evolutionary
2false … evolutionary
3false … psychological
4correct … psychological
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 false, (B)에는 evolutionary가 들어간다.

(A) 혀 부위별 맛 지도는 “is incorrect, according to modern science”(현대 과학에 따르면 틀렸다)이므로 false(거짓의)가 맞다. (B) “our ancestors needed fruit for nutrients”, “bitterness in some plants serves as a warning of toxicity”처럼 조상 시절부터의 생존 필요가 맛 선호를 만들었으므로 evolutionary(진화적인) 역사가 맞다.

  • correct(옳은): 지문의 incorrect, misinterpreted와 정반대다.
  • psychological(심리적인): 선호의 근거는 개인 심리가 아니라 조상의 생존 필요라는 진화적 배경이다.
문제 6
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Language is the primary means ①by which people communicate with one another. Although most creatures communicate, human speech is more complex, more creative, and ②used more extensively than the communication systems of other animals. Language is an essential part of what it means to be human and is a basic part of all cultures. Linguistic anthropology is concerned with understanding language and its relation to culture. Language is an amazing thing ③what we take for granted. When we speak, we use our bodies-our lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, and lips-to produce noises of varying tone and pitch. And, somehow, when we and others ④do this together, we are able to communicate with one another, but only if we speak the same language. Linguistic anthropologists want to understand the variation among languages and how language is structured, learned, and used.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 밑줄 친 what으로, that(또는 which)이 되어야 한다(관계대명사 what vs that).

what은 선행사를 포함하므로 앞에 선행사가 올 수 없다. 여기서는 “an amazing thing”이라는 선행사가 있고 뒤 절 “we take for granted”에 목적어가 빠져 있으므로 목적격 관계대명사 that/which가 필요하다.

  • by which: “people communicate with one another by the means”의 전치사+관계대명사로 옳다.
  • used: is 뒤에 more complex, more creative와 병렬된 보어로, 언어가 ‘사용되는’ 것이므로 수동의 과거분사가 옳다.
  • do: 복수 주어 we and others에 맞춘 대동사(produce noises를 대신)로 옳다.
문제 7
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Healthcare chatbots have been purposed to solve this problem and ensure proper diagnosis and advice for people from the comfort of their homes.

People have grown hesitant to approach hospitals or health centers due to the fear of contracting a disease or the heavy sum of consultation fees. ( ① ) This leads them to self-diagnose themselves based upon unverified information sources on the Internet. ( ② ) This often proves harmful effects on the person's mental and physical health if misdiagnosed and improper medicines are consumed. ( ③ ) Based upon the severity of the diagnosis, the chatbot prescribes over the counter treatment or escalates the diagnosis to a verified healthcare professional. ( ④ ) Interactive chatbots that have been trained on a large and wide variety of symptoms, risk factors, and treatment can handle user health queries with ease, especially in the case of COVID-19.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 잘못된 자가진단의 해로움을 말한 문장 뒤, “Based upon the severity of the diagnosis, the chatbot…” 문장 앞에 들어가야 한다.

주어진 문장의 “this problem”(이 문제)은 앞에서 말한 검증되지 않은 정보로 자가진단해 해를 입는 문제를 가리키고, 여기서 처음 Healthcare chatbots가 소개된다. 그래야 뒤 문장의 “the chatbot”(그 챗봇)이 자연스럽게 이어진다.

  • 병원 기피 문장 뒤: 아직 자가진단 문제가 제시되기 전이라 this problem이 가리킬 대상이 없다.
  • 자가진단 문장 뒤: 바로 다음의 This often proves harmful effects가 자가진단을 받아야 하므로 흐름이 끊긴다.
  • 챗봇 처방 문장 뒤: 이미 the chatbot이 등장한 뒤라 챗봇을 처음 소개하는 문장이 오기에 늦다.
문제 8
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sports fan depression is a real phenomenon that affects many *avid sports fans, especially during times of disappointment or defeat.

(A)Fans may experience a decrease in mood, appetite, and sleep quality, as well as an increase in stress levels and a heightened risk of developing anxiety or depression. There are many factors that can contribute to sports fan depression, including personal investment in a team's success, social pressures to support a particular team, and the intense media coverage and scrutiny that often accompanies high-profile sports events.
(B)For many fans, their emotional investment in their favorite teams or athletes can be so intense that losing or failing to meet expectations can lead to feelings of sadness, frustration, and even depression. Research has shown that sports fan depression can have a range of negative effects on both mental and physical health.
(C)To mitigate the negative effects of sports fan depression, it's important for fans to maintain a healthy perspective on sports and remember that they are ultimately just games. Engaging in self-care activities such as exercise, spending time with loved ones, and seeking support from a mental health professional can also be helpful.
* avid 열심인
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(B) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)이다.

스포츠 팬 우울증이 실제 현상이라는 주어진 글 뒤에, (B)가 그 원인(감정적 몰입)과 “a range of negative effects”(다양한 부정적 영향)를 언급한다. (A)는 그 영향의 구체적 증상과 원인 요인을 나열하고, (C)는 “To mitigate the negative effects”(부정적 영향을 완화하려면)로 해결책을 제시한다.

  • (A)로 시작하는 순서: (A)의 증상 나열은 부정적 영향을 언급한 (B) 뒤에 와야 자연스럽다.
  • (B) - (C) - (A): 해결책 (C) 뒤에 다시 증상과 원인 (A)가 오면 흐름이 거꾸로 된다.
  • (C)로 시작하는 순서: 문제의 내용이 제시되기 전에 완화책이 먼저 나올 수 없다.
문제 9
Roald Dahl에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Roald Dahl (1916-1990) was born in Wales of Norwegian parents. He spent his childhood in England and, at age eighteen, went to work for the Shell Oil Company in Africa. When World War II broke out, he joined the Royal Air Force and became a fighter pilot. At the age of twenty-six he moved to Washington, D.C., and it was there he began to write. His first short story, which recounted his adventures in the war, was bought by The Saturday Evening Post, and so began a long and illustrious career. After establishing himself as a writer for adults, Roald Dahl began writing children’s stories in 1960 while living in England with his family. His first stories were written as entertainment for his own children, to whom many of his books are dedicated. Roald Dahl is now considered one of the most beloved storytellers of our time.
1어린 시절을 영국에서 보냈고, 18세에 아프리카에서 일했다.
22차 세계대전이 발발했을 때는 공군에 입대하여 조종사가 되었다.
3전쟁에서 자신의 모험을 다룬 첫 번째 단편 소설을 썼다.
4성인을 위한 작가가 된 뒤 영국에서 가족과 떨어져 혼자 살면서 글을 썼다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 가족과 떨어져 혼자 살면서 글을 썼다는 진술이다.

지문은 “began writing children’s stories in 1960 while living in England with his family”(영국에서 가족과 함께 살면서 동화를 쓰기 시작했다)라고 한다.

  • 영국에서의 어린 시절과 18세 아프리카 근무: “spent his childhood in England and, at age eighteen, went to work for the Shell Oil Company in Africa”와 일치한다.
  • 공군 입대·조종사: “joined the Royal Air Force and became a fighter pilot”과 일치한다.
  • 전쟁 모험을 다룬 첫 단편: “His first short story, which recounted his adventures in the war”와 일치한다.
문제 10
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
One of the most interesting discoveries in the field of new sources of sustainable energy is bio-solar energy from jellyfish. Scientists have discovered that the fluorescent protein in this animal can be used to generate solar energy in a more sustainable way than current *photovoltaic energy. How is this energy generated? ①The process involves converting the jellyfish’s fluorescent protein into a solar cell that is capable of generating energy and transferring it to small devices. ②There has been constant criticism that the natural environment is being damaged by reckless solar power generation. ③The main advantage of using these living beings as a natural energy source is that they are a clean alternative that does not use fossil fuels or require the use of limited resources. ④Although this project is still currently in the trial phase, the expectation is that this source of energy will be able to be expanded and become a green alternative for powering the type of small electronic devices that are becoming more and more common.
* photovoltaic 광전기성의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

흐름과 관계없는 문장은 무분별한 태양광 발전이 자연을 훼손한다는 비판을 다룬 문장이다.

글은 해파리의 형광 단백질로 만드는 bio-solar energy의 생성 과정, 장점, 전망을 차례로 설명한다. “reckless solar power generation”(무분별한 태양광 발전)에 대한 비판은 해파리 에너지와 무관하다.

  • 형광 단백질을 태양 전지로 바꾸는 과정 문장: 바로 앞 질문 How is this energy generated?에 대한 답이다.
  • 화석 연료를 쓰지 않는 깨끗한 대안이라는 장점 문장: 해파리 에너지의 이점을 설명한다.
  • 시험 단계이지만 소형 기기 전원으로 확대될 것이라는 문장: 해파리 에너지의 전망으로 글을 마무리한다.
문제 11
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
On the human level, a cow seems simple. You feed it grass, and it pays you back with milk. It's a trick whose secret is limited to cows and a few other mammals (most can't digest grass).

(A)A cow's complexity is even greater. In particular, a cow (plus a bull) can make a new generation of baby cows. This is a simple thing on a human level, but inexpressibly complex on a microscopic level.
(B)Seen through a microscope, though, it all gets more complicated. And the closer you look, the more complicated it gets. Milk is not a single substance, but a mixture of many. Grass is so complex that we still don't fully understand it.
(C)You don't need to understand the details to exploit the process: it's a straightforward transformation from grass into milk, more like chemistry - or *alchemy - than biology. It is, in its way, magic, but it's rational magic that works reliably. All you need is some grass, a cow and several generations of practical knowhow.
* alchemy 연금술
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (C) - (B) - (A)이다.

“On the human level, a cow seems simple”이라는 주어진 글을 (C)가 “You don't need to understand the details”(세부를 몰라도 된다)로 이어 간다. (B)는 “Seen through a microscope, though”(그러나 현미경으로 보면)로 복잡성을 제시하고, (A)는 “A cow's complexity is even greater”(소의 복잡성은 더 크다)로 우유·풀보다 더 복잡한 소로 심화한다.

  • (B)로 시작하는 순서: 인간 수준의 단순함을 다 말하기 전에 though로 전환하면 이르다.
  • (C) - (A) - (B): (A)의 even greater는 앞에서 우유와 풀의 복잡성을 말한 (B) 뒤에 와야 비교가 성립한다.
문제 12
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
But here it’s worth noting that more than half the workforce has little or no opportunity for remote work.

COVID-19’s spread flattened the cultural and technological barriers standing in the way of remote work. One analysis of the potential for remote work to persist showed that 20 to 25 percent of workforces in advanced economies could work from home in the range of three to five days a week. ( ① ) This is four to five times more remote work than pre-COVID-19. ( ② ) Moreover, not all work that can be done remotely should be; for example, negotiations, brainstorming, and providing sensitive feedback are activities that may be less effective when done remotely. ( ③ ) The outlook for remote work, then, depends on the work environment, job, and the tasks at hand, so *hybrid work setups, where some work happens on-site and some remotely, are likely to persist. ( ④ ) To unlock sustainable performance and well-being in a hybrid world, the leading driver of performance and productivity should be the sense of purpose work provides to employees, not compensation.
* hybrid 혼합체
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 “This is four to five times more remote work than pre-COVID-19.” 뒤, “Moreover, not all work…” 앞에 들어가야 한다.

원격 근무 증가를 말한 뒤 “But”으로 노동 인구 절반 이상은 원격 근무 기회가 거의 없다는 한계를 제시하고, 이어 “Moreover”(게다가)로 원격으로 가능한 일도 다 그래야 하는 것은 아니라는 두 번째 한계를 덧붙이는 흐름이다.

  • 20~25퍼센트 분석 문장 뒤: 바로 뒤 This is four to five times more가 그 수치를 받아야 하므로 끼어들 수 없다.
  • 협상·브레인스토밍 예시 뒤: 한계를 정리한 뒤의 결론부 then 앞이라 But의 역접이 어색하다.
  • 하이브리드 근무 지속 문장 뒤: 결론과 제언 사이에 한계를 다시 꺼내면 흐름이 맞지 않는다.
문제 13
Sigmund Freud에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Sigmund Freud was a doctor of psychology in Vienna, Austria at the end of the nineteenth century. He treated many patients with nervous problems through his “talk cure.” For this type of treatment, Freud simply let his patients talk to him about anything that was bothering them. While treating his patients, he began to realize that although there were events in a patient's past that she or he might not remember consciously, these events could affect the person's actions in her or his present life. Freud called the place where past memories were hidden the unconscious mind. Images from the unconscious mind might show up in a person's dreams or through the person's actions. Freud wrote a book about his theories about the unconscious mind and dreaming in 1899. The title of the book was “The Interpretation of Dreams”
1오스트리아의 정신과 의사였다.
2신경 문제가 있는 환자들을 대화를 통해 치료했다.
3기억이 나지 않는 과거는 환자에게 영향을 미치지 못한다고 주장했다.
4“꿈의 해석”이라는 책을 썼다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 기억나지 않는 과거는 영향을 미치지 못한다고 주장했다는 진술이다.

지문은 환자가 의식적으로 기억하지 못하는 과거 사건도 “these events could affect the person's actions in her or his present life”(현재 삶의 행동에 영향을 줄 수 있다)라고 한다.

  • 오스트리아의 정신과 의사: “a doctor of psychology in Vienna, Austria”와 일치한다.
  • 대화를 통한 치료: “treated many patients with nervous problems through his talk cure”와 일치한다.
  • 꿈의 해석 저술: “The title of the book was The Interpretation of Dreams”와 일치한다.
문제 14
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
All emotions tell us something about ourselves and our situation. But sometimes we find it hard to accept what we feel. We might judge ourselves for feeling a certain way, like if we feel jealous, for example. But instead of thinking we should not feel that way, it's better to notice how we actually feel. Avoiding negative feelings or pretending we don't feel the way we do can *backfire. It's harder to move past difficult feelings and allow them to fade if we don't face them and try to understand why we feel that way. You don't have to dwell on your emotions or constantly talk about how you feel. Emotional awareness simply means recognizing, respecting, and accepting your feelings as they happen.
* backfire 역효과를 내다
1부정적인 감정은 잘 조절해서 표현해야 한다.
2과거의 부정적 감정은 되도록 빨리 극복해야 한다.
3감정을 수용하기 어렵다면 전문가의 도움을 받아야한다.
4우리의 감정을 인식하고 존중하며 그대로 받아들여야 한다.
정답 및 해설

요지는 감정을 인식하고 존중하며 그대로 받아들여야 한다는 것이다.

글은 부정적 감정을 피하거나 없는 척하면 “can backfire”(역효과를 낼 수 있다)고 하고, 마지막에 “Emotional awareness simply means recognizing, respecting, and accepting your feelings”(감정 인식이란 감정을 인식하고 존중하고 받아들이는 것)라고 정리한다.

  • 부정적 감정을 조절해서 표현: 조절·표현 방법은 다루지 않고, 오히려 감정을 판단하지 말고 알아차리라고 한다.
  • 과거의 부정적 감정을 빨리 극복: 빨리 넘기는 것보다 먼저 마주하고 이해해야 한다는 내용이다.
  • 전문가의 도움: 전문가 상담은 지문에 언급되지 않는다.
문제 15
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
At the level of lawmaking, there is no reason why tech giants should have such an ironclad grip on technological resources and innovation.

(A)As the Daily Wire's Matt Walsh has pointed out, for example, if you don't buy your kid a smartphone, he won't have one. There is no need to put in his hand a device that enables him to indulge his every impulse without supervision.
(B)At the private and personal level, there's no reason why they should have control of your life, either. In policy, politics, and our personal lives, it should not be taken as "inevitable" that our data will be sold to the highest bidder, our children will be addicted to online games, and our lives will be lived in the metaverse.
(C)As a free people, we are entitled to exert absolute control over which kinds of digital products we consume, and in what quantities. Most especially, parents should control what tech products go to their kids.
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)이다.

주어진 글이 “At the level of lawmaking”(입법 차원)을 말하자, (B)가 “At the private and personal level … either”(개인 차원에서도 마찬가지)로 이어 간다. (C)는 소비자가 디지털 제품을 통제할 권리와 부모가 자녀의 기기를 통제해야 한다고 하고, (A)는 “for example”로 자녀에게 스마트폰을 사주지 않는 사례를 든다.

  • (B) - (A) - (C): (A)의 스마트폰 예시는 부모의 통제를 말한 (C) 뒤에 와야 예시가 성립한다.
  • (C)로 시작하는 순서: 입법 차원 다음에 개인 차원으로 넘어가는 (B)의 either 연결이 먼저 와야 한다.
문제 16
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
These may appear as challenges which may be impossible to address because of the uncertainty in our ability to predict future climate.

Global warming is a reality man has to live with. ( ① ) This is a very important issue to recognize, because, of all the parameters that affect human existence, on planet earth, it is the food security that is of paramount importance to life on earth and which is most threatened by global warming. ( ② ) Future food security will be dependent on a combination of the stresses, both biotic and *abiotic, imposed by climate change, variability of weather within the growing season, development of **cultivars more suited to different ***ambient conditions, and, the ability to develop effective adaptation strategies which allow these cultivars to express their genetic potential under the changing climate conditions. ( ③ ) However, these challenges also provide us the opportunities to enhance our understanding of soil-plant-atmosphere interaction and how one could utilize this knowledge to enable us achieve the ultimate goal of enhanced food security across all areas of the globe. ( ④ )
* abiotic 비생물적인 ** cultivar 품종 *** ambient 주변의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

주어진 문장은 스트레스 요인과 적응 전략을 나열한 문장 뒤, “However, these challenges…” 앞에 들어가야 한다.

주어진 문장의 “These may appear as challenges”는 앞에서 나열한 기후 변화의 스트레스, 생육기 날씨 변동, 품종 개발, 적응 전략을 가리킨다. 뒤 문장은 “However, these challenges also provide us the opportunities”로 그 도전을 기회로 반전시킨다.

  • 첫 문장 뒤: 아직 These가 가리킬 과제들이 제시되지 않았다.
  • 식량 안보 중요성 문장 뒤: 바로 뒤 Future food security 문장이 과제를 나열하기 전이라 These의 지시 대상이 없다.
  • 글의 맨 끝: these challenges가 앞서 나와야 However 문장이 성립하므로 순서가 뒤집힌다.
문제 17
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Anthropologist Paul Ekman proposed in the 1970s that humans experience six basic emotions: anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy, and sadness. However, the exact number of emotions ① disputing, with some researchers suggesting there are only four, and others counting as many as 27. Additionally, scientists debate whether emotions are universal to all human cultures or whether we’re born with them or learn them through experience. ② Despite these disagreements, emotions are clear products of activity in specific regions of the brain. The *amygdala and the insula or **insular cortex are two representative brain structures most ③ closely linked with emotions. The amygdala, a paired, almond-shaped structure deep within the brain, integrates emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation. It interprets fear, helps distinguish friends from foes, and identifies social rewards and how to attain ④ them. The insula is the source of disgust. The experience of disgust may protect you from ingesting poison or spoiled food.
* amygdala 편도체
** insula cortex 대뇌 피질
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 밑줄 친 disputing으로, is disputed가 되어야 한다(문장의 본동사와 태).

“the exact number of emotions”가 주어인데 본동사가 없다. 감정의 정확한 수는 ‘논쟁되는’ 대상이므로 단수 주어 number에 맞춘 수동태 is disputed가 필요하다.

  • Despite: 뒤에 명사구 these disagreements가 오므로 전치사가 옳다.
  • closely: 과거분사 linked를 수식하는 부사로 옳다.
  • them: 복수 명사 social rewards를 받는 대명사로 옳다.
문제 18
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Do you want to be a successful anchor? If so, keep this in mind. As an anchor, the individual will be called upon to communicate news and information to viewer during newscasts, special reports and other types of news programs. This will include interpreting news events, adlibbing, and communicating breaking news effectively when scripts are not available. Anchoring duties also involve gathering and writing stories. The anchor must be able to deliver scripts clearly and effectively. Strong writing skills, solid news judgement and a strong sense of visual storytelling are essential skills. This individual must be a self-starter who cultivates sources and finds new information as a regular part of job. Live reporting skills are important, as well as the ability to adlib and describe breaking news as it takes place.
1difficulties of producing live news
2qualifications to become a news anchor
3the importance of the social role of journalists
4the importance of forming the right public opinion
정답 및 해설

주제는 qualifications to become a news anchor(뉴스 앵커가 되기 위한 자격 요건)이다.

“Do you want to be a successful anchor?”로 시작해 앵커의 업무와 “Strong writing skills, solid news judgement … are essential skills”(필수 역량), 생방송 보도 능력 등을 나열한다.

  • difficulties of producing live news(생방송 뉴스 제작의 어려움): 생방송 보도는 필요한 역량 중 하나로 언급될 뿐 어려움을 다루지 않는다.
  • the importance of the social role of journalists(기자의 사회적 역할의 중요성): 사회적 역할은 언급되지 않는다.
  • the importance of forming the right public opinion(올바른 여론 형성의 중요성): 여론 형성은 지문에 없다.
문제 19
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of French sculptor Auguste Rodin. Rodin, often considered a sculptural Impressionist, did not set out to rebel against artistic traditions, however, he incorporated novel ways of building his sculpture that defied classical categories and techniques. Specifically, Rodin modeled complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surfaces into clay. While he never self-identified as an Impressionist, the vigorous, gestural modeling he employed in his works is often likened to the quick, gestural *brush strokes aiming to capture a fleeting moment that was typical of the Impressionists. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and **allegory, in favor of modeling the human body with intense realism, and celebrating individual character and physicality.
* brush stroke 붓놀림
** allegory 우화, 풍자
1현대 조각은 일반적으로 로댕의 작품에서 시작된 것으로 여겨진다.
2로댕은 고전적인 기술을 거부하며 조각품을 만드는 새로운 방법을 통합했다.
3로댕은 자신을 인상파라고 밝히며 인상파의 전형적인 붓놀림을 보여주었다.
4로댕의 가장 독창적인 작품은 신화와 우화의 전통적인 주제에서 벗어나고자 했다.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 로댕이 자신을 인상파라고 밝혔다는 진술이다.

지문은 “While he never self-identified as an Impressionist”(스스로 인상파라고 밝힌 적은 없지만)라고 하고, 그의 조형 방식이 인상파 붓놀림에 “likened”(비유된다)고만 한다.

  • 현대 조각의 시작: “Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of … Auguste Rodin”과 일치한다.
  • 고전적 기술을 거부한 새로운 방법: “novel ways of building his sculpture that defied classical categories and techniques”와 일치한다.
  • 신화·우화 주제에서 벗어남: “departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory”와 일치한다.
문제 20
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Cosmetics became so closely associated with portraiture that some photography handbooks included recipes for them. American photographers also, at times, used cosmetics to retouch negatives and prints, enlivening women's faces with traces of rouge. Some customers with dark skin requested photographs that would make them look lighter. A skin lightener advertisement that appeared in an African American newspaper in 1935 referenced this practice by promising that its product could achieve the same look produced by photographers: a lighter skin Cop free of *blemishes. By drawing attention to the face and encouraging cosmetics use, portrait photography heightened the aesthetic valuation of smooth and often light-colored skin.
* blemish (피부 등의)티
1side effects of excessive use of cosmetics
2overuse of cosmetics promoted by photographers
3active use of cosmetics to make the face look better
4decreased use of cosmetics due to advances in photography
정답 및 해설

주제는 active use of cosmetics to make the face look better(얼굴을 더 좋아 보이게 하려는 화장품의 적극적 사용)이다.

사진 안내서에 화장품 제조법이 실리고, 사진가가 “used cosmetics to retouch negatives and prints”(화장품으로 원판과 인화지를 보정)했으며, 초상 사진이 “encouraging cosmetics use”(화장품 사용을 장려)해 매끄럽고 밝은 피부의 미적 가치를 높였다고 한다.

  • side effects of excessive use of cosmetics(화장품 과다 사용의 부작용): 부작용은 언급되지 않는다.
  • overuse of cosmetics promoted by photographers(사진가가 부추긴 화장품 남용): 사용을 장려했다는 내용이지 남용을 다루지 않는다.
  • decreased use of cosmetics due to advances in photography(사진 발달로 인한 화장품 사용 감소): 사용이 오히려 늘었다는 내용과 반대다.
문제 21
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥 상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
“Play is something done for its own sake.” says psychiatrist Stuart Brown, author of “Play” He writes: “It’s voluntary, it’s pleasurable, it offers a sense of engagement, it takes you out of time. And the act itself is more important than the outcome.” With this definition in mind, it’s easy to recognize play’s potential benefits. Play ①nurtures relationships with oneself and others. It ②relieves stress and increases happiness. It builds feelings of empathy, creativity, and collaboration. It supports the growth of *sturdiness and grit. When children are deprived of opportunities for play, their development can be significantly ③enhanced. Play is so important that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights declared it a ④fundamental right of every child. Play is not **frivolous. It is not something to do after the “real work” is done. Play is the real work of childhood. Through it, children have their best chance for becoming whole, happy adults.
* sturdiness 강건함
** frivolous 경박한, 하찮은
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은 밑줄 친 enhanced(향상된)로, hindered(저해된) 같은 말이 와야 한다.

“When children are deprived of opportunities for play”(놀이 기회를 빼앗기면) 발달이 ‘향상된다’는 것은 놀이의 이점을 강조하는 글의 논지와 모순된다.

  • nurtures(기르다, 키우다): 놀이가 자신·타인과의 관계를 키운다는 이점으로 적절하다.
  • relieves(덜어 주다): 놀이가 스트레스를 줄이고 행복을 높인다는 내용으로 적절하다.
  • fundamental(기본적인): 유엔이 놀이를 모든 아동의 기본 권리로 선언했다는 내용으로 적절하다.
문제 22
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Lewis Pugh is a British endurance swimmer, who is best known for his long-distance swims in cold and open waters. He swims in cold places as a way to draw attention to the urgent need to protect the world's oceans and waterways from the effects of climate change and pollution. In 2019, Pugh decided to swim in Lake Imja, which is located in the Khumbu region of Nepal, near Mount Everest. After a failed first attempt, Lewis had a *debrief to discuss the best way to swim at 5,300 meters above sea level. He is usually very aggressive when he swims because he wants to finish quickly and get out of the cold water. But this time he showed        and swam slowly.
* debrief 평가회의
1grief
2anger
3humility
4confidence
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 humility(겸손)가 들어간다.

Pugh는 평소 “very aggressive when he swims”(공격적으로 빨리 끝내려 한다)였지만, 첫 시도에 실패하고 해발 5,300미터 환경을 논의한 뒤 이번에는 “swam slowly”(천천히 헤엄쳤다). 실패 후 자연 앞에서 자세를 낮춘 태도이므로 겸손이 맞다.

  • grief(슬픔): 슬퍼할 계기나 감정 묘사는 없다.
  • anger(분노): 천천히 헤엄친 행동과 맞지 않는다.
  • confidence(자신감): 실패 뒤 평소의 공격적 방식을 버리고 신중해진 것이므로 반대에 가깝다.
문제 23
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
Fast fashion is a method of producing inexpensive clothing at a rapid pace to respond to the latest fashion trends. With shopping evolving into a form of entertainment in the age of fast fashion, customers are contributing to what sustainability experts refer to as a throwaway culture. This means customers simply discard products once they are deemed useless rather than recycling or donating them. ①The consumers are generally satisfied with the quality of fast fashion brand clothing. ②As a result, these discarded items add a huge burden to the environment. ③To resolve the throwaway culture and fast fashion crisis, the concept of sustainability in fashion is brought to the spotlight. ④Sustainable fashion involves apparel, footwear, and accessories that are produced, distributed, and utilized as sustainably as possible while taking into account socio-economic and environmental concerns.
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

흐름과 관계없는 문장은 소비자들이 패스트 패션 의류의 품질에 대체로 만족한다는 문장이다.

글은 패스트 패션이 낳은 throwaway culture(버리는 문화)와 그 환경 부담, 해결책인 지속 가능한 패션으로 이어진다. 품질 만족도는 이 흐름과 무관하며, 바로 뒤 “As a result, these discarded items”는 앞의 제품을 버린다는 내용을 받아야 한다.

  • 버려진 물건이 환경에 큰 부담이 된다는 문장: 버리는 문화의 결과로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
  • 지속 가능성 개념이 주목받는다는 문장: 버리는 문화와 패스트 패션 위기의 해결책을 제시한다.
  • 지속 가능한 패션의 정의 문장: 앞에서 제시한 해결책 개념을 구체화한다.
문제 24
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Wrinkles are a sure sign of aging, and may also hint that bone health is on the decline. Researchers at Yale School of Medicine found that some women with deepening and worsening skin wrinkles also had lower bone density, independent of age and factors known to influence bone mass. Skin and bones share a common building-block protein, type 1 collagen, which is lost with age, says study author Dr. Lubna Pal. Wrinkles between the eyebrows - the vertical lines above the bridge of the nose - appear to be the strongest markers of *brittle bones, she says. Long-term studies are needed, but it appears the skin reflects what's happening at the level of the bone, says Pal.
* brittle 잘 부러지는
1나이가 들면서 주름이 생기는 것은 당연한 현상이다.
2골밀도 감소와 주름 생성의 관계에 관해서는 연구가 더 필요하다.
3여성이 남성보다 주름이 더 많이 생기는 이유는 골밀도 차이 때문이다.
4주름은 단지 피부 노화와만 연관된 것이 아니라 뼈 건강 상태와도 연관이 있다.
정답 및 해설

요지는 주름이 피부 노화뿐 아니라 뼈 건강 상태와도 연관된다는 것이다.

첫 문장 “Wrinkles are a sure sign of aging, and may also hint that bone health is on the decline”(주름은 노화의 신호이자 뼈 건강 저하의 단서일 수 있다)과 마지막 “the skin reflects what's happening at the level of the bone”이 이를 뒷받침한다.

  • 나이가 들면 주름이 생기는 것은 당연: 도입의 전제일 뿐 글이 전하려는 핵심이 아니다.
  • 관계에 대한 연구가 더 필요: “Long-term studies are needed”는 부수적 언급이고, 글의 중심은 주름과 골밀도의 연관성이다.
  • 여성이 남성보다 주름이 많은 이유: 남녀 비교는 지문에 없다.
문제 25
다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Meditation can improve your quality of life thanks to its many psychological and physical benefits. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as meditation, have been shown to improve mental health, specifically in the area of stress, according to a study in the Clinical Psychology Review. When faced with a difficult or stressful moment, our bodies create cortisol, the steroid hormone responsible for regulating stress and our natural fight-or-flight response, among many other functions. Chronic stress can cause sustained and elevated levels of cortisol, which can lead to other negative effects on your health, including *cardiovascular and immune systems and gut health. Meditation, which focuses on calming the mind and regulating emotion, can help to reduce chronic stress in the body and lower the risk of its side effects.
* cardiovascular 심혈관계의
1Meditation benefits us both mentally and physically.
2Cortisol is released in a stressful situation.
3Stress does not usually affect our cardiovascular systems.
4Meditation can help lower chronic stress in the body.
정답 및 해설

지문과 일치하지 않는 것은 Stress does not usually affect our cardiovascular systems.(스트레스는 대개 심혈관계에 영향을 주지 않는다)이다.

지문은 만성 스트레스로 코르티솔이 높게 유지되면 “negative effects on your health, including cardiovascular and immune systems”(심혈관계·면역계 등 건강에 부정적 영향)를 줄 수 있다고 한다.

  • Meditation benefits us both mentally and physically.(명상은 정신적·신체적으로 이롭다): “its many psychological and physical benefits”와 일치한다.
  • Cortisol is released in a stressful situation.(스트레스 상황에서 코르티솔이 분비된다): “When faced with a difficult or stressful moment, our bodies create cortisol”과 일치한다.
  • Meditation can help lower chronic stress in the body.(명상은 만성 스트레스를 낮춘다): “can help to reduce chronic stress in the body”와 일치한다.