[법원직 9급 영어] 26년 1회차
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제

26년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · A4 약 1장

1 / 1
A4정답 포함
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com

26년 1회차

총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈 칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The Reasoning with Machines Laboratory at the University of Oxford got a team of doctors to create detailed, realistic scenarios that ranged from mild health issues you could deal with at home; through to needing a routine *GP appointment, an **A&E trip, or requiring calling an ambulance. When the chatbots were given the complete picture they were 95% accurate. “They were amazing, actually, nearly perfect,” researcher Prof Adam Mahdi tells me. But it was a very different story when 1,300 people were given a scenario to have a conversation with a chatbot about in order to get a diagnosis and advice. It was the human-AI interaction that made things unravel as the accuracy fell to 35% - two thirds of the time people were getting the wrong diagnosis or care.
*GP 일반의
**A&E 응급실
Chatbots show high accuracy when given (A)
information, but their (B) drops sharply during human interaction due to limitations in how information is communicated.
1medical / response
2broken / accuracy
3complete / stimulus
4full / performance
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 “full”(완전한), (B)에는 “performance”(성능)가 들어가는 조합이 가장 적절하다.

지문은 “When the chatbots were given the complete picture they were 95% accurate”(완전한 정보를 받으면 95% 정확)라고 한 뒤, 사람과 대화하자 “the accuracy fell to 35%”(정확도가 35%로 떨어졌다)고 한다. 따라서 (A)는 complete와 같은 뜻의 full, (B)는 떨어진 정확도를 포괄하는 performance이다.

  • “medical / response”: 핵심은 정보의 ‘완전성’이지 ‘의료’ 정보 여부가 아니며, 떨어진 것은 응답이 아니라 정확도다.
  • “broken / accuracy”: 불완전한(broken) 정보일 때 정확도가 높았다는 것은 지문과 반대다.
  • “complete / stimulus”: (A)는 맞지만 (B)의 stimulus(자극)가 떨어졌다는 내용은 지문에 없다.
문제 2
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
We’ve all experienced craving in the aftermath of pleasure.

(A)The simple solution is to keep eating, or playing, or watching, or reading. But there’s a problem with that. With repeated exposure to the same or similar pleasure stimulus, the initial *deviation to the side of pleasure gets weaker and shorter and the after-response to the side of pain gets stronger and longer, a process scientists call neuroadaptation.
(B)Whether it’s reaching for a second potato chip or clicking the link for another round of video games, it’s natural to want to re-create those good feelings or try not to let them fade away.
(C)That is, with repetition, our **gremlins get bigger, faster, and more numerous, and we need more of our drug of choice to get the same effect. Needing more of a substance to feel pleasure, or experiencing less pleasure at a given dose, is called tolerance. Tolerance is an important factor in the development of addiction.
*deviation 일탈, 편향
**gremlin 그렘린(기계에 고장을 일으키는 것으로 여겨지는 가상의 존재)
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(B) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)가 가장 적절하다.

주어진 글의 “craving in the aftermath of pleasure”(쾌락 뒤의 갈망)를 (B)가 감자칩·비디오 게임 예시로 구체화하며 “re-create those good feelings”(좋은 기분을 다시 만들고 싶어 함)로 잇는다. (A)의 “The simple solution is to keep eating…”은 바로 이 욕구에 대한 해결책이고, 그 문제점으로 neuroadaptation(신경적응)을 제시한다.

(C)는 “That is, with repetition…”(즉, 반복되면)으로 (A)의 신경적응을 다시 풀어 설명하고 tolerance(내성)로 마무리하므로 맨 끝에 온다.

  • “(A) - (C) - (B)”: (A)의 “The simple solution”이 가리킬 욕구가 앞에 나오지 않는다.
  • “(B) - (C) - (A)”: (C)의 “That is”가 풀어 설명할 대상(신경적응)이 아직 나오지 않았다.
  • “(C) - (B) - (A)”: 반복과 내성을 다루는 (C)가 갈망의 예시보다 먼저 올 수 없다.
문제 3
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
You can hardly blame a dark-skinned person for not whitening his skin, but people can and do accuse Africans or Muslims of failing to adopt the norms and values of Western culture. Which is not to say that such accusations are necessarily justified. In many cases there is little reason to adopt the dominant culture, and in many other cases it is an all but impossible mission. African Americans from a poverty-stricken slum who honestly try to fit into the hegemonic American culture might first find their way blocked by institutional discrimination-only to be accused later of not having made sufficient effort, and so they have nobody but themselves to blame for their troubles.
1The Unfair Blame on Minorities
2The Disadvantages of Racism
3The Fall of the Western Culture
4Why Do the Minorities Blame Themselves for Being Discriminated?
정답 및 해설

제목으로는 “The Unfair Blame on Minorities”(소수자에 대한 부당한 비난)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 아프리카인·무슬림이 서구 문화에 동화하지 않는다고 비난받지만 “such accusations are necessarily justified”가 아니라고 하고, 빈민가 출신 흑인이 “institutional discrimination”(제도적 차별)에 막힌 뒤 오히려 노력 부족으로 비난받는 상황을 예로 든다.

  • “The Disadvantages of Racism”: 인종주의의 단점 전반이 아니라 동화 실패를 탓하는 부당한 비난이 초점이다.
  • “The Fall of the Western Culture”: 서구 문화의 몰락은 언급되지 않는다.
  • “Why Do the Minorities Blame Themselves…”: 소수자가 스스로를 탓하는 것이 아니라 타인이 소수자를 탓하는 내용이다.
문제 4
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
NASA’s Earth Science Division(ESD) established the CSDA(Commercial Satellite Data Acquisition) program to identify, evaluate, and acquire commercial remote sensing data that ①enhances NASA’s Earth science research and applications. CSDA provides structured *on-ramping opportunities for emerging commercial satellite data vendors, ②enabling NASA to continuously integrate innovative data sources as the private sector evolves. By leveraging these partnerships, NASA’s ESD aims to accelerate scientific discovery and ③restrict applications of Earth observation data for the NASA Earth science research and applications community and societal benefit. Since its initial pilot, the CSDA Program has conducted three on-ramp activities, resulting in the addition of several vendors into ④sustainment.
*on-ramping 새롭게 등장하는
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “restrict”(제한하다)로, “expand”(확대하다) 같은 말이 와야 한다.

CSDA는 상업 위성 데이터를 확보해 NASA의 연구와 활용을 강화하려는 프로그램이며, 파트너십을 통해 “accelerate scientific discovery”(과학적 발견을 가속)하는 것과 나란히 지구 관측 데이터의 활용을 넓히는 것이 목표다. 활용을 제한한다는 것은 취지와 반대다.

  • “enhances”(강화하다): 상업 데이터가 연구를 강화한다는 프로그램 목적에 맞다.
  • “enabling”(가능하게 하다): 신규 업체 참여로 혁신적 데이터 통합이 가능해진다는 흐름에 맞다.
  • “sustainment”(유지 단계): 시범 이후 여러 업체가 지속 운영 단계로 편입되었다는 결과로 자연스럽다.
문제 5
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Students at R.E. Mountain Secondary will benefit from modern learning spaces, ①improving the quality of education and daily school experience. The addition will include new classrooms as well as specialty learning spaces, creating more opportunities for students to select electives, such as art and cooking, ②that further support their learning and growth. The Province is investing approximately $42 million in the addition. “Families in Langley are part of a growing community, and students need space to learn and thrive,” said Lisa Beare, Minister of Education and Child Care. “This new addition creates 300 more seats and helps ③meeting rising enrolment in Willoughby. It also means more access to modern classrooms and learning spaces. We are making sure students have the tools they need today, while ④building strong school communities for the future.”
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “meeting”으로, help는 목적어로 원형부정사나 to부정사를 취하므로 “helps (to) meet”이 되어야 한다.

“helps meeting rising enrolment”는 동명사를 목적어로 쓴 오류이며, “늘어나는 등록 인원을 감당하도록 돕다”는 뜻이 되려면 meet 또는 to meet이어야 한다.

  • “improving”: 앞 절 전체의 결과를 나타내는 분사구문으로, 학습 공간이 교육의 질을 ‘향상시키는’ 능동 관계라 옳다.
  • “that”: 선행사 electives(선택 과목)를 수식하는 주격 관계대명사로 옳다.
  • “building”: 접속사 while 뒤에 주어가 생략된 분사구문으로, we가 공동체를 ‘만드는’ 능동이라 옳다.
문제 6
다음 글에 나타난 필자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
“Why won’t you include me?” I whined into my cell phone as if I were tattling on an older child for neglecting me. As if I hadn’t been invited to a birthday party. “You have to live your life,” my mother said. “You’re twenty-five. It’s an important year. Your dad and I can handle this together.” More news had come and none of it was good. Dr. Lee, an *oncologist in Eugene, had diagnosed her with stage IV **pancreatic cancer. There was a 3 percent chance of survival without surgery. With surgery, it would take months to recover, and even then, there was only a 20 percent chance of emerging cancer-free. My father was fighting for an appointment at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for a second opinion. Over the phone my mom pronounced it “pancry-arty” cancer and “Andy Anderson,” which led me to believe our only hope lay in the hands of some kind of Toy Story character.
*oncologist 종양전문의
**pancreatic cancer 췌장암
1worried and helpless
2indifferent and sarcastic
3excluded and independent
4angry and frightened
정답 및 해설

필자의 심경으로는 “worried and helpless”(걱정스럽고 무력한)가 가장 적절하다.

어머니가 췌장암 4기 진단을 받아 생존 가능성이 “a 3 percent chance”에 불과하다는 소식에 필자는 걱정하고 있으며, “Why won’t you include me?”라고 하소연하지만 부모가 알아서 하겠다며 끼워 주지 않아 아무것도 할 수 없는 처지다.

  • “indifferent and sarcastic”: 필자는 무관심하지 않고 오히려 함께하고 싶어 한다.
  • “excluded and independent”: 배제된 느낌은 있으나 독립적이라는 태도는 드러나지 않는다.
  • “angry and frightened”: 투정 섞인 하소연일 뿐 분노가 중심 정서는 아니다.
문제 7
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Humankind is facing ①unprecedented revolutions, all our old stories are crumbling, and no new story has so far emerged to replace them. How can we prepare ②ourselves and our children for a world of such transformations and radical uncertainties? A baby born today will be thirty-something in 2050. If all goes well, that baby will be around in 2100, and might even be an active citizen of the twenty-second century. What should we teach that baby that will help him or her ③to survive in the world of 2050 or of the twenty-second century? What kind of skills will he or she need in order to get a job, understand what is happening around him or her, and ④navigating the maze of life?
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “navigating”으로, “navigate”가 되어야 한다(병렬 구조).

“in order to get a job, understand what is happening…, and navigate the maze of life”에서 in order to 뒤 동사원형 get, understand와 and로 대등하게 연결되므로 navigate여야 한다.

  • “unprecedented”(전례 없는): 명사 revolutions를 꾸미는 형용사로 옳다.
  • “ourselves”: 주어 we와 목적어가 같으므로 재귀대명사가 옳다.
  • “to survive”: help는 목적격 보어로 to부정사도 취할 수 있으므로 옳다.
문제 8
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
I started taking lessons once a week at the most ①embarrassing place one ②can learn how to play the guitar—the Lesson Factory. The Lesson Factory was like the Walmart of guitar lessons. It was connected to the Guitar Center and inside there were about ten soundproof cubicles, each ③equipped with two chairs and two amplifiers and your very own defeated musician recruited off Craigslist. I was lucky enough to be paired with a teacher I actually liked, who ④must consider me a welcome break from prepubescent boys who exclusively wanted to learn how to play Green Day songs and the intro to “Stairway to Heaven.”
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “must consider”로, 과거 사실에 대한 추측이므로 “must have considered”가 되어야 한다.

글 전체가 과거 시제(started, was, liked)로 서술되며, 그 선생님이 당시 필자를 반가운 휴식으로 ‘여겼음에 틀림없다’는 과거 추측이므로 must have p.p.를 써야 한다.

  • “embarrassing”: place가 당혹감을 ‘주는’ 대상이므로 현재분사가 옳다.
  • “can”: place를 수식하는 관계절 one can learn…(관계부사 where/that 생략)의 조동사로 옳다.
  • “equipped”: 독립분사구문에서 의미상 주어 each(칸막이)가 장비를 ‘갖춘’ 수동이므로 과거분사가 옳다.
문제 9
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Social scientists have long studied traps where each individual does what she thinks is best for herself (such as overfishing in a local pond), even though, when everyone makes the same choice, it leads to a bad outcome for all (the pond stops producing any fish). If the group could coordinate (such as by setting a limit on how many fish each resident can take), the long-term outcome would be far more fish for everyone. These traps are called collective action problems (or sometimes social dilemmas). Preteens are trapped in a collective action problem when they arrive for their first day of sixth grade and see that some of their classmates have gotten smartphones and are connecting on Instagram and Snapchat, even during class time. That puts pressure on them to get a smartphone and social media, even though all students would be better off if none of them had these things.
1the positive long-term result of a limit on overfishing
2the influence of adopting technologies from early ages
3the importance of individual egoism in solving social dilemmas
4the inescapable cycle of peer-driven tech adoption among preteens
정답 및 해설

주제로는 “the inescapable cycle of peer-driven tech adoption among preteens”(10대 초반 아이들의 또래 압력에 의한 기술 수용의 벗어날 수 없는 순환)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 개인의 최선이 모두에게 나쁜 결과를 낳는 collective action problem(집단행동 문제)을 설명한 뒤, 친구들이 스마트폰을 쓰니 “That puts pressure on them to get a smartphone”이라며 모두가 없으면 더 나은데도 빠져나올 수 없는 상황을 핵심 사례로 든다.

  • “the positive long-term result of a limit on overfishing”: 남획 제한은 개념 설명을 위한 예시일 뿐이다.
  • “the influence of adopting technologies from early ages”: 조기 기술 수용의 영향 일반이 아니라 집단적 함정이 초점이다.
  • “the importance of individual egoism…”: 개인의 이기심은 문제의 원인이지 해결의 열쇠로 제시되지 않는다.
문제 10
다음 글에 나타난 Anette의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
When school started up for the summer session, before the crops had to be harvested, Anette was told that she could attend when she wasn’t needed at home. Mother Pedersen gave her a slate and a shiny new lunch bucket but warned her, “They cost a dime. A whole dime, do you understand? If you lose them, you can’t go to school anymore. And come right home after. No *dawdling.” Anette ran the mile north carrying the slate and bucket along with a **flicker of hope, hugging them carefully, terrified that all three would be taken away from her, or fall to the earth and break into pieces. But school hadn’t turned out to be much better than her new home; she couldn’t understand English, her overworked muscles ***cramped up from sitting at the bench for so long, and sometimes she fell asleep without warning. The other children—twelve assorted Norwegians, Swedes, and Germans—were polite, but they all knew that she was only a hired girl with no family. So they kept their distance.
*dawdle 꾸물거리다
**flicker 깜빡거림
***cramp up 경련이 일다
1indifferent → passionate
2doubtful → comforted
3confident → insecure
4expectant → frustrated
정답 및 해설

Anette의 심경 변화로는 “expectant → frustrated”(기대하는 → 좌절한)가 가장 적절하다.

처음에는 “a flicker of hope”(희미한 희망)를 안고 석판과 도시락통을 소중히 껴안고 학교로 달려간다. 그러나 “school hadn’t turned out to be much better”라며 영어를 못 알아듣고, 몸이 경련을 일으키고, 아이들이 거리를 두자 실망과 좌절에 빠진다.

  • “indifferent → passionate”: 처음부터 무관심하지 않았고, 나중에 열정적이 되지도 않는다.
  • “doubtful → comforted”: 학교에서 위안을 얻는 장면은 없다.
  • “confident → insecure”: 처음 감정은 자신감이 아니라 잃을까 두려운 조심스러운 기대다.
문제 11
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
You might be thinking: No, humans are different! We are smarter than animals, we are rational beings, we are self-aware, we plan ahead, we are free, we are moral agents. Hence we have rights that other animals do not have, and we are entitled to use other animals as we wish. But, as Bentham pointed out, this argument has the implication that human infants—who are less rational, less self-aware, and less capable of planning ahead than many nonhuman animals—would also lack rights, and we would thus be entitled to use them as we use animals. The same would hold for some humans beyond infancy who, whether from a genetic abnormality, or brain damage, will never match the cognitive capacities of some nonhuman animals. Moreover, a series of studies has shown that differences in mental capacities don’t really explain why people give humans moral priority over other animals. On the contrary, when subjects were asked to say whom they would help in a situation in which they must choose between a human and a chimpanzee, 66 percent chose to help the human, even when told that the chimpanzee had more advanced mental capacities than the human.
1인간은 동물보다 뛰어난 인지 능력을 갖춘 이성적 존재이다.
2유아를 성인보다 인지 능력이 낮다는 이유로 함부로 대해서는 안 된다.
3인지 능력의 차이는 인간의 도덕적 우선권을 부여할 근거가 되지 않는다.
4동물의 인지 능력이 인간을 능가할 수 있으므로 동물권은 보호되어야 한다.
정답 및 해설

요지는 인지 능력의 차이는 인간의 도덕적 우선권을 부여할 근거가 되지 않는다는 것이다.

지문은 인간이 더 이성적이어서 권리를 가진다는 주장을 반박하며, 그렇다면 유아나 인지 능력이 낮은 사람도 권리가 없어진다는 모순을 지적한다. 또 “differences in mental capacities don’t really explain why people give humans moral priority”라고 하며, 침팬지의 정신 능력이 더 높다고 해도 66%가 인간을 돕겠다고 한 연구를 근거로 든다.

  • 인간이 이성적 존재라는 진술: 지문이 반박하는 통념이다.
  • 유아를 함부로 대해서는 안 된다는 진술: 유아는 논증의 모순을 보이기 위한 예시일 뿐이다.
  • 동물권을 보호해야 한다는 진술: 지문은 동물권 보호를 직접 주장하지 않는다.
문제 12
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
The arts are a study on what it is to be human; they tap into our subjective experience of the world and help us to make sense of our lives. This ①enrichment of the subjective *realm is difficult to quantify and by trying we reduce the very art we wish to protect. A school that shrinks the arts provision that its pupils can access is making a decision about what they think their ②priorities should be. If they are guided by **utilitarian choices then it is easy for them to cut back on arts programmes because it is far less ③difficult to justify the arts on these terms than, say, maths. But if they are guided by the desire to educate their pupils as to what is important to them as human beings to make sense of the world and their place within it, then they will do their very best to ④ensure the arts have a proper and sustainable place in their curriculum.
*realm 영역, 왕국
**utilitarian 실용적인, 공리주의의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “difficult”로, “easy” 같은 말이 와야 한다.

실용적 선택(utilitarian choices)을 기준으로 삼으면 예술 프로그램을 줄이기 쉬운 이유는, 그 기준에서는 수학보다 예술을 정당화하기가 ‘훨씬 덜 쉽기(더 어렵기)’ 때문이다. “far less difficult”라고 하면 예술을 정당화하기 쉽다는 뜻이 되어 앞의 “easy … to cut back”과 모순된다.

  • “enrichment”(풍요롭게 함): 예술이 주관적 영역을 풍요롭게 한다는 앞 문장과 맞다.
  • “priorities”(우선순위): 예술 교육 축소는 무엇을 우선할지에 대한 결정이라는 흐름에 맞다.
  • “ensure”(보장하다): 예술이 교육과정에 제자리를 갖도록 최선을 다한다는 결론에 맞다.
문제 13
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
England’s updated school food standards aim to tackle rising childhood obesity by removing deep-fried foods and sugary desserts. School meals are vital for children’s health and learning, especially for disadvantaged groups most affected by obesity. However, a Brighton pilot showed a 15% drop in meal uptake, with students preferring packed lunches that are often less healthy. Schools and caterers face budget cuts when uptake falls, while older pupils may reject unappealing food. Ministers must balance stricter nutrition rules with maintaining participation, adequate funding, and student preferences. The government seeks a “transformation in enjoyment” alongside better nutrition, but success requires evidence-based adjustments, listening to schools, and recognizing that school food alone cannot solve poverty and diet problems. Simply tightening standards risks unintended consequences.
1Government should consider various issues for school meal reform.
2Students should participate in school meal reform.
3Both taste and nutrition should be the sole major concerns in school catering.
4Government must pass a law to lower the standards for school meals.
정답 및 해설

주제로는 “Government should consider various issues for school meal reform.”(정부는 급식 개혁에서 여러 문제를 고려해야 한다)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 급식 기준 강화로 이용률이 15% 떨어진 사례를 들며 “Ministers must balance stricter nutrition rules with maintaining participation, adequate funding, and student preferences”라고 한다. 즉 영양·참여·예산·선호를 균형 있게 고려해야 하며 “Simply tightening standards risks unintended consequences”라고 경고한다.

  • “Students should participate in school meal reform.”: 학생 선호는 고려 요소 중 하나일 뿐 학생의 개혁 참여가 주제는 아니다.
  • “Both taste and nutrition should be the sole major concerns…”: 예산·참여 등도 함께 고려해야 하므로 맛과 영양만이 유일한 관심사라는 것은 틀리다.
  • “Government must pass a law to lower the standards…”: 기준을 낮추라는 주장은 없다.
문제 14
다음 중 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
The last few decades have been the most peaceful era in human history. Whereas in early agricultural societies human violence caused up to 15 percent of all human deaths, and in the twentieth century it caused 5 percent, today it is responsible for only 1 percent. Yet since the global financial crisis of 2008 the international situation is rapidly *deteriorating, **warmongering is back in vogue, and military expenditures are ballooning. Both laypeople and experts fear that just as in 1914 the murder of an Austrian ***archduke sparked the First World War, so in 2018 some incident in the Syrian desert or an unwise move in the Korean Peninsula might ignite a global conflict.
*deteriorate 악화되다
**warmongering 호전주의
***archduke 대공
1지난 수십 년간은 평화의 시기였다.
2전체 사망 중 폭력의 비율은 농경시대부터 지금까지 14퍼센트포인트 하락했다.
32008년 세계 금융위기 이후 군비지출이 감소했다.
4시리아 사막의 사건과 한반도의 움직임이 세계적 분쟁의 원인이 될 수 있다.
정답 및 해설

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 2008년 금융위기 이후 군비지출이 감소했다는 진술이다.

지문은 “military expenditures are ballooning”이라고 하여 군비지출이 급증하고 있다고 말한다.

  • 지난 수십 년이 평화의 시기였다는 진술: “the most peaceful era in human history”와 일치한다.
  • 폭력에 의한 사망 비율이 14퍼센트포인트 하락했다는 진술: 농경사회 15%에서 오늘날 1%로 줄었으므로 일치한다.
  • 시리아 사막의 사건과 한반도의 움직임이 분쟁을 촉발할 수 있다는 진술: “might ignite a global conflict”와 일치한다.
문제 15
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
Because lying takes increased mental effort, some experts on lie detection believe that increasing overall cognitive load may make lying behavior easier to detect in real time because the individual would have fewer cognitive resources to devote to constructing and maintaining a *plausible lie. This cognitive perspective of lie detection suggests an overload should more dramatically increase the amount of time it takes to construct a convincing lie, as compared to when an individual is telling the truth. ① However, most adults have a truth bias and can only detect deception about 50 percent of the time or at about chance levels. ② To overload mental resources, interviewers may ask people to complete additional tasks while being interviewed or **interrogated. ③ They may also add time pressure by asking the person to answer the questions quickly, increase stress, or increase the intensity of ***physiological cues such as tiredness or hunger. ④ All of these extra stressors increase demands on mental effort, which should increase the differences in response times between lying and honest responses.
*plausible 그럴 듯한
**interrogate 심문하다
***physiological 생리적
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “However, most adults have a truth bias…”(대부분 성인은 진실 편향이 있어 약 50%만 거짓을 간파한다)이다.

글은 인지 부하(cognitive load)를 높여 거짓말을 간파하려는 방법을 다룬다. 이 문장은 일반인의 거짓말 탐지 능력에 관한 내용으로, 인지 부하를 높이는 구체적 방법으로 이어지는 흐름을 끊는다.

  • “To overload mental resources, interviewers may ask…”: 인지 자원을 과부하시키는 첫 번째 방법으로 흐름에 맞다.
  • “They may also add time pressure…”: also로 추가 방법을 제시해 앞 문장을 잇는다.
  • “All of these extra stressors…”: 앞의 방법들을 묶어 응답 시간 차이가 커진다는 결론을 낸다.
문제 16
카피바라에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
You thought the beaver was a *rodent of unusual size? The capybara is twice that big—the biggest rodent on Earth. These impressive semi-aquatic mammals are found throughout northern and central South America. Like beavers, capybaras are strong swimmers. Their pig-shaped bodies are adapted for life in bodies of water found in forests, seasonally flooded savannas, and wetlands. Their toes are partially webbed for paddling around, and their reddish to dark brown fur is long and rough—perfect for drying out quickly on land. Like other rodents, capybaras’ teeth grow continuously, and they wear them down by grazing on aquatic plants, grasses, and other plentiful plants.
*rodent 설치류
1카피바라는 지구상에서 가장 큰 설치류로, 비버보다 두 배 크다.
2카피바라는 북아메리카 남부와 중부에 걸쳐 서식한다.
3카피바라는 발가락에 부분적으로 물갈퀴가 있고, 털은 길고 거칠어 육지에서 빠르게 마른다.
4카피바라의 이빨은 계속 자라며, 수생 식물과 풀, 그리고 다양한 식물을 먹으면서 이를 닳게 한다.
정답 및 해설

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 카피바라가 북아메리카 남부와 중부에 서식한다는 진술이다.

지문은 “found throughout northern and central South America”라고 하여 남아메리카 북부와 중부에 서식한다고 말한다.

  • 가장 큰 설치류이며 비버보다 두 배 크다는 진술: “twice that big—the biggest rodent on Earth”와 일치한다.
  • 발가락에 부분적 물갈퀴가 있고 털이 길고 거칠어 빨리 마른다는 진술: “partially webbed”, “long and rough—perfect for drying out quickly”와 일치한다.
  • 이빨이 계속 자라 식물을 뜯어 먹으며 닳게 한다는 진술: “teeth grow continuously, and they wear them down by grazing”과 일치한다.
문제 17
다음 글의 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The revolutions in biotech and infotech will give us control of the world inside us and will enable us to engineer and manufacture life. We will learn how to design brains, extend lives, and kill thoughts at our *discretion. Nobody knows what the consequences will be. Humans were always far better at inventing tools than using them wisely. It is easier to manipulate a river by building a dam than it is to predict all the complex consequences this will have for the wider ecological system. Similarly, it will ____________________________ than to **divine what that will do to our personal psychology or to our social systems.
*discretion 재량권
**divine 예측하다
1be easier to redirect the flow of our minds
2be simpler to avoid using the new technology
3be more difficult to invent new global systems
4be less complicated to reflect our social systems
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 “be easier to redirect the flow of our minds”(우리 마음의 흐름을 바꾸는 것이 더 쉬울 것이다)가 가장 적절하다.

앞 문장은 “It is easier to manipulate a river by building a dam than it is to predict all the complex consequences”라고 하여 조작은 쉽지만 결과 예측은 어렵다는 구조를 제시한다. “Similarly”로 이어지므로 마음을 조작하는 것이 그 심리적·사회적 결과를 예측(divine)하는 것보다 쉽다는 내용이 와야 한다.

  • “be simpler to avoid using the new technology”: 기술 사용 회피는 비교 구조와 무관하다.
  • “be more difficult to invent new global systems”: ‘더 어렵다’는 방향이 앞 문장의 비교와 반대다.
  • “be less complicated to reflect our social systems”: 사회 체계를 반영한다는 것은 강 조작에 대응하는 ‘조작’ 행위가 아니다.
문제 18
다음 글의 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Exactly who should be taking aspirin regularly, and when, ___________________________. Some researchers believe that the combined benefits for cardiovascular disease and cancer should inspire wider uptake. Burn, who has taken aspirin as a preventative measure in the past, is optimistic about its potential for public health. “We did a big study where we showed that if every 50-something year-old took a baby aspirin for ten years, the national mortality from all causes would be reduced by 4%,” says Burn. Most researchers argue that it should only be restricted to particular patients, however. “It’s one thing to give aspirin to a cancer population but it’s a totally different thing to offer the healthy population something that might harm them as well,” says Martling. That’s because aspirin can have serious adverse effects, and it isn’t likely to work for all people or all cancers.
1has been conclusively determined on scientific grounds
2remains an ongoing matter of heated debate
3constitutes a pivotal public health priority
4paves the way for innovative therapeutic paradigms
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 “remains an ongoing matter of heated debate”(여전히 뜨거운 논쟁거리이다)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 일부 연구자는 아스피린의 폭넓은 복용을 지지하고(“should inspire wider uptake”), 대부분의 연구자는 특정 환자로 제한해야 한다고 본다(“should only be restricted to particular patients”)는 상반된 견해를 소개한다. 누가 언제 복용해야 하는지가 아직 결론 나지 않았음을 보여 준다.

  • “has been conclusively determined on scientific grounds”: 과학적으로 결론이 났다는 것은 대립하는 견해와 모순된다.
  • “constitutes a pivotal public health priority”: 공중보건의 최우선 과제라는 주장은 일부 견해일 뿐이다.
  • “paves the way for innovative therapeutic paradigms”: 혁신적 치료 패러다임에 관한 내용은 없다.
문제 19
Steller sea lions에 대한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
As the largest species of eared seals, male steller sea lions can reach eleven to twelve feet and weigh up to 2,500 pounds. Once fully mature, they also sport a mane of fur around their necks, like a lion. Females are much smaller, growing to about nine feet and around a thousand pounds. Living in cold ocean waters, these sea lions rely on a thick layer of fat called blubber to stay warm. Their large bodies also help them dive deep—more than a thousand feet—to hunt fish and squid at night.
1귀가 있는 물개류 중 가장 큰 종이다.
2수컷은 완전히 성숙하면 목 주변에 사자와 같은 갈기 형태의 털을 갖게 된다.
3암컷은 약 11~12피트까지 자라고, 무게는 약 1000파운드 정도로 자란다.
4차가운 바다에 살며 1000피트가 넘는 깊이까지 잠수하여 물고기와 오징어를 사냥한다.
정답 및 해설

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 암컷이 약 11~12피트까지 자란다는 진술이다.

지문에서 11~12피트까지 자라는 것은 수컷(“male steller sea lions can reach eleven to twelve feet”)이고, 암컷은 “growing to about nine feet”라고 하여 약 9피트까지 자란다.

  • 귀가 있는 물개류 중 가장 큰 종이라는 진술: “the largest species of eared seals”와 일치한다.
  • 수컷이 완전히 성숙하면 목 주변에 갈기가 생긴다는 진술: “sport a mane of fur around their necks, like a lion”과 일치한다.
  • 차가운 바다에 살며 1000피트 넘게 잠수해 사냥한다는 진술: “dive deep—more than a thousand feet—to hunt fish and squid”와 일치한다.
문제 20
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
I didn’t make the team, though I did show enough improvement to justify practicing with my friends who had made the team, and that was all I really wanted. I learned that grandma was right: Golf was a rich person’s game.

(A)I resisted the urge to bury my putter in his ear, remembering grandma’s *sage advice to “act like you’ve been there.”
(B)At the course where I worked, few of our customers came from Middletown’s working-class neighborhoods. On my first day of golf practice, I showed up in dress shoes, thinking that was what golf shoes were.
(C)When an enterprising young bully noticed before the first tee that I was wearing a pair of Kmart brown loafers, he proceeded to mock me mercilessly for the next four hours.
*sage 현명한
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)가 가장 적절하다.

주어진 글의 “Golf was a rich person’s game”을 (B)가 노동자 계층 손님이 드물었다는 말로 받으며, 첫 연습 날 dress shoes(구두)를 신고 갔다는 일화를 시작한다. (C)는 그 구두(Kmart brown loafers)를 본 불량배가 놀렸다는 내용이고, (A)의 “his ear”의 his는 (C)의 bully를 가리키므로 (A)가 마지막이다.

  • “(B) - (A) - (C)”: (A)의 his가 가리킬 인물(bully)이 아직 등장하지 않는다.
  • “(C) - (A) - (B)”: (C)의 loafers는 (B)의 구두 이야기가 먼저 나와야 이해된다.
  • “(C) - (B) - (A)”: 놀림 장면이 구두를 신고 간 사연보다 앞설 수 없다.
문제 21
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In a powerful demonstration of the extent to which confidence sways juries, psychologist Gary Wells and his colleagues conducted an *elaborate experiment that resembled the entire criminal law process, from the initial witnessing of a crime to the jury’s decision on guilt or innocence. First, the researchers staged a crime for each of 108 different subjects: An actor pretended to steal a calculator from the room where each subject was completing some forms. Wells varied the amount of time that the **perpetrator was in the room, how much he said to the subject, and whether he wore a hat (which made his face harder to see). Shortly after the “criminal” left the room, the experimenter entered and asked the subject to select the criminal from a photographic lineup and to state a level of confidence in that selection. Not surprisingly, subjects who had viewed the criminal only briefly were more than twice as likely to make an incorrect selection from the lineup as those who viewed the perpetrator for a long time. Yet they were nearly as confident in their selection as those who saw the perpetrator for a long time.
*elaborate 정교한
**perpetrator 가해자

⇩
The experiment demonstrates that juries are often misled by eyewitness confidence, which often remains deceptively (A) even when brief or obstructed viewing conditions significantly compromise the witness’s (B) .
1(A) insecure / (B) validity
2(A) low / (B) inaccuracy
3(A) high / (B) accuracy
4(A) certain / (B) morality
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 “high”(높은), (B)에는 “accuracy”(정확성)가 들어가는 조합이 가장 적절하다.

범인을 잠깐만 본 피실험자는 잘못 지목할 가능성이 두 배 이상이었지만 “they were nearly as confident in their selection”이라고 하여 확신은 여전히 높았다. 즉 짧거나 가려진 관찰 조건이 목격자의 정확성을 떨어뜨려도 확신은 기만적으로 높게 유지된다.

  • “insecure / validity”: 확신이 불안정했다는 것은 지문과 반대다.
  • “low / inaccuracy”: 확신이 낮았다는 것도 반대이며, 관찰 조건이 손상시키는 것은 부정확성이 아니라 정확성이다.
  • “certain / morality”: (B)의 도덕성은 목격 진술과 무관하다.
문제 22
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
We must beware of the memorization trap into which so many of us fall. In advance of job interviews or other situations where we’ll likely have to speak *spontaneously, it is tempting to have some key lines or talking points nailed down in advance. That way, we’ll know just what to say when the time comes. Writing down what we might want to say can help, but memorization also can come back to haunt us. Giving our communication the feel of a formal, over-rehearsed presentation, it can make us more nervous as we struggle to remember a great **zinger that we’d thought of in advance of the actual conversation. We wind up closely examining what we’re saying, paying attention to every little ***deviation from our script and framing it as a mistake. Also, by taking valuable mental energy to remember our lines, we inhibit our ability to react naturally to others around us. We have less cognitive capacity at our disposal to listen to others and react in kind. We’re in our heads, not where we should be—immersed in the social world.
*spontaneously 즉흥적으로
**zinger 재치 있는 말
***deviation 탈선
1By interacting with those around us rather than being self-centered, we can enhance our memory.
2Regardless of what the topic is, sensitive people pay too much attention to others’ emotional responses.
3We’re too focused on remembering our scripts to truly connect with others.
4Carefully thinking through our words helps us communicate better.
정답 및 해설

요지로는 “We’re too focused on remembering our scripts to truly connect with others.”(대본을 기억하는 데 너무 집중해 타인과 진정으로 소통하지 못한다)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 memorization trap(암기의 함정)을 경계하라며, 대사를 기억하는 데 정신 에너지를 쓰면 “we inhibit our ability to react naturally to others”라고 한다. 결국 “We’re in our heads, not where we should be—immersed in the social world”가 핵심이다.

  • “By interacting with those around us…, we can enhance our memory.”: 기억력 향상은 지문의 논지가 아니다.
  • “Regardless of what the topic is, sensitive people pay too much attention to others’ emotional responses.”: 예민한 사람의 타인 감정 반응에 관한 내용은 없다.
  • “Carefully thinking through our words helps us communicate better.”: 미리 말을 다듬고 외우는 것이 오히려 해가 된다는 지문과 반대다.
문제 23
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
Every journey into homelessness is different. The one thing every unhoused person shares is this: No one ①intended to be homeless. In Martiniuk’s case, crippling illness and depression caused her to ②lose her job and her family. “My life fell apart,” she told the students. But with medical care and help from social workers, she found permanent supportive housing, then another apartment *subsidized by a housing voucher, and now speaks often to various groups and elected officials about her experiences. I’ve spent years and thousands upon thousands of words arguing for measures that would ③increase funding for both the services and housing that homeless people need. I have scolded people for opposing homeless housing in their neighborhoods — even when they voted for the measures that would set aside funds for it — and ④rejecting anti-camping **ordinances as the way to get homeless people out of their neighborhoods.
*subsidized 보조금을 지급받는
**ordinance 법령
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “rejecting”(거부하는)으로, “embracing/supporting”(지지하는) 같은 말이 와야 한다.

필자는 노숙인 지원을 옹호해 왔고, 동네에 노숙인 주택이 들어서는 것을 반대하는 사람들을 꾸짖었다. 같은 맥락에서 노숙인을 쫓아내는 수단으로 anti-camping ordinances(노숙 금지 법령)를 ‘지지하는’ 사람들도 꾸짖었다고 해야 자연스럽다. 법령을 거부하는 것은 필자의 입장과 같으므로 꾸짖을 이유가 없다.

  • “intended”(의도하다): 누구도 노숙인이 되려고 의도하지 않았다는 말로 맞다.
  • “lose”(잃다): 병과 우울증으로 직장과 가족을 잃었다는 흐름에 맞다.
  • “increase”(늘리다): 필자가 서비스·주택 예산을 늘리자고 주장해 왔다는 내용에 맞다.
문제 24
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Loneliness and social isolation are both well-established risk factors for shorter life spans in large *epidemiological studies that carefully follow participants over time. In a study of over 21,000 adults in Denmark, being socially isolated was associated with a 60–70 percent greater likelihood of death over a seven-year period. These effects hold up over even longer stretches of time. In a study of 2,588 men in Finland, social isolation and loneliness predicted mortality over a period of approximately twenty-three years. These findings are particularly striking given rates of loneliness, including in the United States: A 2021 survey by Cigna of US adults found that a stunning 58 percent reported feeling lonely. There are many explanations for why having a larger and stronger social support network supports psychological and physical **resilience. When people feel supported by family and friends, they tend to feel more confident and in better control; more motivated to adopt healthier and less risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking alcohol; more inclined to use active coping strategies; and less likely to see negative or stressful events as being ***insurmountable.
*epidemiological 역학(疫學)의
**resilience 회복력
***insurmountable 극복할 수 없는

⇩
With many of today’s adults experiencing loneliness, strong social ties are not merely a comfort but (A) tools that make us (B) both physically and mentally.
1(A) life-saving / (B) weaker
2(A) risky / (B) less active
3(A) life-extending / (B) stronger
4(A) degrading / (B) healthier
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 “life-extending”(수명을 늘리는), (B)에는 “stronger”(더 강한)가 들어가는 조합이 가장 적절하다.

지문은 외로움과 사회적 고립이 “risk factors for shorter life spans”(수명 단축의 위험 요인)라고 하므로, 강한 사회적 유대는 수명을 늘리는 도구다. 또 사회적 지지망이 “psychological and physical resilience”(심리적·신체적 회복력)를 뒷받침한다고 하므로 우리를 몸과 마음 모두 더 강하게 만든다.

  • “life-saving / weaker”: 더 약하게 만든다는 것은 회복력을 높인다는 내용과 반대다.
  • “risky / less active”: 사회적 유대를 위험한 도구로 본 적이 없다.
  • “degrading / healthier”: 사회적 유대가 해를 끼친다(degrading)는 것은 지문과 반대다.
문제 25
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
From the perspective of the philosophy of psychoanalysis, ideology is not a false worldview. It is the condition to access the *realm of experience ①share with other symbolic beings. It is a place maintained with justifications, commitments, entitlements, and fantasies ②that are not bound like fixed **taxonomies to the basic structures of reality (whatever these may be). We constantly invest our energy into this realm of shared experiences in the form of taxes, work, desires, and so on, to receive in return the right to know and to enjoy. Ideology is consequently a condition of our existence, without ③being generally allowed to be recognized as such. It is the unconscious structure of facts that, as such, minimizes ***epistemic stress and ④allows us to experience ourselves as autonomous among states of affairs. Ideology is the way we become subjects in a medium that generally relieves us of asking how things or facts (as they are in themselves) actually are.
*realm 영역
**taxonomy 분류학, 분류체계
***epistemic 지식의, 인식의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “share”로, 명사 realm을 뒤에서 수식하는 과거분사 “shared”가 되어야 한다.

“the realm of experience shared with other symbolic beings”는 ‘다른 상징적 존재들과 공유되는 경험의 영역’이라는 뜻이며, 이미 문장의 동사(is)가 있으므로 동사원형 share는 올 수 없다. 뒤 문장의 “this realm of shared experiences”도 같은 구조다.

  • “that”: 선행사 justifications, commitments… fantasies를 받는 주격 관계대명사로, 복수 동사 are와 호응해 옳다.
  • “being”: 전치사 without의 목적어인 동명사로, 수동 being allowed 구조가 옳다.
  • “allows”: 관계절 주어 that(선행사 structure, 단수)에 대해 minimizes와 대등하게 연결된 단수 동사로 옳다.
법원직 9급 영어 기출문제모두CBT · moducbt.com
26년 1회차
총 25문항 · 객관식 · 정답·해설 포함
문제 1
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈 칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The Reasoning with Machines Laboratory at the University of Oxford got a team of doctors to create detailed, realistic scenarios that ranged from mild health issues you could deal with at home; through to needing a routine *GP appointment, an **A&E trip, or requiring calling an ambulance. When the chatbots were given the complete picture they were 95% accurate. “They were amazing, actually, nearly perfect,” researcher Prof Adam Mahdi tells me. But it was a very different story when 1,300 people were given a scenario to have a conversation with a chatbot about in order to get a diagnosis and advice. It was the human-AI interaction that made things unravel as the accuracy fell to 35% - two thirds of the time people were getting the wrong diagnosis or care.
*GP 일반의
**A&E 응급실
Chatbots show high accuracy when given (A)
information, but their (B) drops sharply during human interaction due to limitations in how information is communicated.
1medical / response
2broken / accuracy
3complete / stimulus
4full / performance
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 “full”(완전한), (B)에는 “performance”(성능)가 들어가는 조합이 가장 적절하다.

지문은 “When the chatbots were given the complete picture they were 95% accurate”(완전한 정보를 받으면 95% 정확)라고 한 뒤, 사람과 대화하자 “the accuracy fell to 35%”(정확도가 35%로 떨어졌다)고 한다. 따라서 (A)는 complete와 같은 뜻의 full, (B)는 떨어진 정확도를 포괄하는 performance이다.

  • “medical / response”: 핵심은 정보의 ‘완전성’이지 ‘의료’ 정보 여부가 아니며, 떨어진 것은 응답이 아니라 정확도다.
  • “broken / accuracy”: 불완전한(broken) 정보일 때 정확도가 높았다는 것은 지문과 반대다.
  • “complete / stimulus”: (A)는 맞지만 (B)의 stimulus(자극)가 떨어졌다는 내용은 지문에 없다.
문제 2
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
We’ve all experienced craving in the aftermath of pleasure.

(A)The simple solution is to keep eating, or playing, or watching, or reading. But there’s a problem with that. With repeated exposure to the same or similar pleasure stimulus, the initial *deviation to the side of pleasure gets weaker and shorter and the after-response to the side of pain gets stronger and longer, a process scientists call neuroadaptation.
(B)Whether it’s reaching for a second potato chip or clicking the link for another round of video games, it’s natural to want to re-create those good feelings or try not to let them fade away.
(C)That is, with repetition, our **gremlins get bigger, faster, and more numerous, and we need more of our drug of choice to get the same effect. Needing more of a substance to feel pleasure, or experiencing less pleasure at a given dose, is called tolerance. Tolerance is an important factor in the development of addiction.
*deviation 일탈, 편향
**gremlin 그렘린(기계에 고장을 일으키는 것으로 여겨지는 가상의 존재)
1(A) - (C) - (B)
2(B) - (A) - (C)
3(B) - (C) - (A)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (A) - (C)가 가장 적절하다.

주어진 글의 “craving in the aftermath of pleasure”(쾌락 뒤의 갈망)를 (B)가 감자칩·비디오 게임 예시로 구체화하며 “re-create those good feelings”(좋은 기분을 다시 만들고 싶어 함)로 잇는다. (A)의 “The simple solution is to keep eating…”은 바로 이 욕구에 대한 해결책이고, 그 문제점으로 neuroadaptation(신경적응)을 제시한다.

(C)는 “That is, with repetition…”(즉, 반복되면)으로 (A)의 신경적응을 다시 풀어 설명하고 tolerance(내성)로 마무리하므로 맨 끝에 온다.

  • “(A) - (C) - (B)”: (A)의 “The simple solution”이 가리킬 욕구가 앞에 나오지 않는다.
  • “(B) - (C) - (A)”: (C)의 “That is”가 풀어 설명할 대상(신경적응)이 아직 나오지 않았다.
  • “(C) - (B) - (A)”: 반복과 내성을 다루는 (C)가 갈망의 예시보다 먼저 올 수 없다.
문제 3
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
You can hardly blame a dark-skinned person for not whitening his skin, but people can and do accuse Africans or Muslims of failing to adopt the norms and values of Western culture. Which is not to say that such accusations are necessarily justified. In many cases there is little reason to adopt the dominant culture, and in many other cases it is an all but impossible mission. African Americans from a poverty-stricken slum who honestly try to fit into the hegemonic American culture might first find their way blocked by institutional discrimination-only to be accused later of not having made sufficient effort, and so they have nobody but themselves to blame for their troubles.
1The Unfair Blame on Minorities
2The Disadvantages of Racism
3The Fall of the Western Culture
4Why Do the Minorities Blame Themselves for Being Discriminated?
정답 및 해설

제목으로는 “The Unfair Blame on Minorities”(소수자에 대한 부당한 비난)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 아프리카인·무슬림이 서구 문화에 동화하지 않는다고 비난받지만 “such accusations are necessarily justified”가 아니라고 하고, 빈민가 출신 흑인이 “institutional discrimination”(제도적 차별)에 막힌 뒤 오히려 노력 부족으로 비난받는 상황을 예로 든다.

  • “The Disadvantages of Racism”: 인종주의의 단점 전반이 아니라 동화 실패를 탓하는 부당한 비난이 초점이다.
  • “The Fall of the Western Culture”: 서구 문화의 몰락은 언급되지 않는다.
  • “Why Do the Minorities Blame Themselves…”: 소수자가 스스로를 탓하는 것이 아니라 타인이 소수자를 탓하는 내용이다.
문제 4
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
NASA’s Earth Science Division(ESD) established the CSDA(Commercial Satellite Data Acquisition) program to identify, evaluate, and acquire commercial remote sensing data that ①enhances NASA’s Earth science research and applications. CSDA provides structured *on-ramping opportunities for emerging commercial satellite data vendors, ②enabling NASA to continuously integrate innovative data sources as the private sector evolves. By leveraging these partnerships, NASA’s ESD aims to accelerate scientific discovery and ③restrict applications of Earth observation data for the NASA Earth science research and applications community and societal benefit. Since its initial pilot, the CSDA Program has conducted three on-ramp activities, resulting in the addition of several vendors into ④sustainment.
*on-ramping 새롭게 등장하는
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “restrict”(제한하다)로, “expand”(확대하다) 같은 말이 와야 한다.

CSDA는 상업 위성 데이터를 확보해 NASA의 연구와 활용을 강화하려는 프로그램이며, 파트너십을 통해 “accelerate scientific discovery”(과학적 발견을 가속)하는 것과 나란히 지구 관측 데이터의 활용을 넓히는 것이 목표다. 활용을 제한한다는 것은 취지와 반대다.

  • “enhances”(강화하다): 상업 데이터가 연구를 강화한다는 프로그램 목적에 맞다.
  • “enabling”(가능하게 하다): 신규 업체 참여로 혁신적 데이터 통합이 가능해진다는 흐름에 맞다.
  • “sustainment”(유지 단계): 시범 이후 여러 업체가 지속 운영 단계로 편입되었다는 결과로 자연스럽다.
문제 5
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Students at R.E. Mountain Secondary will benefit from modern learning spaces, ①improving the quality of education and daily school experience. The addition will include new classrooms as well as specialty learning spaces, creating more opportunities for students to select electives, such as art and cooking, ②that further support their learning and growth. The Province is investing approximately $42 million in the addition. “Families in Langley are part of a growing community, and students need space to learn and thrive,” said Lisa Beare, Minister of Education and Child Care. “This new addition creates 300 more seats and helps ③meeting rising enrolment in Willoughby. It also means more access to modern classrooms and learning spaces. We are making sure students have the tools they need today, while ④building strong school communities for the future.”
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “meeting”으로, help는 목적어로 원형부정사나 to부정사를 취하므로 “helps (to) meet”이 되어야 한다.

“helps meeting rising enrolment”는 동명사를 목적어로 쓴 오류이며, “늘어나는 등록 인원을 감당하도록 돕다”는 뜻이 되려면 meet 또는 to meet이어야 한다.

  • “improving”: 앞 절 전체의 결과를 나타내는 분사구문으로, 학습 공간이 교육의 질을 ‘향상시키는’ 능동 관계라 옳다.
  • “that”: 선행사 electives(선택 과목)를 수식하는 주격 관계대명사로 옳다.
  • “building”: 접속사 while 뒤에 주어가 생략된 분사구문으로, we가 공동체를 ‘만드는’ 능동이라 옳다.
문제 6
다음 글에 나타난 필자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?
“Why won’t you include me?” I whined into my cell phone as if I were tattling on an older child for neglecting me. As if I hadn’t been invited to a birthday party. “You have to live your life,” my mother said. “You’re twenty-five. It’s an important year. Your dad and I can handle this together.” More news had come and none of it was good. Dr. Lee, an *oncologist in Eugene, had diagnosed her with stage IV **pancreatic cancer. There was a 3 percent chance of survival without surgery. With surgery, it would take months to recover, and even then, there was only a 20 percent chance of emerging cancer-free. My father was fighting for an appointment at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston for a second opinion. Over the phone my mom pronounced it “pancry-arty” cancer and “Andy Anderson,” which led me to believe our only hope lay in the hands of some kind of Toy Story character.
*oncologist 종양전문의
**pancreatic cancer 췌장암
1worried and helpless
2indifferent and sarcastic
3excluded and independent
4angry and frightened
정답 및 해설

필자의 심경으로는 “worried and helpless”(걱정스럽고 무력한)가 가장 적절하다.

어머니가 췌장암 4기 진단을 받아 생존 가능성이 “a 3 percent chance”에 불과하다는 소식에 필자는 걱정하고 있으며, “Why won’t you include me?”라고 하소연하지만 부모가 알아서 하겠다며 끼워 주지 않아 아무것도 할 수 없는 처지다.

  • “indifferent and sarcastic”: 필자는 무관심하지 않고 오히려 함께하고 싶어 한다.
  • “excluded and independent”: 배제된 느낌은 있으나 독립적이라는 태도는 드러나지 않는다.
  • “angry and frightened”: 투정 섞인 하소연일 뿐 분노가 중심 정서는 아니다.
문제 7
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Humankind is facing ①unprecedented revolutions, all our old stories are crumbling, and no new story has so far emerged to replace them. How can we prepare ②ourselves and our children for a world of such transformations and radical uncertainties? A baby born today will be thirty-something in 2050. If all goes well, that baby will be around in 2100, and might even be an active citizen of the twenty-second century. What should we teach that baby that will help him or her ③to survive in the world of 2050 or of the twenty-second century? What kind of skills will he or she need in order to get a job, understand what is happening around him or her, and ④navigating the maze of life?
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “navigating”으로, “navigate”가 되어야 한다(병렬 구조).

“in order to get a job, understand what is happening…, and navigate the maze of life”에서 in order to 뒤 동사원형 get, understand와 and로 대등하게 연결되므로 navigate여야 한다.

  • “unprecedented”(전례 없는): 명사 revolutions를 꾸미는 형용사로 옳다.
  • “ourselves”: 주어 we와 목적어가 같으므로 재귀대명사가 옳다.
  • “to survive”: help는 목적격 보어로 to부정사도 취할 수 있으므로 옳다.
문제 8
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
I started taking lessons once a week at the most ①embarrassing place one ②can learn how to play the guitar—the Lesson Factory. The Lesson Factory was like the Walmart of guitar lessons. It was connected to the Guitar Center and inside there were about ten soundproof cubicles, each ③equipped with two chairs and two amplifiers and your very own defeated musician recruited off Craigslist. I was lucky enough to be paired with a teacher I actually liked, who ④must consider me a welcome break from prepubescent boys who exclusively wanted to learn how to play Green Day songs and the intro to “Stairway to Heaven.”
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “must consider”로, 과거 사실에 대한 추측이므로 “must have considered”가 되어야 한다.

글 전체가 과거 시제(started, was, liked)로 서술되며, 그 선생님이 당시 필자를 반가운 휴식으로 ‘여겼음에 틀림없다’는 과거 추측이므로 must have p.p.를 써야 한다.

  • “embarrassing”: place가 당혹감을 ‘주는’ 대상이므로 현재분사가 옳다.
  • “can”: place를 수식하는 관계절 one can learn…(관계부사 where/that 생략)의 조동사로 옳다.
  • “equipped”: 독립분사구문에서 의미상 주어 each(칸막이)가 장비를 ‘갖춘’ 수동이므로 과거분사가 옳다.
문제 9
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Social scientists have long studied traps where each individual does what she thinks is best for herself (such as overfishing in a local pond), even though, when everyone makes the same choice, it leads to a bad outcome for all (the pond stops producing any fish). If the group could coordinate (such as by setting a limit on how many fish each resident can take), the long-term outcome would be far more fish for everyone. These traps are called collective action problems (or sometimes social dilemmas). Preteens are trapped in a collective action problem when they arrive for their first day of sixth grade and see that some of their classmates have gotten smartphones and are connecting on Instagram and Snapchat, even during class time. That puts pressure on them to get a smartphone and social media, even though all students would be better off if none of them had these things.
1the positive long-term result of a limit on overfishing
2the influence of adopting technologies from early ages
3the importance of individual egoism in solving social dilemmas
4the inescapable cycle of peer-driven tech adoption among preteens
정답 및 해설

주제로는 “the inescapable cycle of peer-driven tech adoption among preteens”(10대 초반 아이들의 또래 압력에 의한 기술 수용의 벗어날 수 없는 순환)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 개인의 최선이 모두에게 나쁜 결과를 낳는 collective action problem(집단행동 문제)을 설명한 뒤, 친구들이 스마트폰을 쓰니 “That puts pressure on them to get a smartphone”이라며 모두가 없으면 더 나은데도 빠져나올 수 없는 상황을 핵심 사례로 든다.

  • “the positive long-term result of a limit on overfishing”: 남획 제한은 개념 설명을 위한 예시일 뿐이다.
  • “the influence of adopting technologies from early ages”: 조기 기술 수용의 영향 일반이 아니라 집단적 함정이 초점이다.
  • “the importance of individual egoism…”: 개인의 이기심은 문제의 원인이지 해결의 열쇠로 제시되지 않는다.
문제 10
다음 글에 나타난 Anette의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
When school started up for the summer session, before the crops had to be harvested, Anette was told that she could attend when she wasn’t needed at home. Mother Pedersen gave her a slate and a shiny new lunch bucket but warned her, “They cost a dime. A whole dime, do you understand? If you lose them, you can’t go to school anymore. And come right home after. No *dawdling.” Anette ran the mile north carrying the slate and bucket along with a **flicker of hope, hugging them carefully, terrified that all three would be taken away from her, or fall to the earth and break into pieces. But school hadn’t turned out to be much better than her new home; she couldn’t understand English, her overworked muscles ***cramped up from sitting at the bench for so long, and sometimes she fell asleep without warning. The other children—twelve assorted Norwegians, Swedes, and Germans—were polite, but they all knew that she was only a hired girl with no family. So they kept their distance.
*dawdle 꾸물거리다
**flicker 깜빡거림
***cramp up 경련이 일다
1indifferent → passionate
2doubtful → comforted
3confident → insecure
4expectant → frustrated
정답 및 해설

Anette의 심경 변화로는 “expectant → frustrated”(기대하는 → 좌절한)가 가장 적절하다.

처음에는 “a flicker of hope”(희미한 희망)를 안고 석판과 도시락통을 소중히 껴안고 학교로 달려간다. 그러나 “school hadn’t turned out to be much better”라며 영어를 못 알아듣고, 몸이 경련을 일으키고, 아이들이 거리를 두자 실망과 좌절에 빠진다.

  • “indifferent → passionate”: 처음부터 무관심하지 않았고, 나중에 열정적이 되지도 않는다.
  • “doubtful → comforted”: 학교에서 위안을 얻는 장면은 없다.
  • “confident → insecure”: 처음 감정은 자신감이 아니라 잃을까 두려운 조심스러운 기대다.
문제 11
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
You might be thinking: No, humans are different! We are smarter than animals, we are rational beings, we are self-aware, we plan ahead, we are free, we are moral agents. Hence we have rights that other animals do not have, and we are entitled to use other animals as we wish. But, as Bentham pointed out, this argument has the implication that human infants—who are less rational, less self-aware, and less capable of planning ahead than many nonhuman animals—would also lack rights, and we would thus be entitled to use them as we use animals. The same would hold for some humans beyond infancy who, whether from a genetic abnormality, or brain damage, will never match the cognitive capacities of some nonhuman animals. Moreover, a series of studies has shown that differences in mental capacities don’t really explain why people give humans moral priority over other animals. On the contrary, when subjects were asked to say whom they would help in a situation in which they must choose between a human and a chimpanzee, 66 percent chose to help the human, even when told that the chimpanzee had more advanced mental capacities than the human.
1인간은 동물보다 뛰어난 인지 능력을 갖춘 이성적 존재이다.
2유아를 성인보다 인지 능력이 낮다는 이유로 함부로 대해서는 안 된다.
3인지 능력의 차이는 인간의 도덕적 우선권을 부여할 근거가 되지 않는다.
4동물의 인지 능력이 인간을 능가할 수 있으므로 동물권은 보호되어야 한다.
정답 및 해설

요지는 인지 능력의 차이는 인간의 도덕적 우선권을 부여할 근거가 되지 않는다는 것이다.

지문은 인간이 더 이성적이어서 권리를 가진다는 주장을 반박하며, 그렇다면 유아나 인지 능력이 낮은 사람도 권리가 없어진다는 모순을 지적한다. 또 “differences in mental capacities don’t really explain why people give humans moral priority”라고 하며, 침팬지의 정신 능력이 더 높다고 해도 66%가 인간을 돕겠다고 한 연구를 근거로 든다.

  • 인간이 이성적 존재라는 진술: 지문이 반박하는 통념이다.
  • 유아를 함부로 대해서는 안 된다는 진술: 유아는 논증의 모순을 보이기 위한 예시일 뿐이다.
  • 동물권을 보호해야 한다는 진술: 지문은 동물권 보호를 직접 주장하지 않는다.
문제 12
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
The arts are a study on what it is to be human; they tap into our subjective experience of the world and help us to make sense of our lives. This ①enrichment of the subjective *realm is difficult to quantify and by trying we reduce the very art we wish to protect. A school that shrinks the arts provision that its pupils can access is making a decision about what they think their ②priorities should be. If they are guided by **utilitarian choices then it is easy for them to cut back on arts programmes because it is far less ③difficult to justify the arts on these terms than, say, maths. But if they are guided by the desire to educate their pupils as to what is important to them as human beings to make sense of the world and their place within it, then they will do their very best to ④ensure the arts have a proper and sustainable place in their curriculum.
*realm 영역, 왕국
**utilitarian 실용적인, 공리주의의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “difficult”로, “easy” 같은 말이 와야 한다.

실용적 선택(utilitarian choices)을 기준으로 삼으면 예술 프로그램을 줄이기 쉬운 이유는, 그 기준에서는 수학보다 예술을 정당화하기가 ‘훨씬 덜 쉽기(더 어렵기)’ 때문이다. “far less difficult”라고 하면 예술을 정당화하기 쉽다는 뜻이 되어 앞의 “easy … to cut back”과 모순된다.

  • “enrichment”(풍요롭게 함): 예술이 주관적 영역을 풍요롭게 한다는 앞 문장과 맞다.
  • “priorities”(우선순위): 예술 교육 축소는 무엇을 우선할지에 대한 결정이라는 흐름에 맞다.
  • “ensure”(보장하다): 예술이 교육과정에 제자리를 갖도록 최선을 다한다는 결론에 맞다.
문제 13
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
England’s updated school food standards aim to tackle rising childhood obesity by removing deep-fried foods and sugary desserts. School meals are vital for children’s health and learning, especially for disadvantaged groups most affected by obesity. However, a Brighton pilot showed a 15% drop in meal uptake, with students preferring packed lunches that are often less healthy. Schools and caterers face budget cuts when uptake falls, while older pupils may reject unappealing food. Ministers must balance stricter nutrition rules with maintaining participation, adequate funding, and student preferences. The government seeks a “transformation in enjoyment” alongside better nutrition, but success requires evidence-based adjustments, listening to schools, and recognizing that school food alone cannot solve poverty and diet problems. Simply tightening standards risks unintended consequences.
1Government should consider various issues for school meal reform.
2Students should participate in school meal reform.
3Both taste and nutrition should be the sole major concerns in school catering.
4Government must pass a law to lower the standards for school meals.
정답 및 해설

주제로는 “Government should consider various issues for school meal reform.”(정부는 급식 개혁에서 여러 문제를 고려해야 한다)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 급식 기준 강화로 이용률이 15% 떨어진 사례를 들며 “Ministers must balance stricter nutrition rules with maintaining participation, adequate funding, and student preferences”라고 한다. 즉 영양·참여·예산·선호를 균형 있게 고려해야 하며 “Simply tightening standards risks unintended consequences”라고 경고한다.

  • “Students should participate in school meal reform.”: 학생 선호는 고려 요소 중 하나일 뿐 학생의 개혁 참여가 주제는 아니다.
  • “Both taste and nutrition should be the sole major concerns…”: 예산·참여 등도 함께 고려해야 하므로 맛과 영양만이 유일한 관심사라는 것은 틀리다.
  • “Government must pass a law to lower the standards…”: 기준을 낮추라는 주장은 없다.
문제 14
다음 중 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
The last few decades have been the most peaceful era in human history. Whereas in early agricultural societies human violence caused up to 15 percent of all human deaths, and in the twentieth century it caused 5 percent, today it is responsible for only 1 percent. Yet since the global financial crisis of 2008 the international situation is rapidly *deteriorating, **warmongering is back in vogue, and military expenditures are ballooning. Both laypeople and experts fear that just as in 1914 the murder of an Austrian ***archduke sparked the First World War, so in 2018 some incident in the Syrian desert or an unwise move in the Korean Peninsula might ignite a global conflict.
*deteriorate 악화되다
**warmongering 호전주의
***archduke 대공
1지난 수십 년간은 평화의 시기였다.
2전체 사망 중 폭력의 비율은 농경시대부터 지금까지 14퍼센트포인트 하락했다.
32008년 세계 금융위기 이후 군비지출이 감소했다.
4시리아 사막의 사건과 한반도의 움직임이 세계적 분쟁의 원인이 될 수 있다.
정답 및 해설

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 2008년 금융위기 이후 군비지출이 감소했다는 진술이다.

지문은 “military expenditures are ballooning”이라고 하여 군비지출이 급증하고 있다고 말한다.

  • 지난 수십 년이 평화의 시기였다는 진술: “the most peaceful era in human history”와 일치한다.
  • 폭력에 의한 사망 비율이 14퍼센트포인트 하락했다는 진술: 농경사회 15%에서 오늘날 1%로 줄었으므로 일치한다.
  • 시리아 사막의 사건과 한반도의 움직임이 분쟁을 촉발할 수 있다는 진술: “might ignite a global conflict”와 일치한다.
문제 15
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
Because lying takes increased mental effort, some experts on lie detection believe that increasing overall cognitive load may make lying behavior easier to detect in real time because the individual would have fewer cognitive resources to devote to constructing and maintaining a *plausible lie. This cognitive perspective of lie detection suggests an overload should more dramatically increase the amount of time it takes to construct a convincing lie, as compared to when an individual is telling the truth. ① However, most adults have a truth bias and can only detect deception about 50 percent of the time or at about chance levels. ② To overload mental resources, interviewers may ask people to complete additional tasks while being interviewed or **interrogated. ③ They may also add time pressure by asking the person to answer the questions quickly, increase stress, or increase the intensity of ***physiological cues such as tiredness or hunger. ④ All of these extra stressors increase demands on mental effort, which should increase the differences in response times between lying and honest responses.
*plausible 그럴 듯한
**interrogate 심문하다
***physiological 생리적
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은 “However, most adults have a truth bias…”(대부분 성인은 진실 편향이 있어 약 50%만 거짓을 간파한다)이다.

글은 인지 부하(cognitive load)를 높여 거짓말을 간파하려는 방법을 다룬다. 이 문장은 일반인의 거짓말 탐지 능력에 관한 내용으로, 인지 부하를 높이는 구체적 방법으로 이어지는 흐름을 끊는다.

  • “To overload mental resources, interviewers may ask…”: 인지 자원을 과부하시키는 첫 번째 방법으로 흐름에 맞다.
  • “They may also add time pressure…”: also로 추가 방법을 제시해 앞 문장을 잇는다.
  • “All of these extra stressors…”: 앞의 방법들을 묶어 응답 시간 차이가 커진다는 결론을 낸다.
문제 16
카피바라에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
You thought the beaver was a *rodent of unusual size? The capybara is twice that big—the biggest rodent on Earth. These impressive semi-aquatic mammals are found throughout northern and central South America. Like beavers, capybaras are strong swimmers. Their pig-shaped bodies are adapted for life in bodies of water found in forests, seasonally flooded savannas, and wetlands. Their toes are partially webbed for paddling around, and their reddish to dark brown fur is long and rough—perfect for drying out quickly on land. Like other rodents, capybaras’ teeth grow continuously, and they wear them down by grazing on aquatic plants, grasses, and other plentiful plants.
*rodent 설치류
1카피바라는 지구상에서 가장 큰 설치류로, 비버보다 두 배 크다.
2카피바라는 북아메리카 남부와 중부에 걸쳐 서식한다.
3카피바라는 발가락에 부분적으로 물갈퀴가 있고, 털은 길고 거칠어 육지에서 빠르게 마른다.
4카피바라의 이빨은 계속 자라며, 수생 식물과 풀, 그리고 다양한 식물을 먹으면서 이를 닳게 한다.
정답 및 해설

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 카피바라가 북아메리카 남부와 중부에 서식한다는 진술이다.

지문은 “found throughout northern and central South America”라고 하여 남아메리카 북부와 중부에 서식한다고 말한다.

  • 가장 큰 설치류이며 비버보다 두 배 크다는 진술: “twice that big—the biggest rodent on Earth”와 일치한다.
  • 발가락에 부분적 물갈퀴가 있고 털이 길고 거칠어 빨리 마른다는 진술: “partially webbed”, “long and rough—perfect for drying out quickly”와 일치한다.
  • 이빨이 계속 자라 식물을 뜯어 먹으며 닳게 한다는 진술: “teeth grow continuously, and they wear them down by grazing”과 일치한다.
문제 17
다음 글의 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The revolutions in biotech and infotech will give us control of the world inside us and will enable us to engineer and manufacture life. We will learn how to design brains, extend lives, and kill thoughts at our *discretion. Nobody knows what the consequences will be. Humans were always far better at inventing tools than using them wisely. It is easier to manipulate a river by building a dam than it is to predict all the complex consequences this will have for the wider ecological system. Similarly, it will ____________________________ than to **divine what that will do to our personal psychology or to our social systems.
*discretion 재량권
**divine 예측하다
1be easier to redirect the flow of our minds
2be simpler to avoid using the new technology
3be more difficult to invent new global systems
4be less complicated to reflect our social systems
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 “be easier to redirect the flow of our minds”(우리 마음의 흐름을 바꾸는 것이 더 쉬울 것이다)가 가장 적절하다.

앞 문장은 “It is easier to manipulate a river by building a dam than it is to predict all the complex consequences”라고 하여 조작은 쉽지만 결과 예측은 어렵다는 구조를 제시한다. “Similarly”로 이어지므로 마음을 조작하는 것이 그 심리적·사회적 결과를 예측(divine)하는 것보다 쉽다는 내용이 와야 한다.

  • “be simpler to avoid using the new technology”: 기술 사용 회피는 비교 구조와 무관하다.
  • “be more difficult to invent new global systems”: ‘더 어렵다’는 방향이 앞 문장의 비교와 반대다.
  • “be less complicated to reflect our social systems”: 사회 체계를 반영한다는 것은 강 조작에 대응하는 ‘조작’ 행위가 아니다.
문제 18
다음 글의 빈 칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Exactly who should be taking aspirin regularly, and when, ___________________________. Some researchers believe that the combined benefits for cardiovascular disease and cancer should inspire wider uptake. Burn, who has taken aspirin as a preventative measure in the past, is optimistic about its potential for public health. “We did a big study where we showed that if every 50-something year-old took a baby aspirin for ten years, the national mortality from all causes would be reduced by 4%,” says Burn. Most researchers argue that it should only be restricted to particular patients, however. “It’s one thing to give aspirin to a cancer population but it’s a totally different thing to offer the healthy population something that might harm them as well,” says Martling. That’s because aspirin can have serious adverse effects, and it isn’t likely to work for all people or all cancers.
1has been conclusively determined on scientific grounds
2remains an ongoing matter of heated debate
3constitutes a pivotal public health priority
4paves the way for innovative therapeutic paradigms
정답 및 해설

빈칸에는 “remains an ongoing matter of heated debate”(여전히 뜨거운 논쟁거리이다)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 일부 연구자는 아스피린의 폭넓은 복용을 지지하고(“should inspire wider uptake”), 대부분의 연구자는 특정 환자로 제한해야 한다고 본다(“should only be restricted to particular patients”)는 상반된 견해를 소개한다. 누가 언제 복용해야 하는지가 아직 결론 나지 않았음을 보여 준다.

  • “has been conclusively determined on scientific grounds”: 과학적으로 결론이 났다는 것은 대립하는 견해와 모순된다.
  • “constitutes a pivotal public health priority”: 공중보건의 최우선 과제라는 주장은 일부 견해일 뿐이다.
  • “paves the way for innovative therapeutic paradigms”: 혁신적 치료 패러다임에 관한 내용은 없다.
문제 19
Steller sea lions에 대한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
As the largest species of eared seals, male steller sea lions can reach eleven to twelve feet and weigh up to 2,500 pounds. Once fully mature, they also sport a mane of fur around their necks, like a lion. Females are much smaller, growing to about nine feet and around a thousand pounds. Living in cold ocean waters, these sea lions rely on a thick layer of fat called blubber to stay warm. Their large bodies also help them dive deep—more than a thousand feet—to hunt fish and squid at night.
1귀가 있는 물개류 중 가장 큰 종이다.
2수컷은 완전히 성숙하면 목 주변에 사자와 같은 갈기 형태의 털을 갖게 된다.
3암컷은 약 11~12피트까지 자라고, 무게는 약 1000파운드 정도로 자란다.
4차가운 바다에 살며 1000피트가 넘는 깊이까지 잠수하여 물고기와 오징어를 사냥한다.
정답 및 해설

글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 암컷이 약 11~12피트까지 자란다는 진술이다.

지문에서 11~12피트까지 자라는 것은 수컷(“male steller sea lions can reach eleven to twelve feet”)이고, 암컷은 “growing to about nine feet”라고 하여 약 9피트까지 자란다.

  • 귀가 있는 물개류 중 가장 큰 종이라는 진술: “the largest species of eared seals”와 일치한다.
  • 수컷이 완전히 성숙하면 목 주변에 갈기가 생긴다는 진술: “sport a mane of fur around their necks, like a lion”과 일치한다.
  • 차가운 바다에 살며 1000피트 넘게 잠수해 사냥한다는 진술: “dive deep—more than a thousand feet—to hunt fish and squid”와 일치한다.
문제 20
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
I didn’t make the team, though I did show enough improvement to justify practicing with my friends who had made the team, and that was all I really wanted. I learned that grandma was right: Golf was a rich person’s game.

(A)I resisted the urge to bury my putter in his ear, remembering grandma’s *sage advice to “act like you’ve been there.”
(B)At the course where I worked, few of our customers came from Middletown’s working-class neighborhoods. On my first day of golf practice, I showed up in dress shoes, thinking that was what golf shoes were.
(C)When an enterprising young bully noticed before the first tee that I was wearing a pair of Kmart brown loafers, he proceeded to mock me mercilessly for the next four hours.
*sage 현명한
1(B) - (A) - (C)
2(B) - (C) - (A)
3(C) - (A) - (B)
4(C) - (B) - (A)
정답 및 해설

글의 순서는 (B) - (C) - (A)가 가장 적절하다.

주어진 글의 “Golf was a rich person’s game”을 (B)가 노동자 계층 손님이 드물었다는 말로 받으며, 첫 연습 날 dress shoes(구두)를 신고 갔다는 일화를 시작한다. (C)는 그 구두(Kmart brown loafers)를 본 불량배가 놀렸다는 내용이고, (A)의 “his ear”의 his는 (C)의 bully를 가리키므로 (A)가 마지막이다.

  • “(B) - (A) - (C)”: (A)의 his가 가리킬 인물(bully)이 아직 등장하지 않는다.
  • “(C) - (A) - (B)”: (C)의 loafers는 (B)의 구두 이야기가 먼저 나와야 이해된다.
  • “(C) - (B) - (A)”: 놀림 장면이 구두를 신고 간 사연보다 앞설 수 없다.
문제 21
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In a powerful demonstration of the extent to which confidence sways juries, psychologist Gary Wells and his colleagues conducted an *elaborate experiment that resembled the entire criminal law process, from the initial witnessing of a crime to the jury’s decision on guilt or innocence. First, the researchers staged a crime for each of 108 different subjects: An actor pretended to steal a calculator from the room where each subject was completing some forms. Wells varied the amount of time that the **perpetrator was in the room, how much he said to the subject, and whether he wore a hat (which made his face harder to see). Shortly after the “criminal” left the room, the experimenter entered and asked the subject to select the criminal from a photographic lineup and to state a level of confidence in that selection. Not surprisingly, subjects who had viewed the criminal only briefly were more than twice as likely to make an incorrect selection from the lineup as those who viewed the perpetrator for a long time. Yet they were nearly as confident in their selection as those who saw the perpetrator for a long time.
*elaborate 정교한
**perpetrator 가해자

⇩
The experiment demonstrates that juries are often misled by eyewitness confidence, which often remains deceptively (A) even when brief or obstructed viewing conditions significantly compromise the witness’s (B) .
1(A) insecure / (B) validity
2(A) low / (B) inaccuracy
3(A) high / (B) accuracy
4(A) certain / (B) morality
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 “high”(높은), (B)에는 “accuracy”(정확성)가 들어가는 조합이 가장 적절하다.

범인을 잠깐만 본 피실험자는 잘못 지목할 가능성이 두 배 이상이었지만 “they were nearly as confident in their selection”이라고 하여 확신은 여전히 높았다. 즉 짧거나 가려진 관찰 조건이 목격자의 정확성을 떨어뜨려도 확신은 기만적으로 높게 유지된다.

  • “insecure / validity”: 확신이 불안정했다는 것은 지문과 반대다.
  • “low / inaccuracy”: 확신이 낮았다는 것도 반대이며, 관찰 조건이 손상시키는 것은 부정확성이 아니라 정확성이다.
  • “certain / morality”: (B)의 도덕성은 목격 진술과 무관하다.
문제 22
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
We must beware of the memorization trap into which so many of us fall. In advance of job interviews or other situations where we’ll likely have to speak *spontaneously, it is tempting to have some key lines or talking points nailed down in advance. That way, we’ll know just what to say when the time comes. Writing down what we might want to say can help, but memorization also can come back to haunt us. Giving our communication the feel of a formal, over-rehearsed presentation, it can make us more nervous as we struggle to remember a great **zinger that we’d thought of in advance of the actual conversation. We wind up closely examining what we’re saying, paying attention to every little ***deviation from our script and framing it as a mistake. Also, by taking valuable mental energy to remember our lines, we inhibit our ability to react naturally to others around us. We have less cognitive capacity at our disposal to listen to others and react in kind. We’re in our heads, not where we should be—immersed in the social world.
*spontaneously 즉흥적으로
**zinger 재치 있는 말
***deviation 탈선
1By interacting with those around us rather than being self-centered, we can enhance our memory.
2Regardless of what the topic is, sensitive people pay too much attention to others’ emotional responses.
3We’re too focused on remembering our scripts to truly connect with others.
4Carefully thinking through our words helps us communicate better.
정답 및 해설

요지로는 “We’re too focused on remembering our scripts to truly connect with others.”(대본을 기억하는 데 너무 집중해 타인과 진정으로 소통하지 못한다)가 가장 적절하다.

지문은 memorization trap(암기의 함정)을 경계하라며, 대사를 기억하는 데 정신 에너지를 쓰면 “we inhibit our ability to react naturally to others”라고 한다. 결국 “We’re in our heads, not where we should be—immersed in the social world”가 핵심이다.

  • “By interacting with those around us…, we can enhance our memory.”: 기억력 향상은 지문의 논지가 아니다.
  • “Regardless of what the topic is, sensitive people pay too much attention to others’ emotional responses.”: 예민한 사람의 타인 감정 반응에 관한 내용은 없다.
  • “Carefully thinking through our words helps us communicate better.”: 미리 말을 다듬고 외우는 것이 오히려 해가 된다는 지문과 반대다.
문제 23
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?
Every journey into homelessness is different. The one thing every unhoused person shares is this: No one ①intended to be homeless. In Martiniuk’s case, crippling illness and depression caused her to ②lose her job and her family. “My life fell apart,” she told the students. But with medical care and help from social workers, she found permanent supportive housing, then another apartment *subsidized by a housing voucher, and now speaks often to various groups and elected officials about her experiences. I’ve spent years and thousands upon thousands of words arguing for measures that would ③increase funding for both the services and housing that homeless people need. I have scolded people for opposing homeless housing in their neighborhoods — even when they voted for the measures that would set aside funds for it — and ④rejecting anti-camping **ordinances as the way to get homeless people out of their neighborhoods.
*subsidized 보조금을 지급받는
**ordinance 법령
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 낱말은 “rejecting”(거부하는)으로, “embracing/supporting”(지지하는) 같은 말이 와야 한다.

필자는 노숙인 지원을 옹호해 왔고, 동네에 노숙인 주택이 들어서는 것을 반대하는 사람들을 꾸짖었다. 같은 맥락에서 노숙인을 쫓아내는 수단으로 anti-camping ordinances(노숙 금지 법령)를 ‘지지하는’ 사람들도 꾸짖었다고 해야 자연스럽다. 법령을 거부하는 것은 필자의 입장과 같으므로 꾸짖을 이유가 없다.

  • “intended”(의도하다): 누구도 노숙인이 되려고 의도하지 않았다는 말로 맞다.
  • “lose”(잃다): 병과 우울증으로 직장과 가족을 잃었다는 흐름에 맞다.
  • “increase”(늘리다): 필자가 서비스·주택 예산을 늘리자고 주장해 왔다는 내용에 맞다.
문제 24
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Loneliness and social isolation are both well-established risk factors for shorter life spans in large *epidemiological studies that carefully follow participants over time. In a study of over 21,000 adults in Denmark, being socially isolated was associated with a 60–70 percent greater likelihood of death over a seven-year period. These effects hold up over even longer stretches of time. In a study of 2,588 men in Finland, social isolation and loneliness predicted mortality over a period of approximately twenty-three years. These findings are particularly striking given rates of loneliness, including in the United States: A 2021 survey by Cigna of US adults found that a stunning 58 percent reported feeling lonely. There are many explanations for why having a larger and stronger social support network supports psychological and physical **resilience. When people feel supported by family and friends, they tend to feel more confident and in better control; more motivated to adopt healthier and less risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking alcohol; more inclined to use active coping strategies; and less likely to see negative or stressful events as being ***insurmountable.
*epidemiological 역학(疫學)의
**resilience 회복력
***insurmountable 극복할 수 없는

⇩
With many of today’s adults experiencing loneliness, strong social ties are not merely a comfort but (A) tools that make us (B) both physically and mentally.
1(A) life-saving / (B) weaker
2(A) risky / (B) less active
3(A) life-extending / (B) stronger
4(A) degrading / (B) healthier
정답 및 해설

(A)에는 “life-extending”(수명을 늘리는), (B)에는 “stronger”(더 강한)가 들어가는 조합이 가장 적절하다.

지문은 외로움과 사회적 고립이 “risk factors for shorter life spans”(수명 단축의 위험 요인)라고 하므로, 강한 사회적 유대는 수명을 늘리는 도구다. 또 사회적 지지망이 “psychological and physical resilience”(심리적·신체적 회복력)를 뒷받침한다고 하므로 우리를 몸과 마음 모두 더 강하게 만든다.

  • “life-saving / weaker”: 더 약하게 만든다는 것은 회복력을 높인다는 내용과 반대다.
  • “risky / less active”: 사회적 유대를 위험한 도구로 본 적이 없다.
  • “degrading / healthier”: 사회적 유대가 해를 끼친다(degrading)는 것은 지문과 반대다.
문제 25
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
From the perspective of the philosophy of psychoanalysis, ideology is not a false worldview. It is the condition to access the *realm of experience ①share with other symbolic beings. It is a place maintained with justifications, commitments, entitlements, and fantasies ②that are not bound like fixed **taxonomies to the basic structures of reality (whatever these may be). We constantly invest our energy into this realm of shared experiences in the form of taxes, work, desires, and so on, to receive in return the right to know and to enjoy. Ideology is consequently a condition of our existence, without ③being generally allowed to be recognized as such. It is the unconscious structure of facts that, as such, minimizes ***epistemic stress and ④allows us to experience ourselves as autonomous among states of affairs. Ideology is the way we become subjects in a medium that generally relieves us of asking how things or facts (as they are in themselves) actually are.
*realm 영역
**taxonomy 분류학, 분류체계
***epistemic 지식의, 인식의
1①
2②
3③
4④
정답 및 해설

어법상 틀린 것은 “share”로, 명사 realm을 뒤에서 수식하는 과거분사 “shared”가 되어야 한다.

“the realm of experience shared with other symbolic beings”는 ‘다른 상징적 존재들과 공유되는 경험의 영역’이라는 뜻이며, 이미 문장의 동사(is)가 있으므로 동사원형 share는 올 수 없다. 뒤 문장의 “this realm of shared experiences”도 같은 구조다.

  • “that”: 선행사 justifications, commitments… fantasies를 받는 주격 관계대명사로, 복수 동사 are와 호응해 옳다.
  • “being”: 전치사 without의 목적어인 동명사로, 수동 being allowed 구조가 옳다.
  • “allows”: 관계절 주어 that(선행사 structure, 단수)에 대해 minimizes와 대등하게 연결된 단수 동사로 옳다.