어법상 옳지 않은 것은 "Columbus proved that the earth was round."이다. 지구가 둥글다는 것은 불변의 진리이므로 주절이 과거여도 시제 일치를 따르지 않고 현재시제로 "the earth is round"라고 써야 한다.
나머지 문장은 어법상 옳다.
- "kept on encouraging me to study" — keep on + 동명사, encourage + 목적어 + to부정사로 옳다.
- "remember to put out the cat" — 앞으로 할 일을 기억하라는 뜻이므로 remember + to부정사가 옳다.
- "has been closed for many years" — 기간을 나타내는 for와 현재완료 수동태로 옳다.
사람의 키는 자신의 가운데 손가락 길이의 약 20배 정도 된다고 한다.
가장 잘 옮긴 것은 "The height of a human body is said to be about twenty times as long as the length of his or her middle finger."이다.
'~의 몇 배'는 "배수사 + as + 원급 + as"로 나타내며, 비교 대상도 키(height)와 길이(length)로 맞췄다.
- "twenty times as length to" — as 뒤에 원급 형용사가 아닌 명사가 왔고 as ~ as 구조도 깨졌다.
- "twenty times high than" — 원급 high와 than을 함께 써 비교 구문이 틀렸다.
- "as longer about twenty times as" — as ~ as 사이에 비교급을 썼고 배수사의 위치도 틀렸다.
→ I should not have gone to the party.
→ He must have known the truth in advance.
→ He could have done such a stupid thing.
→ You ought not to drive if you're sick.
잘못 옮긴 것은 "He could have done such a stupid thing."이다. '~했을 리가 없다'는 과거에 대한 강한 부정 추측이므로 "cannot have + p.p."를 써서 "He cannot have done such a stupid thing."이라고 해야 한다.
"could have + p.p."는 '~할 수도 있었다'라는 뜻이어서 우리말과 정반대가 된다.
- "should not have gone" — '가지 말았어야 했다'는 과거에 대한 후회로 옳다.
- "must have known" — '알고 있었음에 틀림없다'는 과거에 대한 강한 긍정 추측으로 옳다.
- "ought not to drive" — '운전하지 말아야 한다'로 옳다.
B : I fly commercial jets for a large airline.
B : I'd like it strong.
B : I'd prefer to leave her a message.
B : Sure, I'd be glad to keep my hands off.
어색한 대화는 책을 같이 들어 달라는 부탁에 "Sure, I'd be glad to keep my hands off."라고 답한 것이다.
"Can you give me a hand?"는 '좀 도와줄래?'라는 부탁인데, "keep my hands off"는 '손대지 않다'라는 뜻이라 "Sure"와 모순된다.
- "What do you do for a living?" — 직업을 묻자 대형 항공사의 여객기를 조종한다고 답해 자연스럽다.
- "How would you like your coffee?" — 커피 취향을 묻자 "strong"(진하게)이라고 답해 자연스럽다.
- "Would you like to hold?" — 통화 중이니 기다리겠냐는 물음에 메시지를 남기겠다고 답해 자연스럽다.
A : Have you been served?
B : ________
빈칸에는 "Yes, I'm being waited on."(네, 다른 분이 봐 주고 계세요)이 알맞다.
"Have you been served?"는 가게나 식당에서 점원이 '주문하셨어요?/안내받으셨어요?'라고 묻는 말이고, "wait on"은 '시중들다, 응대하다'라는 뜻이다.
- "Yes, I'm on my way." — '가는 중이다'로 질문과 맞지 않는다.
- "It was a close call." — '큰일 날 뻔했다'라는 뜻이다.
- "Please let go of my hand." — '손 놓아 주세요'로 무관하다.
There are two excellent television programs scheduled tonight, but I can see only one of them because they are ________.
빈칸에는 '동시에 일어나는'이라는 뜻의 "concurrent"가 알맞다.
좋은 프로그램이 두 개인데 "I can see only one of them"(하나만 볼 수 있다)인 이유는 두 프로그램의 방송 시간이 겹치기 때문이다.
- "indisputable" — '반박할 수 없는'이라는 뜻이다.
- "matchless" — '비할 데 없는'으로, 하나만 볼 수 있는 이유가 되지 않는다.
- "indispensable" — '없어서는 안 될'이라는 뜻이다.
Icelanders are individualists like Americans. The difference seems to be in a sense of community. Iceland, known as the land of "fire and ice," is about living with opposing forces. It is one of the most active volcanic countries on earth, but has 4,536 square miles of ________ - heat and cold, co-existing. No surprise then that its society can reconcile another set of opposing forces: individualism and the needs of the community.
빈칸에는 '빙하'라는 뜻의 "glacier"가 알맞다.
아이슬란드는 "fire and ice"(불과 얼음)의 땅으로, 활화산이 많으면서도 넓은 빙하가 있어 "heat and cold, co-existing"(열과 추위가 공존한다)이라고 했으므로 빈칸은 '얼음'에 해당하는 말이어야 한다.
- "prairie" — '대초원'으로 추위와 무관하다.
- "desert" — '사막'으로 cold와 맞지 않는다.
- "swamp" — '늪'으로 얼음과 무관하다.
In retrospect, I was taken in by the real estate agent who had a fancy manner of talking.
밑줄 친 "taken in"은 수동태로 '속았다'라는 뜻이므로 "deceived"와 의미가 같다.
"In retrospect"(돌이켜 보니) 말솜씨가 화려한 부동산 중개인에게 속았다는 문장이다.
- "inspected" — '검사받은'이라는 뜻이다.
- "revered" — '존경받은'이라는 뜻이다.
- "amused" — '즐거워한'이라는 뜻이다.
The substantial rise in the number of working mothers, whose costs for childcare were not factored into the administration's policymaking, was one of the main reasons that led to the unexpected result at the polls.
밑줄 친 "factored into"는 '~에 (요인으로) 반영된, 고려된'이라는 뜻으로 "considered in"과 의미가 같다.
일하는 엄마들의 육아 비용이 행정부의 정책 결정에 반영되지 않아 선거 결과가 예상과 달랐다는 문장이다.
- "diminished in" — '~에서 줄어든'이라는 뜻이다.
- "substituted for" — '~을 대신한'이라는 뜻이다.
- "excluded by" — '~에 의해 배제된'으로 not과 결합하면 정반대가 된다.
Younger students ① who participated in the survey ② sponsored by a weekly magazine turned out ③ to be less concerned about the serious problems of homeless people ④ as the older students were.
어법상 옳지 않은 것은 "as"이다. 앞에 비교급 "less concerned"가 있으므로 비교 대상은 "than"으로 이어야 한다(비교급 + than).
올바른 문장은 "... less concerned about the serious problems of homeless people than the older students were"이다.
- "who" — 선행사 Younger students(사람)를 받는 주격 관계대명사로 옳다.
- "sponsored" — 설문이 잡지사에 의해 '후원된' 것이므로 과거분사로 옳다.
- "to be" — turn out + to부정사(~으로 판명되다)로 옳다.
When Jesse and Rachel got married, they knew they wanted to live in a traditional nuclear family - mother, father, and biological children. Each of them had come from other family arrangements, and they had decided that a more traditional arrangement was what they wanted. Rachel had been born out of wedlock. Because her parents had never married, she had never met her biological father. Jesse's mother had been widowed. His father's early death made Jesse want to have a large family.
밑줄 친 "out of wedlock"은 '혼외로, 사생아로'라는 뜻이므로 "illegitimate"(혼외의, 사생아의)와 의미가 같다.
바로 뒤 문장 "Because her parents had never married"(부모가 결혼한 적이 없어서)가 그 뜻을 뒷받침한다.
- "rich" — '부유한'이라는 뜻이다.
- "divorced" — '이혼한'으로, 부모가 결혼한 적이 없다는 내용과 맞지 않는다.
- "handicapped" — '장애가 있는'이라는 뜻이다.
Broom jumping is most famous in the United States as an African-American wedding custom. The broom holds spiritual significance for many African people, representing the beginning of homemaking for a couple. The ritual itself in America was created during slavery. Because slaves could not legally marry, they created their own ways to honor their unions. Broom jumping is a ritual in which the bride and the groom, either at the ceremony or at the reception, signify their entrance into a new life and their creation of a new family by symbolically sweeping away of their former single lives, and jumping over the broom to enter upon a new adventure as wife and husband.
일치하지 않는 것은 "It was performed by the slaves who got legally married."이다.
지문은 "Because slaves could not legally marry"(노예는 법적으로 결혼할 수 없었기 때문에) 결합을 기리는 자신들만의 방식을 만들었다고 한다.
- "a well-known African-American wedding custom" — 첫 문장과 일치한다.
- "Its origin traces back to the period of slavery" — "was created during slavery"와 일치한다.
- "the union of the bride and the groom and their entrance into a new life" — "signify their entrance into a new life"와 일치한다.
Upstate New York florist Patricia Woysher has been in the business for forty years. She's sold flowers to tens of thousands of folks in the area and even received one of the best assignments a florist could hope for, decorating the White House for the Christmas season. "I had to take a deep breath. I mean, you see pictures of the place all your life, then one day you're in the Oval Office." Despite the excitement, Patricia's focus remained on her day-to-day concerns. "Doing the White House was exciting and rewarding, but my job is to run my business. I want to have something here that will last forever, that I can pass on to my children."
일치하는 것은 "Patricia hopes to turn her business over to her offspring."(자녀에게 사업을 물려주기를 바란다)이다.
그녀는 "something here that will last forever, that I can pass on to my children"(영원히 남아 자녀에게 물려줄 수 있는 것)을 갖고 싶다고 말한다.
- "runs a flower shop in the White House" — 뉴욕주 북부의 꽃집 주인이며, 백악관은 크리스마스 장식을 맡았을 뿐이다.
- "was invited to the White House for a party" — 파티 초대가 아니라 장식 업무를 맡았다.
- "forgot her daily routines" — "her focus remained on her day-to-day concerns"(일상 업무에 계속 집중했다)와 반대다.
It is a great nuisance that knowledge cannot be acquired without trouble. It can only be acquired by hard work. It would be fine if we could swallow the powder of profitable information made palatable by the jam of fiction. But the truth is that, so made palatable, we cannot be sure that the powder will be profitable. I suggest to you that the knowledge the novelist imparts is ( ㉠ ) and thus ( ㉡ ) and it is better not to know a thing at all than to know it in a distorted fashion. If readers wish to inform themselves of the pressing problems of the day, they will do better to read, not novels but the books that specifically deal with them. I suggest to you that it is enough for a novelist to be a good novelist. It is unnecessary for him to be a prophet, a politician or a leader of thought. Fiction is an art and the purpose of art is to please.
㉠에는 "biased"(편향된), ㉡에는 "unreliable"(믿을 수 없는)이 들어간다.
소설이라는 잼으로 맛있게 만든 지식은 "we cannot be sure that the powder will be profitable"(유익할지 확신할 수 없다)이고, 뒤에서 "to know it in a distorted fashion"(왜곡된 방식으로 아는 것)보다 모르는 편이 낫다고 하므로 부정적인 두 단어가 와야 한다.
- "reasonable"·"believable" — 둘 다 긍정적이라 '왜곡된 지식'이라는 흐름과 반대다.
- "naive"·"wholesome" — "wholesome"(건전한)은 긍정적이어서 맞지 않는다.
- "impartial"·"realistic" — '공정한, 현실적인'으로 왜곡과 정반대다.
Two men were dining together in a restaurant. The first man ordered the food. The second man, who was unaccustomed to eating out, said nothing. When the food arrived, the second man ________ everything his friend did. When the first man took rice, so did the second. The first man ate a shrimp, and so did the second man. Finally, the first man took a toothpick, and his friend did the same. Later the first man asked his friend how he had enjoyed the meal. The second man answered, "Everything was perfect, except for the last bit. It tasted like bamboo."
빈칸에는 '따라 했다'라는 뜻의 "copied"가 알맞다.
외식에 익숙하지 않은 두 번째 남자는 친구가 밥을 먹으면 밥을, 새우를 먹으면 새우를 먹었고("so did the second"), 이쑤시개까지 따라 집어 먹어 '대나무 맛이 났다'고 말한다.
- "cursed" — '욕했다'라는 뜻이다.
- "ignored" — '무시했다'로 친구를 따라 한 행동과 반대다.
- "opposed" — '반대했다'로 맞지 않는다.
A Western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I don't expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something - a reason for agreeing, another example, or an elaboration to carry the idea further. But I don't expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, ________.
빈칸에는 "your response will return the ball to me"(당신의 반응이 공을 내게 다시 돌려보낼 것이다)가 알맞다.
서구식 대화는 테니스처럼 화제를 꺼내면 상대가 "hit it back"(되받아치기)를 기대하며, 동의하든 반대하든 무언가를 덧붙여 대화를 이어 가는 것이 핵심이다.
- "you'll be playing the wrong game" — 동의·반대 모두 괜찮다는 앞 내용과 모순된다.
- "you'll learn a new lesson from your experience" — 테니스 비유와 무관하다.
- "your conversation style will differ from the Western style" — 되받아치는 것이 바로 서구식이므로 맞지 않는다.
A cause always has an effect, and an effect has a cause. Often, however, in searching for the cause or effect of an act, we jump to conclusions. If John Wilkins, who is big and strong, doesn't go out for the football team, some pupils say, "Wilkins has no courage." Perhaps the real reason is that his parents object, he is behind in his school work and can't afford the time, or he believes that football is not worth playing.
글의 요지는 "Don't make a hasty judgment."(성급하게 판단하지 마라)이다.
우리는 원인을 찾을 때 흔히 "we jump to conclusions"(성급하게 결론을 내린다). Wilkins가 미식축구부에 들어가지 않는 것을 용기 부족으로 단정하지만, 실제 이유는 부모의 반대나 학업 부담 등 다를 수 있다는 예를 든다.
- "Easy come, easy go." — '쉽게 얻은 것은 쉽게 잃는다'로 무관하다.
- "Don't be dejected, take courage." — 용기는 학생들의 성급한 판단 속 단어일 뿐 요지가 아니다.
- "Everybody has his own talent." — 재능에 관한 내용은 없다.
The saying for which I had to find the meaning was : "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
(A) My first guess was that it was about a situation in which those who want to fight should first think about defending themselves from attack. Obviously, a person whose house is made of glass, which is easily broken, should be careful. If you throw a stone, the person at whom you threw the stone could throw it back and smash your house.
(B) I think this is good advice for anyone who is critical of other people.
(C) However, this saying, whose meaning I looked up in a dictionary of English idioms is not really about fighting. It means that you should not criticize others for faults similar to those you have.
올바른 순서는 A - C - B이다.
A는 속담에 대한 "My first guess"(처음 추측)로 싸움에 관한 말이라고 보았다. C는 "However"로 사전을 찾아보니 실은 '자신과 비슷한 결점으로 남을 비판하지 말라'는 뜻이라고 바로잡는다. B는 그 뜻을 받아 "good advice for anyone who is critical of other people"이라고 평가하므로 마지막에 온다.
- B가 C보다 앞서는 배열 — B의 '비판적인 사람에게 좋은 충고'는 C에서 비판에 관한 뜻이 밝혀진 뒤에야 성립한다.
- C로 시작하는 배열 — "However"는 앞의 처음 추측(A)을 뒤집는 말이므로 A 뒤에 와야 한다.
Such variation, however, was common then with the spelling of many words, not just names.
William Shakespeare is rightly regarded as one of the world's great writers; yet it would seem that he couldn't spell his own name! ( ㉠ ) Samples of his signature that have survived show his name spelled in several different ways. ( ㉡ ) Not until the eighteenth century when dictionaries came into use was a single spelling for each word accepted as correct. ( ㉢ ) A few words, however, escaped being standardized in this way; 'instill' (which can also be spelled 'instil') is one of them. ( ㉣ ) When a dictionary gives two different spellings of a word, the one given first is preferred.
주어진 문장은 ㉡ 자리에 들어가야 한다.
주어진 문장의 "Such variation"(그러한 변이)은 바로 앞의 "his name spelled in several different ways"(이름이 여러 방식으로 쓰였다)를 가리키고, 그것이 당시 많은 단어에 흔했다는 설명은 뒤의 '18세기 사전이 쓰이고서야 철자가 하나로 정해졌다'로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
- ㉠ 자리 — 아직 철자 변이(서명 사례)가 제시되기 전이라 "Such variation"이 가리킬 대상이 없다.
- ㉢ 자리 — 이미 철자가 표준화된 뒤의 이야기라 '당시 흔했다'는 설명이 늦다.
- ㉣ 자리 — 표준화를 피한 예외 단어 이야기 뒤라 흐름이 맞지 않는다.
The term home schooling or home tuition, as it is called in England, means educating children at home or in places other than a mainstream setting such as a public or private school. There are many reasons why parents choose home schooling for their children. Some parents are dissatisfied with the quality of education in the public schools. Others do not want their children to have to worry about "peer pressure," or social pressure from friends. They say it may interfere with the child's studies. These parents fear this type of pressure will lead to negative behavior such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking drugs.
가장 알맞은 제목은 "Reasons for Home Schooling"(홈스쿨링을 하는 이유)이다.
"There are many reasons why parents choose home schooling"이 주제문이고, 공교육의 질에 대한 불만과 또래 압력에 대한 우려가 이유로 제시된다.
- "Types of Pressure in Schools" — 또래 압력은 이유 중 하나일 뿐이다.
- "Pros and Cons of Home Schooling" — 홈스쿨링의 단점은 다루지 않는다.
- "Side Effects of Home Schooling" — 부작용은 언급되지 않는다.