Visaokay assists the Australian travel industry, corporations and government, and individuals by __________ the entire visa advice and visa issuance process. Visaokay minimizes the complexity and time delays associated with applying for and obtaining travel visas.
빈칸에는 "facilitating"(용이하게 하다, 촉진하다)이 들어간다.
뒤 문장에서 Visaokay가 비자 신청·취득의 "complexity and time delays"(복잡성과 시간 지연)를 "minimizes"(최소화한다)고 하므로, 비자 상담·발급 절차 전체를 쉽게 해 준다는 말이 이어져야 한다.
- "appreciating"(진가를 알아보다, 감사하다) — 절차를 돕는 방식과 무관하다.
- "aggravating"(악화시키다) — 복잡성을 줄인다는 내용과 정반대다.
- "meditating"(명상하다, 숙고하다) — 절차를 처리하는 행위와 어울리지 않는다.
Given our awesome capacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves __________ : I was honest with that blind passenger because I'm a wonder person. I cheated the sighted one because she probably has too much money anyway.
빈칸에는 "leniently"(관대하게)가 들어간다.
"rationalization and self-deception"(합리화와 자기기만) 능력 때문에 우리는 자신을 평가할 때 정직했던 일은 좋은 사람이라서, 속인 일은 상대가 돈이 많아서라고 스스로를 너그럽게 봐준다는 예시가 콜론 뒤에 이어진다.
- "harshly"(가혹하게) — 자신의 부정행위까지 정당화하는 예시와 정반대다.
- "honestly"(정직하게) — 자기기만이라는 앞 내용과 모순된다.
- "thankfully"(감사하게) — 자기 평가 방식과 관련이 없다.
A : Look at this letter.
B : Ah yes, I thought it was something official looking. You're being fined for exceeding the speed limit, it says. Why weren't you fined on the spot?
A : __________.
B : They're installing more and more of them around here. You're going to have to be more careful in future.
A : You're not kidding. The fine is $60.
빈칸에는 "Because I was photographed by one of speed cameras"(과속 카메라 중 하나에 찍혔기 때문이야)가 들어간다.
현장에서 딱지를 떼지 않은 이유를 묻자 답한 뒤, B가 "They're installing more and more of them around here"(이 근처에 그것들을 점점 더 많이 설치하고 있어)라고 하므로 them이 가리키는 대상, 즉 과속 카메라가 빈칸에 나와야 한다.
- "Because the spot was too busy to be fined" — 장소가 붐빈다는 말은 뒤의 "설치하고 있다"와 연결되지 않는다.
- "Because I could not find any camera to take it" — 화자가 카메라를 찾는 상황이 아니며 흐름이 어색하다.
- "Because I already paid for it when I was fined" — 이미 냈다면 지금 벌금 고지서를 받을 이유가 없고, B의 "installing more and more of them"과도 이어지지 않는다.
Tom : Frankly, I don't think my new boss knows what he is doing.
Jack : He is young, Tom. You have to give him a chance.
Tom : How many chances do I have to give him? He's actually doing terribly.
Jack : __________.
Tom : What? Where?
Jack : Over there. Your new boss just turned around the corner.
빈칸에는 "Speak of the devil"(호랑이도 제 말 하면 온다)이 들어간다.
Tom이 새 상사를 험담하는 중에 Jack이 빈칸의 말을 하고, Tom이 "Where?"라고 묻자 "Your new boss just turned around the corner"(새 상사가 방금 모퉁이를 돌아왔어)라고 답하므로 말하던 당사자가 나타났다는 표현이 알맞다.
- "I wish you good luck"(행운을 빌어) — "Where?"라는 반응을 끌어낼 수 없다.
- "Keep up the good work"(계속 잘해) — 격려의 말로 상황과 무관하다.
- "Money makes the mare go"(돈이면 다 된다) — 대화 내용과 관련이 없다.
어법상 옳은 문장은 "The situation in Iraq looked so serious that it seemed as if the Third World War might break out at any time."(이라크 상황이 너무 심각해 보여서 언제라도 제3차 세계대전이 일어날 것 같았다)이다.
"so serious that ~"(너무 심각해서 ~하다)의 so ~ that 결과 구문이 바르게 쓰였고, "it seemed as if ~ might break out"(마치 ~일어날 것 같았다)도 as if 절로 자연스럽다.
- "Few living things are linked together as intimately than bees and flowers." — 원급 비교는 "as ~ as"이므로 "than"을 "as"로 고쳐 "as intimately as"가 되어야 한다.
- "My father would not company us ~" — "~와 동행하다"는 타동사 "accompany"로 써야 하므로 "would not accompany us"로 고쳐야 한다. 동명사의 의미상 주어도 "my going"이 문법적으로 더 정확하다.
- "the number of sugar that Americans consume" — "sugar"는 셀 수 없는 명사이므로 "the number of"가 아니라 "the amount of"(~의 양)를 써야 한다.
Noise pollution ①is different from other forms of pollution in ②a number of ways. Noise is transient: once the pollution stops, the environment is free of it. This is not the case with air pollution, for example. We can measure the amount of chemicals ③introduced into the air, ④whereas is extremely difficult to monitor cumulative exposure to noise.
어법상 옳지 않은 것은 "whereas is"이다.
whereas는 절을 이끄는 접속사이므로 뒤에 주어가 있어야 하며, 진주어 "to monitor cumulative exposure to noise"를 받는 가주어 it을 넣어 "whereas it is extremely difficult to monitor ~"로 고쳐야 한다.
- "is different from" — 단수 주어 Noise pollution과 수일치하고, "be different from"(~와 다르다)도 바르다.
- "a number of ways" — "a number of + 복수명사"(많은 ~)로 바르게 쓰였다.
- "introduced into" — chemicals가 대기 중에 "투입되는" 것이므로 수동의 과거분사가 명사를 뒤에서 수식하는 것이 맞다.
→The older you grow, the more difficult it becomes to learn a foreign language.
→The learning and knowledge that we have is at the least but little compared with that of which we are ignorant.
→The secret of life is not to do what one likes, but to try to like what one has to do.
→What you possess in this world will go to someone else when you die, but your personality will be yours forever.
잘못 옮긴 것은 "기껏해야"를 "at the least"로 옮긴 문장이다.
"at the least"는 "적어도"라는 뜻이므로 "기껏해야"를 나타내려면 "at (the) most" 또는 "at best"를 써야 한다.
- "The older you grow, the more difficult it becomes ~" — "the 비교급 ~, the 비교급 ~"(~할수록 더 ~하다) 구문으로 바르게 옮겼다.
- "not to do what one likes, but to try to like what one has to do" — "not A but B"(A가 아니라 B)와 관계대명사 what이 바르게 쓰였다.
- "What you possess in this world will go to someone else ~" — 관계대명사 what이 이끄는 명사절 주어와 단수 동사가 바르게 쓰였다.
→The house which they have lived for 10 years badly damaged by the storm.
→It was not until when he failed the math test that he decided to study hard.
→We had nothing to eat left in the refrigerator, we had to eat out last night.
→We were enough fortunate to visit the Grand Canyon, that has much beautiful landscape.
가장 적절한 영작은 "It was not until when he failed the math test that he decided to study hard."이다.
"~하고 나서야 비로소 …했다"는 "It was not until ~ that …" 강조 구문으로 나타내며, 이 문장은 그 틀을 그대로 따른다.
- "The house which they have lived for 10 years badly damaged by the storm." — 자동사 live 뒤에는 "in which"(또는 where)가 필요하고, 집이 손상된 것이므로 수동태 "was badly damaged"가 되어야 한다.
- "We had nothing to eat left in the refrigerator, we had to eat out last night." — 두 절을 쉼표만으로 이을 수 없으므로 "so"나 "As we had ~"처럼 접속사가 필요하다.
- "We were enough fortunate to visit the Grand Canyon, that has much beautiful landscape." — enough는 형용사 뒤에 와서 "fortunate enough"가 되어야 하고, 계속적 용법에는 that 대신 "which"를 써야 한다.
- In Korea, the eldest son tends to ____㉠____ a lot of responsibility.
- The same words ____㉡____ different meaning when said in different ways.
㉠과 ㉡에 공통으로 들어갈 말은 "take on"이다.
㉠은 "take on a lot of responsibility"(많은 책임을 떠맡다), ㉡은 "take on different meaning"(다른 의미를 띠다)으로 두 문장 모두 자연스럽다.
- "take over"(인수하다, 넘겨받다) — ㉡의 "의미를 띠다"에 맞지 않는다.
- "take down"(받아 적다, 끌어내리다) — 두 문장 모두 의미가 통하지 않는다.
- "take off"(이륙하다, 벗다) — 두 문장 모두 의미가 통하지 않는다.
We need to iron out a few problems first.
"iron out"과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 "solve"(해결하다)이다.
"iron out"은 다림질로 주름을 펴듯 문제·어려움을 해결하다라는 뜻으로, "우리는 먼저 몇 가지 문제를 해결할 필요가 있다"는 문장이 된다.
- "conceive"(생각해 내다, 상상하다) — 문제를 없앤다는 의미가 아니다.
- "review"(검토하다) — 살펴보는 것일 뿐 해결의 의미가 없다.
- "pose"(문제를 제기하다) — 해결과 반대 방향의 의미다.
Year after year, a survey sponsored by Scotland's Centre for European Labour Market Research finds the same thing : If you want to be happy in life, be happy in your job. Okay, but what will make me happy in my job? Some researchers at the University of British Columbia in Canada have come up with an interesting way quantifying the seemingly unquantifiable.
(A) For example, trust in management—by far the biggest component of job satisfaction—is worth as much in your overall happiness as a very substantial raise. Say you get a new boss and your trust in your workplace's management goes up a bit.
(B) By analyzing life-satisfaction surveys that consider four key factors in job satisfaction, they have figured out how much each is worth when compared with salary increases.
(C) Even that small increase in trust is like getting a thirty six percent pay raise, the researchers calculate. In other words, that will boost your level of overall satisfaction in life by about the same amount as a thirty six percent raise would.
글의 순서는 (B)-(A)-(C)이다.
주어진 글의 "Some researchers ~ have come up with an interesting way"를 (B)의 "they have figured out how much each is worth"(각 요인이 임금 인상과 비교해 얼마의 가치인지 알아냈다)가 받고, (A)가 "For example, trust in management"로 예를 들며 신뢰가 "goes up a bit"(조금 올라간다)고 가정하면, (C)가 "Even that small increase in trust"로 그 작은 증가를 이어받는다.
- (A)-(B)-(C) — (A)의 "For example"은 (B)의 네 가지 요인 분석이 먼저 나와야 예시가 될 수 있다.
- (C)-(A)-(B) — (C)의 "that small increase in trust"가 가리킬 대상이 앞에 없다.
- (C)-(B)-(A) — 마찬가지로 (C)가 맨 앞에 올 수 없다.
It can sometimes feel as if South Korea, overworked, overstressed and ever anxious, is __________ a national nervous breakdown, with a rising divorce rate, students who feel suffocated by academic pressures, a suicide rate among the highest in the world and a macho corporate culture that still encourages blackout drinking sessions after work. More than 30 Koreans kill themselves everyday, and the suicides of entertainers, politicians, athletes and business leaders have become almost commonplace.
빈칸에는 "on the verge of"(~의 직전에, ~하기 일보 직전인)가 들어간다.
"overworked, overstressed and ever anxious"(과로하고 스트레스받고 늘 불안한) 한국이 이혼율 상승, 높은 자살률 등의 징후를 보이므로 "a national nervous breakdown"(국가적 신경쇠약) 직전인 것 같다는 흐름이 자연스럽다.
- "by virtue of"(~덕분에) — 신경쇠약 덕분이라는 말은 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
- "as opposed to"(~와 대조적으로) — 나열된 위기 징후와 반대되는 의미가 된다.
- "in favor of"(~에 찬성하여) — 신경쇠약에 찬성한다는 어색한 의미가 된다.
Strategic thinking can make a positive impact on any area of life. The first step in strategic thinking is to __________ so that you can focus on it more effectively. That's what automotive innovator Henry Ford did when he created the assembly line, and that's why he said, "Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs." He also said, "Only one person in a million can juggle the whole things at the same time and think strategically to create solid, valid plans." He is well known for his habit of splitting tasks. Right before the beginning of each weekday, he would think about daily issues, prioritizing the issues for the weekday. He made a rule to deal with the issues only allotted for the day.
빈칸에는 "break down an issue smaller"(문제를 더 작게 나누다)가 들어간다.
Henry Ford의 말 "Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs"(작은 일로 나누면 특별히 어려운 것은 없다)와 "his habit of splitting tasks"(일을 쪼개는 습관)가 빈칸 내용의 예시로 제시된다.
- "make a habit of taking notes"(메모하는 습관을 들이다) — 메모에 관한 언급은 없다.
- "deal with daily tasks without delay"(그날 일을 미루지 않고 처리하다) — 그날 일만 다룬 것은 나누기의 결과일 뿐, 빈칸 뒤 "focus on it"의 it(문제)을 다루는 첫 단계가 아니다.
- "think twice before setting to a work"(일에 착수하기 전 신중히 생각하다) — 일을 나눈다는 핵심과 무관하다.
You as the parent must try to read their crying to be able to help them. This will also help you assess your children's perception of your discipline. In many cases, when a child feels that he has been punished wrongly, it is more difficult to console him. He cried pathetically. Others may receive the punishment in a defiant mood. __________, when a child feels guilty and he is not punished or assured of forgiveness, he is likely to feel insecure and timid. In such a case when punished they may cry but quickly compose themselves and seek to attract love from the parent. Children usually want the crisp and clean punishment followed by fellowship rather than living with uncertainty.
빈칸에는 대조의 연결어 "On the other hand"(반면에)가 들어간다.
앞에서는 "punished wrongly"(부당하게 벌 받았다고) 느끼는 아이의 반응을, 뒤에서는 "feels guilty and he is not punished"(죄책감을 느끼지만 벌을 받지 않은) 아이가 불안해하는 경우를 다루므로 상반된 두 경우를 잇는 표현이 필요하다.
- "As a result"(그 결과) — 앞 내용이 뒤 내용의 원인이 아니다.
- "For example"(예를 들어) — 뒤 내용은 앞 내용의 예시가 아니라 다른 경우다.
- "In other words"(다시 말해) — 앞 내용을 바꿔 말한 것이 아니다.
The space shuttle Challenger had just taken off for its tenth flight in January 1986 when it exploded in the air and killed all seven people inside. Millions of people around the world were watching the liftoff because schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe was on board. McAuliffe, who had been chosen to be the first teacher in space, was planning to broadcast lessons directly to schools from the shuttle's orbit around Earth. This Challenger disaster led NASA to stop all space shuttle missions for nearly three years while they looked for the cause of the explosion and fixed the problem. They soon discovered that the shuttle had a faulty seal on one of the rocket boosters. Unfortunately, the teacher-in-space program was indefinitely put on hold. So were NASA's plans to send musicians, journalists, and artists to space.
글의 주제는 "The reason why the American space program was put on hold"(미국 우주 프로그램이 보류된 이유)이다.
챌린저호 폭발 사고가 "led NASA to stop all space shuttle missions for nearly three years"(NASA가 약 3년간 모든 우주왕복선 임무를 중단하게 했다)고 하고, 교사 우주 프로그램과 음악가·기자·예술가 파견 계획도 "put on hold"(보류)되었다는 내용으로 글이 마무리된다.
- "Schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe's pioneering participation in the space program" — McAuliffe는 사고 배경을 설명하는 세부 사항이다.
- "The importance of the space research and training of astronauts" — 우주 연구·훈련의 중요성은 언급되지 않는다.
- "A satire on the unsuccessful or tragic space missions" — 사실을 전달하는 글이며 풍자의 어조가 없다.
A team of researchers has found that immunizing patients with bee venom instead of with the bee's crushed bodies can better prevent serious and sometimes fatal sting reactions in the more than one million Americans who are hypersensitive to bee stings. The crushed-body treatment has been standard for fifty years, but a report released recently said that it was ineffective. The serum made from the crushed bodies of bees produced more adverse reactions than the injections of the venom did. The research compared results of the crushed-body treatment with results of immunotherapy that used insect venom and also with results of a placebo. After six to ten weeks of immunization, allergic reactions to stings occurred in seven of twelve patients treated with the placebo, seven of twelve treated with crushed-body extract, and one of eighteen treated with the venom.
글의 주제는 "A new treatment for people allergic to bee stings"(벌침 알레르기 환자를 위한 새로운 치료법)이다.
50년간 표준이던 벌 몸체 분쇄 치료 대신 "immunizing patients with bee venom"(벌독으로 면역 처리하는 것)이 과민 반응을 더 잘 예방한다는 연구 결과를 소개하며, 반응 발생이 위약군 12명 중 7명, 분쇄 추출물군 12명 중 7명, 벌독군 18명 중 1명이었다는 근거를 든다.
- "A more effective method of preventing bee stings" — 벌에 쏘이는 것 자체가 아니라 쏘인 뒤의 알레르기 반응을 막는 치료에 관한 글이다.
- "The use of placebos in treating hypersensitive patients" — 위약은 비교 대조군으로만 등장한다.
- "Bee venom causing fatal reactions in hypersensitive patients" — 벌독은 오히려 반응을 예방하는 치료 수단으로 제시된다.
Look at the following list of numbers: 4, 8, 5, 3, 9, 7, 6. Read them out loud and memorize that sequence. If you speak English, you have about a 50 percent chance of remembering that perfectly. If you're Chinese, though, you're almost certain to get it right every time. This is because pronouncing them in Chinese takes shorter time. In addition, the number-naming systems are in Western and Asian languages. In English, for example, they say fourteen and sixteen, so one might expect that they would also say oneteen and twoteen. But they don't. The number system in English is irregular. In contrast, Asians have logical counting systems. Those differences mean that Asian children learn to count much faster and perform basic functions better than Western children.
⇩
Being good at ____㉠____ may be rooted in the different ____㉡____ systems.
㉠에는 "mathematics"(수학), ㉡에는 "language"(언어)가 들어간다.
중국어는 숫자 발음이 짧고 아시아 언어는 "logical counting systems"(논리적인 셈 체계)를 가져서 아시아 아이들이 "learn to count much faster and perform basic functions better"(셈을 훨씬 빨리 배우고 기초 연산을 더 잘한다)고 하므로, 수학을 잘하는 것이 언어별 숫자 체계의 차이에 뿌리를 둔다는 요약이 된다.
- "pronunciations, counting" — 발음을 잘하는 것이 결과가 아니라 숫자 발음의 길이는 원인 쪽에 속한다.
- "languages, name" — 언어 능력이 아니라 셈·연산 능력의 차이를 다룬 글이다.
- "logic, culture" — 문화 체계의 차이는 언급되지 않는다.
It's long been part of folk wisdom that birth order strongly affects personality, intelligence and achievement. However, most of the research claiming that firstborns are radically different from other children has been discredited, and it now seems that any effects of birth order on intelligence or personality will likely be washed out by all the other influences in a person's life. In fact, the belief in the permanent impact of birth order, according to Toni Falbo, a social psychologist at the University of Texas at Austin, comes from the psychological theory that your personality is fixed by the time you're six. That assumption simply is incorrect. The better, later and larger studies are less likely to find birth order a useful predictor of anything. When two Swiss social scientists, Cecile Ernst and Jules Angst, reviewed 1,500 studies a few years ago they concluded that "birth order differences in personality are nonexistent in our sample. In particular, there is no evidence for a firstborn personality."
글의 요지는 "Birth order has nothing to do with personality."(출생 순서는 성격과 아무 관련이 없다)이다.
통념을 소개한 뒤 "However"로 반박하며, 출생 순서의 영향은 다른 요인에 "washed out"(씻겨 사라진다)되고 1,500건의 연구 검토 결과 "birth order differences in personality are nonexistent"(성격에서 출생 순서에 따른 차이는 존재하지 않는다)라고 결론 내린다.
- "A firstborn child is kind to other people." — "there is no evidence for a firstborn personality"(맏이 성격의 증거는 없다)와 맞지 않는다.
- "Birth order influences a person's intelligence." — 글이 반박하는 통념의 내용이다.
- "An elder brother's personality is different from that of his younger brother." — 출생 순서에 따른 성격 차이를 부정하는 글의 결론과 반대다.
Late one night, Catherine Ryan Hyde was driving in Los Angeles. In a dangerous neighborhood, her car caught on fire. She got out. Three men ran toward her. She immediately felt afraid of them. They didn't hurt her, though. They put out the fire and called the fire department. When she turned to thank them, they were gone. Years later, that event became the subject of her novel called Pay It Forward. She never forgot that event. In the book, a teacher asks his students to "think of an idea for world change and put it into action." A boy named Trevor suggested doing kind acts for others. They used his ideas. Trevor's idea works like this. Someone chooses three people and does something nice for each one. In return, the recipients of that favor must do favors for three more people. In 2000, the novel inspired a movie.
글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 "The Kindness of Strangers"(낯선 사람들의 친절)이다.
위험한 동네에서 차에 불이 났을 때 처음 보는 세 남자가 "put out the fire and called the fire department"(불을 끄고 소방서에 연락했다) 뒤 사라졌고, 이 경험이 남에게 "doing kind acts for others"(친절을 베푸는 것)를 다룬 소설로 이어졌다.
- "A Trauma in Early Childhood" — 성인이 된 작가의 경험이며 어린 시절의 상처가 아니다.
- "A Movie which Influences Real Life" — 실제 사건이 소설과 영화에 영향을 준 것으로, 방향이 반대다.
- "An Unintended Violation of Someone's Idea" — 남의 생각을 침해했다는 내용은 없다.
He knew, though, he would never become an Olympic runner, so he looked for other sports that he could play.
Many people have faced great obstacles in their lives but have found ways to overcome and actually benefit from these obstacles. For example, Greg Barton, the 1984, 1988, and 1992 U.S. Olympic medalist in kayaking, was born with a serious disability. ( A ) He had deformed feet, his toes pointed inward, and as a result, he could not walk easily. Even after a series of operations, he still had limited mobility. ( B ) Even so, Greg was never defeated. First, he taught himself to walk, and even to run. Then, he competed in his high school running team. ( C ) Happily, he discovered kayaking, a perfect sport for him because it required minimal leg and foot muscles. Using his upper body strength, he was able to master the sport. ( D ) Finally, after many years of training and perseverance, Greg made the 1984 Olympic team.
주어진 문장이 들어갈 곳은 ( C ) 자리이다.
( C ) 앞에서 Greg가 "competed in his high school running team"(고교 육상팀에서 경기했다)고 했고, 주어진 문장의 "he would never become an Olympic runner, so he looked for other sports"(올림픽 육상 선수는 될 수 없음을 알고 다른 종목을 찾았다)를 거쳐야 "Happily, he discovered kayaking"(다행히 카약을 발견했다)으로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
- ( A ) 자리 — 장애의 구체적 내용이 나오기도 전이라 달리기 이야기가 나올 수 없다.
- ( B ) 자리 — 아직 걷고 달리는 법을 익히기 전이라 올림픽 주자 이야기가 어색하다.
- ( D ) 자리 — 이미 카약을 익힌 뒤라 다른 종목을 찾는다는 내용이 늦다.