The young knight was so ________ at being called a coward that he charged forward with his sword in hand.
빈칸에는 "incensed"(몹시 화가 난, 격분한)가 들어가야 한다.
"so ~ that" 구문으로, 젊은 기사는 "being called a coward"(겁쟁이라고 불린 것)에 너무 ~해서 "charged forward with his sword in hand"(칼을 손에 들고 돌진했다). 모욕에 대한 반응이자 돌진의 원인이므로 분노를 뜻하는 말이 알맞다.
- "aloof"(냉담한, 초연한) — 무관심한 태도는 격하게 돌진한 결과와 맞지 않는다.
- "unbiased"(편견 없는, 공정한) — 모욕에 대한 감정 반응과 무관하다.
- "unpretentious"(겸손한, 가식 없는) — 돌진의 원인이 될 수 없다.
Back in the mid-1970s, an American computer scientist called John Holland ________ the idea of using the theory of evolution to solve notoriously difficult problems in science.
빈칸에는 "hit upon"(~을 문득 생각해 내다, 착안하다)이 들어가야 한다.
목적어가 "the idea of using the theory of evolution to solve notoriously difficult problems in science"(진화론을 이용해 악명 높게 어려운 과학 문제를 푸는 아이디어)이므로, 그 아이디어를 처음 떠올렸다는 의미의 표현이 알맞다.
- "took on" — '(일·책임을) 떠맡다', '(모습·성질을) 띠다'라는 뜻으로 아이디어를 착안했다는 의미가 아니다.
- "got on" — '(탈것에) 타다', '잘 지내다'라는 뜻으로 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
- "put upon" — '~을 이용해 먹다, 부당한 부담을 지우다'라는 뜻으로 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
Of equal importance in wars of conquest were the germs that evolved in human societies with domestic animals. ①Infectious diseases like smallpox, measles, and flu arose as specialized germs of humans, derived by mutations of very similar ancestral germs that had infected animals. ②The most direct contribution of plant and animal domestication to wars of conquest was from Eurasia's horses, whose military role made them the jeeps and Sherman tanks of ancient warfare on that continent. ③The humans who domesticated animals were the first to fall victim to the newly evolved germs, but those humans then evolved substantial resistance to the new disease. ④When such partly immune people came into contact with others who had had no previous exposure to the germs, epidemics resulted in which up to 99 percent of the previously unexposed population was killed. Germs thus acquired ultimately from domestic animals played decisive roles in the European conquests of Native Americans, Australians, South Africans, and Pacific islanders.
흐름상 어색한 문장은 말(horses)의 군사적 역할을 다룬 "The most direct contribution of plant and animal domestication to wars of conquest was from Eurasia's horses ..."이다.
글은 첫 문장의 "the germs that evolved in human societies with domestic animals"(가축과 함께 사는 사회에서 진화한 병원균)가 정복 전쟁에서 중요했다는 주제를 병원균의 기원 → 면역 획득 → 전염병 → 유럽의 정복 순으로 전개한다. 말이 고대 전쟁의 지프·탱크 역할을 했다는 문장은 이 병원균 흐름을 끊는다.
- "Infectious diseases like smallpox, measles, and flu arose as specialized germs of humans ..." — 천연두·홍역·독감이 동물 병원균의 돌연변이에서 생겼다는 병원균의 기원으로 주제와 이어진다.
- "The humans who domesticated animals were the first to fall victim to the newly evolved germs ..." — 가축화한 사람들이 먼저 희생되었다가 저항력을 얻었다는 내용으로 흐름에 맞다.
- "When such partly immune people came into contact with others ..." — 부분 면역을 가진 사람들과 접촉한 미노출 집단이 최대 99%까지 사망했다는 내용으로, 마지막 정복 문장으로 자연스럽게 이어진다.
Everyone knows what the Mona Lisa and Michelangelo's David look like—or do we? They are reproduced so often that we may feel we know them even if we have never been to Paris or Florence. Each has countless spoofs—David in boxer shorts or the Mona Lisa with a mustache. Art reproductions are ubiquitous. We can now sit in our pajamas while enjoying virtual tours of galleries and museums around the world via the Web and CD-ROM. We can explore genres and painters and zoom in to scrutinize details. The Louvre's Website offers spectacular 360-degree panoramas of artworks like the Venus de Milo. Such tours may become ever more multi-sensory by drawing on virtual reality technology, which includes things like goggles and gloves. Lighting and stage set designers, like architects, already use this technology in their work.
제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 "Art:More Widely Accessible Than Ever!"(예술, 그 어느 때보다 폭넓게 접할 수 있다!)이다.
"Art reproductions are ubiquitous"(미술 복제품은 어디에나 있다), "We can now sit in our pajamas while enjoying virtual tours of galleries and museums"(이제 잠옷 차림으로 미술관·박물관을 가상 관람한다), 루브르의 "360-degree panoramas", 가상현실 기술 등 예술을 누구나 쉽게 접하게 된 상황을 설명한다.
- "Should We Ban Art Reproductions?" — 복제품을 금지하자는 주장은 없다.
- "Why Are Virtual Artworks So Popular?" — 가상 관람이라는 접근 수단을 소개할 뿐, 가상 작품이 인기 있는 이유를 다루지 않는다.
- "Secrets of Vanished Galleries and Museums" — 사라진 미술관·박물관에 관한 내용은 없다.
어법상 옳은 문장은 "China's imports of Russian oil skyrocketed by 36 percent in 2014."이다.
"skyrocket"(급등하다)은 자동사라 능동 과거형 "skyrocketed"가 맞고, 증감의 폭을 나타내는 전치사 by(~만큼)도 바르게 쓰였다.
- "Sleeping has long been tied to improve memory among humans." — "be tied to"의 to는 전치사이므로 동명사가 와야 한다: "tied to improving memory".
- "Last night, she nearly escaped from running over by a car." — escape는 동명사를 목적어로 취하고, 차에 '치이는' 수동 관계이므로 수동 동명사를 써서 "escaped being run over by a car"가 되어야 한다.
- "The failure is reminiscent of the problems surrounded the causes of ..." — 문장의 동사는 is이고 surrounded는 problems를 꾸미는 분사인데, 문제들이 원인을 '둘러싸는' 능동 관계이므로 현재분사 "surrounding"이 되어야 한다.
A : What business is on your mind?
B : Do you think that owning a flower shop has good prospects nowadays?
A : It could. But have you prepared yourself mentally and financially?
B : ____________________.
A : Good! Then you should choose a strategic place and the right segment too. You must do a thorough research to have a good result.
B : I know that. It's much easier to start a business than to run it well.
빈칸에는 "I'm ready to start with what I have and take a chance"(가진 것으로 시작해 모험해 볼 준비가 됐어)가 들어가야 한다.
A가 "have you prepared yourself mentally and financially?"(정신적·재정적으로 준비했니?)라고 묻고, B의 대답 뒤에 "Good! Then you should choose a strategic place ..."라며 다음 단계를 조언하므로 B는 준비가 되었다고 답해야 한다.
- "I plan to go to the hospital tomorrow" — 병원에 간다는 말은 창업 준비 질문과 무관하다.
- "I can't be like that! I must strive to get a job" — 취업하겠다는 말은 꽃집 창업 상담 흐름과 맞지 않고 "Good!"으로 이어질 수 없다.
- "I don't want to think about starting my own business" — 꽃집 운영 전망을 묻던 B 자신의 앞말과 모순된다.
M : What's that noise?
W : Noise? I don't hear anything.
M : Listen closely. I hear some noise. ________.
W : Oh, let's stop and see.
M : Look! A piece of glass is in the right front wheel.
W : Really? Umm... You're right. What are we going to do?
M : Don't worry. I got some experience in changing tires.
빈칸에는 "Maybe air is escaping from the tire"(타이어에서 바람이 새고 있나 봐)가 들어가야 한다.
M이 소음을 듣고 빈칸의 말을 하자 W가 "let's stop and see"라며 차를 세우고, 이어 "A piece of glass is in the right front wheel"(오른쪽 앞바퀴에 유리 조각이 박혔다), "I got some experience in changing tires"(타이어 교체 경험이 있다)가 나온다. 따라서 소음의 원인으로 타이어 바람 빠짐을 추측하는 말이 알맞다.
- "I gave my customers sound advice" — 고객에게 조언했다는 말은 소음과 무관하다.
- "I think the mechanic has an appointment" — 정비사의 약속은 소음의 원인 추측이 아니며 차를 세워 확인하는 흐름과 맞지 않는다.
- "Oh! Your phone is ringing in vibration mode" — 휴대전화 진동이라면 차를 세워 바퀴를 확인할 이유가 없다.
| We can in consequence establish relations with almost all sorts of them. |
Reptiles and fish may no doubt be found in swarms and shoals; they have been hatched in quantities and similar conditions have kept them together. In the case of social and gregarious mammals, the association arises not simply from a community of external forces but is sustained by an inner impulse. They are not merely like one another and so found in the same places at the same times; they like one another and so they keep together. This difference between the reptile world and the world of our human minds is one our sympathies seem unable to pass. ( A ) We cannot conceive in ourselves the swift uncomplicated urgency of a reptile's instinctive motives, its appetites, fears and hates. ( B ) We cannot understand them in their simplicity because all our motives are complicated; ours are balances and resultants and not simply urgencies. ( C ) But the mammals and birds have self-restraint and consideration for other individuals, a social appeal, a self-control that is, at its lower level, after our own fashion. ( D ) When they suffer they utter cries and make movements that rouse our feelings. We can make pets of them with a mutual recognition. They can be tamed to self-restraint towards us, domesticated and taught.
주어진 문장은 (D)에 들어가야 한다.
주어진 문장 "We can in consequence establish relations with almost all sorts of them"(그 결과 우리는 거의 모든 종류의 그들과 관계를 맺을 수 있다)의 "in consequence"는 바로 앞 "But the mammals and birds have self-restraint ... a self-control that is, at its lower level, after our own fashion"(포유류와 조류는 낮은 수준에서나마 우리 방식의 자제력을 지닌다)의 결과이고, "them"은 the mammals and birds를 가리킨다. 뒤의 "When they suffer they utter cries ... We can make pets of them"이 관계 맺기의 구체적 예로 이어진다.
- (A) — 파충류 세계와 인간 정신의 차이를 공감이 넘지 못한다는 내용 뒤라, 관계를 맺을 수 있다는 결과가 올 수 없다.
- (B) — 파충류의 본능적 동기를 우리가 이해할 수 없다는 설명이 이어지는 중간이다.
- (C) — 우리의 동기는 복잡하다는 내용 뒤이며, 이어지는 "But the mammals and birds ..."가 대조 전환이므로 그 앞에 '그 결과'가 올 수 없다.
| Thunderstorms are extremely common in many parts of the world, for example, throughout most of North America. Updrafts of warm air set off these storms. |
(A) This more buoyant air then rises and carries water vapor to higher altitudes. The air cools as it rises, and the water vapor condenses and starts to drop as rain. As the rain falls, it pulls air along with it and turns part of the draft downward.
(B) An updraft may start over ground that is more intensely heated by the sun than the land surrounding the area. Bare, rocky, or paved areas, for example, usually have updrafts above them. The air in contact with the ground heats up and thus becomes lighter, more buoyant, than the air surrounding it.
(C) The draft may turn upward again and send the rain churning around in the cloud. Some of it may freeze to hail. Sooner or later, the water droplets grow heavy enough to resist the updrafts and fall to the ground, pulling air in the form of downdrafts with them.
글의 순서는 (B)－(A)－(C)이다.
주어진 글은 "Updrafts of warm air set off these storms"(따뜻한 공기의 상승 기류가 뇌우를 일으킨다)로 끝나고, (B)가 "An updraft may start over ground ..."로 상승 기류의 발생과 "lighter, more buoyant"해진 공기를 설명한다. (A)의 "This more buoyant air"가 그 공기를 받아 상승·응결·강우와 "turns part of the draft downward"(기류 일부를 아래로 돌린다)를 설명하고, (C)의 "The draft may turn upward again"이 그 하강 기류를 이어받는다.
- (A)－(C)－(B) — (A)의 "This more buoyant air"가 가리킬 대상이 주어진 글에 없다.
- (B)－(C)－(A) — (C)의 "turn upward again"은 기류가 아래로 꺾인다는 (A) 뒤에 와야 한다.
- (C)－(A)－(B) — (C)의 "The draft"와 "again"이 받을 내용이 주어진 글에 없다.
He took out a picture from his drawer and kissed it with deep reverence, folded it meticulously in a white silk kerchief, and placed it inside his shirt next to his heart.
"meticulously"(꼼꼼하게, 세심하게)와 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 "carefully"(주의 깊게, 신중히)이다.
사진에 "with deep reverence"(깊은 경외심으로) 입맞춤하고 흰 비단 손수건에 접어 가슴 가까이 넣는 장면이므로, 사진을 정성스럽고 세심하게 접었다는 의미다.
- "hurriedly"(서둘러, 허둥지둥) — 경건한 장면과 반대된다.
- "decisively"(단호하게, 결정적으로) — 꼼꼼함과 무관하다.
- "delightfully"(유쾌하게, 즐겁게) — 꼼꼼함과 무관하다.
The company cannot expect me to move my home and family at the drop of a hat.
"at the drop of a hat"(즉시, 주저 없이)과 의미가 가장 가까운 것은 "immediately"(즉시)이다.
회사가 나에게 집과 가족을 당장 옮기기를 기대할 수는 없다는 문맥이다.
- "punctually"(시간을 엄수하여) — 정해진 시간에 맞춘다는 뜻으로 '즉시'와 다르다.
- "hesitantly"(머뭇거리며) — '주저 없이'와 반대된다.
- "periodically"(주기적으로) — 의미가 다르다.
America gets 97% of its limes from Mexico, and a combination of bad weather and disease has sent that supply plummeting and prices skyrocketing. A 40-lb. (18kg) box of limes that cost the local restaurateurs about $20 late last year now goes for $120. In April, the average retail price for a lime hit 56 cents, more than double the price last year. Across the U.S., bars and restaurants are rationing their supply or, like Alaska Airlines, eliminating limes altogether. In Mexico, the value spike is attracting criminals, forcing growers to guard their limited supply of "green gold" from drug cartels. Business owners who depend on citrus are hoping that spring growth will soon bring costs back to normal.
제목으로 가장 적절한 것은 "A Costly Lime Shortage"(비싼 대가를 치르는 라임 부족)이다.
악천후와 병으로 멕시코산 라임 공급이 "plummeting"(급감)하고 가격이 "skyrocketing"(급등)하여, 한 상자가 약 20달러에서 120달러가 되고 소매가는 "more than double"이 되었으며 식당들은 "rationing their supply"(공급을 배급)하고 있다. 글 전체가 공급 부족과 가격 폭등을 다룬다.
- "An Irreversible Change in Wholesale Price of Lime" — 마지막 문장 "spring growth will soon bring costs back to normal"(봄 수확으로 곧 가격이 정상화되리라 기대)과 맞지 않는다.
- "Mexican Lime Cartel Spreading to the U.S." — 재배자가 "green gold"를 마약 카르텔(drug cartels)로부터 지킨다는 내용일 뿐, 카르텔의 미국 확산은 없다.
- "Americans Eat More Limes than Ever" — 오히려 라임 사용을 줄이거나 아예 없애는 상황이다.
| Print, however, with its standard format and type, introduced exact mass reproduction. |
Print transformed how knowledge itself was understood and transmitted. A manuscript is a unique and unreproducible object. ( A ) This meant that two readers separated by distance could discuss and compare identical books, right down to a specific word on a particular page. ( B ) With the introduction of consistent pagination, indexes, alphabetic ordering, and bibliographies (all unthinkable in manuscript), knowledge itself was slowly repackaged. ( C ) Textual scholarship became a cumulative science, as scholars could now gather manuscripts of, say, Aristotle's Politics and print a standard authoritative edition based on a comparison of all available copies. ( D ) This also led to the phenomenon of new and revised editions.
주어진 문장은 (A)에 들어가야 한다.
주어진 문장 "Print, however, with its standard format and type, introduced exact mass reproduction"(그러나 인쇄는 표준 형식과 활자로 정확한 대량 복제를 도입했다)의 "however"는 앞 문장 "A manuscript is a unique and unreproducible object"(필사본은 유일하고 복제 불가능한 물건이다)와 대조된다. 또 (A) 뒤 "This meant that two readers separated by distance could discuss and compare identical books"의 This가 바로 그 정확한 대량 복제를 가리킨다.
- (B) — 이미 동일한 책을 비교할 수 있게 되었다는 결과가 나온 뒤라, 그 원인인 대량 복제의 도입이 뒤늦게 올 수 없다.
- (C) — 쪽 번호·색인 등으로 지식이 재편되었다는 내용 뒤로, 필사본과의 대조(however)가 성립하지 않는다.
- (D) — 표준판 편찬과 개정판 현상 사이로, 대조할 필사본 언급이 없다.
The WAIS-R is made up of eleven subtests, or scales. The subtests of the WAIS-R are arranged by the type of ability or skill being tested. The subtests are organized into two categories. Six subtests define the verbal scale, and five subtests constitute a performance scale. We can compute three scores: a verbal score, a performance score, and a total (or full-scale) score. The total score can be taken as an approximation of general intellectual ability. To administer the WAIS-R, you present each of the eleven subtests to your subject. The items within each subtest are arranged in order of difficulty. You start with relatively easy items, and then you progress to more difficult ones. You stop administering any one subtest when your subject fails a specified number of items in a row. You alternate between verbal and performance subtests. The whole process takes up to an hour and a half.
글의 내용과 일치하는 것은 "The items of each subtest in the WAIS-R begin from easy and continue on to more difficult ones."이다.
본문 "The items within each subtest are arranged in order of difficulty. You start with relatively easy items, and then you progress to more difficult ones."(각 하위 검사의 문항은 난이도 순으로, 비교적 쉬운 문항에서 더 어려운 문항으로 진행한다)와 일치한다.
- "The WAIS-R has eleven subtests, each of which has two main parts." — 11개 하위 검사 전체가 언어·동작의 "two categories"로 나뉠 뿐, 각 하위 검사가 두 부분으로 된 것이 아니다.
- "Several subtests with higher scores among the eleven ones should be presented." — 본문은 "you present each of the eleven subtests"(11개 모두 제시)라고 한다.
- "Subjects take all of the verbal subtests first and then all of the performance subtests." — 본문은 "You alternate between verbal and performance subtests"(번갈아 실시)라고 한다.
Language is saturated with implicit metaphors like "Events are objects and time is space." Indeed, space turns out to be a conceptual vehicle not just for time but for many kinds of states and circumstances. Just as a meeting can be moved from 3:00 to 4:00, a traffic light can go from green to red, a person can go from flipping burgers to running a corporation, and the economy can go from bad to worse. Metaphor is so widespread in language that it's hard to find expressions for abstract ideas that are not metaphorical. Does it imply that even our wispiest concepts are represented in the mind as hunks of matter that we move around on a mental stage? Does it say that rival claims about the world can never be true or false but can only be ____________? Few things in life cannot be characterized in terms of variables and the causation of changes in them.
빈칸에는 "alternative metaphors that frame a situation in different ways"(상황을 다른 방식으로 틀 짓는 대안적 은유)가 들어가야 한다.
글은 언어가 은유로 가득해 "it's hard to find expressions for abstract ideas that are not metaphorical"(은유적이지 않은 추상 개념 표현을 찾기 어렵다)고 한다. 빈칸 문장 "rival claims about the world can never be true or false but can only be ___"는 참·거짓과 대비되면서 은유 논의와 이어지는 말이 와야 한다.
- "proven to be always true in all circumstances" — '결코 참이나 거짓일 수 없다'는 앞부분과 모순된다.
- "irreversible and established truths that cannot be disputed" — 확립된 진리라는 말 역시 참·거짓을 넘어선다는 앞부분과 모순된다.
- "subject to scientific testings for their authenticity and clarity" — 진위 검증을 전제하는 말이라 참·거짓과의 대비 구조에 맞지 않고 은유 논의와도 무관하다.
→Despite searching for every job opening possible, he could not find a suitable job.
→The best way to find out if you can trust somebody is to trust that person.
→Taste sensitivity is largely influenced by food intake and body weight of individuals.
→Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to grow and learn in.
잘못 옮긴 것은 "Taste sensitivity is largely influenced by food intake and body weight of individuals."이다.
우리말은 미각의 민감성이 음식 섭취와 체중에 '영향을 미친다'(능동)인데, 영문은 수동태 "is influenced by"를 써서 '음식 섭취와 체중에 의해 영향을 받는다'는 반대 의미가 되었다. "Taste sensitivity largely influences food intake and body weight of individuals."로 고쳐야 한다.
- "Despite searching for every job opening possible, he could not find a suitable job." — 전치사 despite 뒤에 동명사 searching이 와서 바르다.
- "The best way to find out if you can trust somebody is to trust that person." — if가 '~인지'의 명사절을 이끌고, 보어로 to부정사가 쓰여 바르다.
- "Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to grow and learn in." — be responsible for + 동명사, 의미상 주어 for their children, 그리고 environment를 꾸미는 to부정사 뒤 전치사 in(grow and learn in the environment)이 모두 바르다.
→He had his political enemies imprisoned.
→There can be no true liberty unless there is economic liberty.
→I look forward to doing business with you as soon as possible.
→When he left his hometown thirty years ago, little does he dream that he could never see it again.
잘못 옮긴 것은 "When he left his hometown thirty years ago, little does he dream that he could never see it again."이다.
부정어 little을 문두에 두어 조동사를 주어 앞으로 보내는 부정어 도치는 맞지만, 30년 전 고향을 떠날 때의 과거 일이므로 시제를 맞춰 "little did he dream"이 되어야 한다.
- "He had his political enemies imprisoned." — 사역동사 have + 목적어 + 과거분사로, 정적들이 '투옥되는' 수동 관계를 바르게 나타냈다.
- "There can be no true liberty unless there is economic liberty." — unless(~하지 않는 한)로 '경제적 자유가 없다면'을 바르게 옮겼다.
- "I look forward to doing business with you as soon as possible." — look forward to의 to는 전치사이므로 동명사 doing이 바르게 쓰였다.
The chimpanzee—who puts two sticks together in order to get at a banana because no one of the two is long enough to do the job—uses intelligence. So do we all when we go about our business, "figuring out" how to do things. Intelligence, in this sense, is taking things for granted as they are, making combinations which have the purpose of facilitating their manipulation; intelligence is thought in the service of biological survival. Reason, ㉠ , aims at understanding; it tries to find out what is beneath the surface, to recognize the kernel, the essence of the reality which surrounds us. Reason is not without a function, but its function is not to further physical as much as mental and spiritual existence. ㉡ , often in individual and social life, reason is required in order to predict (considering that prediction often depends on recognition of forces which operate underneath the surface), and prediction sometimes is necessary even for physical survival.
㉠에는 "on the other hand", ㉡에는 "However"가 들어가야 한다.
㉠ 앞에서 지능(intelligence)은 "thought in the service of biological survival"(생물학적 생존에 봉사하는 사고)이라 했고, 뒤에서 이성(reason)은 "aims at understanding"(이해를 지향하며) 표면 아래의 본질을 찾으려 한다고 하므로 대조의 연결어가 알맞다.
㉡ 앞에서는 이성의 기능이 물리적 존재보다 "mental and spiritual existence"(정신적·영적 존재)를 증진하는 것이라 했는데, 뒤에서는 예측에 이성이 필요하고 그 예측이 "even for physical survival"(물리적 생존에도) 필요할 때가 있다고 하므로 역접이 알맞다.
- "for example, Therefore" — 이성은 지능의 예가 아니며, ㉡ 뒤는 앞 내용의 결과가 아니다.
- "in the same way, Likewise" — 지능과 이성은 유사가 아니라 대조 관계다.
- "consequently, As a result" — 앞뒤가 인과 관계가 아니다.
East of the Mississippi, the land rises slowly into the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. At the edge of the Canadian plains, the Canadian Shield, a giant core of rock centered on the Hudson and James Bays, anchors the continent. The stony land of the Shield makes up the eastern half of Canada and the northeastern United States. In northern Quebec, the Canadian Shield descends to the Hudson Bay. The heavily eroded Appalachian Mountains are North America's oldest mountains and the continent's second-longest mountain range. They extend about 1,500 miles from Quebec to central Alabama. Coastal lowlands lie east and south of the Appalachians. Between the mountains and the coastal lowlands lies a wide area of rolling hills. Many rivers cut through the Piedmont and flow across to the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the Carolinas.
글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은 "The Appalachian Mountains are North America's longest mountain range."이다.
본문은 애팔래치아 산맥을 "North America's oldest mountains and the continent's second-longest mountain range"(북미에서 가장 오래되었고 대륙에서 두 번째로 긴 산맥)라고 하므로 가장 긴 산맥이 아니다.
- "Centered on the Hudson and James Bays is a giant core of rock, the Canadian Shield." — 본문 "the Canadian Shield, a giant core of rock centered on the Hudson and James Bays"와 일치한다.
- "From Quebec to central Alabama, the Appalachian Mountains stretch." — 본문 "They extend about 1,500 miles from Quebec to central Alabama"와 일치한다.
- "The Piedmont is traversed by many rivers that flow toward the Plain." — 본문 "Many rivers cut through the Piedmont and flow across to the Atlantic Coastal Plain"과 일치한다.