22년 1회차

Norwegians led by Roald Amundsen arrived in Antarctica’s Bay of Whales on January 14, 1911. With dog teams, they prepared to race the British to the South Pole. Amundsen’s ship, Fram, loaned by renowned Arctic explorer Fridtjof Nansen, was the elite polar vessel of her time.

In her presentation, she will give a lucid account of her future plan as a member of this organization.

People need to 　　　　　 skills in their jobs in order to be competitive and become successful.

Manhattan has been compelled to expand skyward because of the 　　　　　 of any other direction in which to grow. This, more than any other thing, is responsible for its physical majesty.

　　　　　 is using someone else’s exact words or ideas in your writing, and not naming the original writer or book, magazine, video, podcast, or website where you found them.

People have opportunities to behave in sustainable ways every day when they get dressed, and fashion, when ① creating within a broad understanding of sustainability, can sustain people as well as the environment. People have a desire to make ② socially responsible choices regarding the fashions they purchase. As designers and product developers of fashion, we are challenged to provide responsible choices. We need to stretch the perception of fashion to remain ③ open to the many layers and complexities that exist. The people, processes, and environments ④ that embody fashion are also calling for new sustainable directions. What a fabulous opportunity awaits!

Newspapers, journals, magazines, TV and radio, and professional or trade publications ① provide further ② information that may help interpret the facts ③ given in the annual report or on developments since the report ④ published.

Tropical forests are incredibly rich ecosystems, which provide much of the world’s biodiversity. ① However, even with increased understanding of the value of these areas, excessive destruction continues. There are a few promising signs, however. ② Deforestation in many regions is slowing as governments combat this practice with intensive tree planting. Asia, for example, has gained forest in the last decade, primarily due to China’s large-scale planting initiatives. ③ One part of this challenge is to allow countries a more equitable share of the revenue from pharmaceutical products originating in the tropical forests. Moreover, the number of reserves designated for conservation of biodiversity is increasing worldwide with particularly strong gains in South America and Asia. ④ Unfortunately, despite these gains, the capacity for humans to destroy forests continues to appear greater than their ability to protect them.

In the early 1980s, a good friend of mine discovered that she was dying of multiple myeloma, an especially dangerous, painful form of cancer. I had lost elderly relatives and family friends to death before this, but I had never lost a personal friend. ① I had never watched a relatively young person die slowly and painfully of disease. It took my friend a year to die, and ② I got into the habit of visiting her every Saturday and taking along the latest chapter of the novel I was working on. This happened to be Clay’s Ark. With its story of disease and death, it was thoroughly inappropriate for the situation. But my friend had always read my novels. ③ She insisted that she no longer wanted to read this one as well. I suspect that neither of us believed she would live to read it in its completed form—④ although, of course, we didn’t talk about this.

From computers to compact-disc players, railway engines to robots, the origins of today’s machines can be traced back to the elaborate mechanical toys that flourished in the eighteenth century. As the first complex machines produced by man, automata represented a proving ground for technology that would later be harnessed in the industrial revolution. But their original uses were rather less utilitarian. Automata were the playthings of royalty, both as a form of entertainment in palaces and courts across Europe and as gifts sent from one ruling family to another. As a source of amusement, the first automata were essentially scaled-down versions of the elaborate mechanical clocks that adorned cathedrals. These clocks provided the inspiration for smaller and increasingly elaborate automata. As these devices became more complicated, their time-keeping function became less important, and automata became first and foremost mechanical amusements in the form of mechanical theaters or moving scenes.

When Ali graduated, he decided he didn’t want to join the ranks of commuters struggling to work every day. He wanted to set up his own online gift-ordering business so that he could work from home. He knew it was a risk but felt he would have at least a fighting chance of success. Initially, he and a college friend planned to start the business together. Ali had the idea and Igor, his friend, had the money to invest in the company. But then just weeks before the launch, Igor dropped a bombshell: he said he no longer wanted to be part of Ali’s plans. Despite Ali’s attempts to persuade him to hang fire on his decision, Igor said he was no longer prepared to take the risk and was going to beat a retreat before it was too late. However, two weeks later Igor stole a march on Ali by launching his own online gift-ordering company. Ali was shell-shocked by this betrayal, but he soon came out fighting. He took Igor’s behaviour as a call to arms and has persuaded a bank to lend him the money he needs. Ali’s introduction to the business world has certainly been a baptism of fire, but I’m sure he will be really successful on his own.

Scientists are working on many other human organs and tissues. For example, they have successfully generated, or grown, a piece of liver. This is an exciting achievement since people cannot live without a liver. In other laboratories, scientists have created a human jawbone and a lung. While these scientific breakthroughs are very promising, they are also limited. Scientists cannot use cells for a new organ from a very diseased or damaged organ. 　(A)　, many researchers are working on a way to use stem cells to grow completely new organs. Stem cells are very simple cells in the body that can develop into any kind of complex cells, such as skin cells or blood cells and even heart and liver cells. 　(B)　, stem cells can grow into all different kinds of cells.

To speak of ‘the aim’ of scientific activity may perhaps sound a little 　(A)　; for clearly, different scientists have different aims, and science itself (whatever that may mean) has no aims. I admit all this. And yet it seems that when we speak of science we do feel, more or less clearly, that there is something characteristic of scientific activity; and since scientific activity looks pretty much like a rational activity, and since a rational activity must have some aim, the attempt to describe the aim of science may not be entirely 　(B)　.

〈보기〉
The child that is born today may possibly have the same faculties as if he had been born in the days of Noah; if it be otherwise, we possess no means of determining the difference.

(A) That development is entirely under the control of the influences exerted by the society in which the child may chance to live.
(B) If such society be altogether denied, the faculties perish, and the child grows up a beast and not a man; if the society be uneducated and coarse, the growth of the faculties is early so stunted as never afterwards to be capable of recovery; if the society be highly cultivated, the child will be cultivated also, and will show, more or less, through life the fruits of that cultivation.
(C) Hence each generation receives the benefit of the cultivation of that which preceded it.
(D) But the equality of the natural faculties at starting will not prevent a vast difference in their ultimate development.

It is quite clear that people’s view of what English should do has been strongly influenced by what Latin does. For instance, there is (or used to be — it is very infrequently observed in natural speech today) a feeling that an infinitive in English should not be split. What this means is that you should not put anything between the to which marks an infinitive verb and the verb itself: you should say to go boldly and never to boldly go. This ‘rule’ is based on Latin, where the marker of the infinitive is an ending, and you can no more split it from the rest of the verb than you can split -ing from the rest of its verb and say goboldlying for going boldly. English speakers clearly do not feel that to and go belong together 　　　　　 go and -ing. They frequently put words between this kind of to and its verb.

A company may be allowed to revalue non-current assets. Where the fair value of non-current assets increases this may be reflected in an adjustment to the value of the assets shown in the statement of financial position. As far as possible, this should reflect the fair value of assets and liabilities. However, the increase in value of a non-current asset does not necessarily represent 　　　　　 for the company. A profit is made or realized only when the asset is sold and the resulting profit is taken through the income statement. Until this event occurs prudence — supported by common sense — requires that the increase in asset value is retained in the balance sheet. Shareholders have the right to any profit on the sale of company assets, so the shareholders’ stake (equity) is increased by the same amount as the increase in asset valuation. A revaluation reserve is created and the balance sheet still balances.