18년 1회차

The Health authorities today warned that influenza is now highly prevalent all over the country.

Why do you always have to humiliate me in front of your friends?

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그가 핸드폰을 택시에 두고 내린 것을 안 것은 집에 도착해서였다.

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비록 우리의 나이 많은 아미쉬 사촌들이 농장 일을 도우며 머무르는 데에 동의했지만, 내가 농부의 삶에 적합하지 않다는 것이 곧 명확해졌다.

Although our elderly Amish cousins agreed to stay on to help with the farm work, it soon became apparent that I was not __________ the life of a dairy farmer.

I left my lesson plans at home, so I'll have to __________.

The Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon, __________ by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held every year since 1897 to celebrate Patriots Day, a holiday marking the beginning of the American Revolution, thereby purposely linking Athenian and American struggle for democracy.

Spatial data ① representing elevations, depths, temperatures, or populations can be stored in a digital database, accessed, and displayed on a map. The database for a map can include information on coastlines, political boundaries, city locations, etc. In digital form, maps can ② be easily revised because they do not have to be manually redrawn with each revision or major change. Computer-generated map revision is essential for updating ③ rapidly changing phenomena such as air pollution, ocean currents, and forest fires. Digital maps can be instantly distributed and ④ share via the Internet.

The star Sirius in the constellation of Canis Major appears considerably brighter than Rigel in Orion. However, Rigel is actually thousands of times brighter than Sirius. It appears fainter because it is over a thousand light years away, while Sirius is only $8\frac{1}{2}$ light years from us. We measure the brightness of the stars as seen with the naked eye on a scale called the magnitude scale. Hipparchus, a Greek astronomer, rated the importance of stars by their brightness and used the word magnitude to describe their relative brightness. Magnitude means bigness. In ancient times they may have assumed that the brighter star is a bigger star. A very bright star would have a magnitude of 1 or less and a very faint star a magnitude of 6. The smaller the number, the brighter the star. A very powerful telescope can see very faint stars beyond magnitude 20. You may be able to see stars with a magnitude of 6 to 7 with your naked eye under very clear, moonless skies.

The start of modern democracy reaches back to the 13^th century when the nobility in England forced the king to accept the instituting of a Parliament. This later was divided into the aristocratic upper house and a lower house where elected commoners met. The Parliament slowly evolved from a council to an independent arbitrator. In 1688, the king was generally deprived of power, and the Parliament became the actual sovereign of politics with the right to legislate laws. Over time, the upper house increasingly lost significance and the elected lower house assumed more and more authority. English parliamentarianism became the model for the revolutions in America and France. Yet the majority of the population still remained excluded from the political process.

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Thin, lanky hair can be upsetting at any age, but particularly for women, whose self-esteem may take a bit of a battering during the teenage years or the mid-life menopause.

(A) But with the right diet, hair can regain its previous thickness and lustre. It fact, most people can probably help their hair improve in body and gloss by tweaking what they eat.
(B) There is no cure for male pattern baldness, but eating healthy can help what hair they do have to look as good as possible. For girls and women, though, the main cause of hair loss is nutrient-related rather than hormonal. It can take months for the results to show in full.
(C) Both are times of major hormonal changes, which can play a part in how hair behaves. Men, too, may be sensitive about hair loss, which can sometimes happen long before they reach middle age.

While extroverts tend to attain leadership in public domains, introverts tend to attain leadership in theoretical and aesthetic fields. Outstanding introverted leaders, such as Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, Patrick White and Arthur Boyd, who have created either new fields of thought or rearranged existing knowledge, have spent long periods of their lives in isolation. Hence leadership does not only apply in social situations, but also __________ such as developing new techniques in the arts, creating new philosophies, writing profound books and making scientific breakthroughs.

Sandstone caves are found in the sedimentary rocks composed of aggregates of sand grains. The sandstone was originally deposited as sandy sediments in rivers, beaches or shallow marine environments. Continued deposition of sediments caused the sediments to be buried deeply and transformed into sandstones. Quartzites are sandstones metamorphosed by heat or pressure and with stronger cements. A cave may form after the sandstone or quartzite is uplifted and exposed at the surface. Sandstone caves may be formed by rain or wind erosion, but more commonly when a stream is able to pass through joints or bedding planes in the rock. The weaker silica cement is slowly dissolved and the stream washes the loosened sand grains away. The finest examples are found in quartzite, especially in South America.

A: I'm scared to death. Why are you going to do a parachute jump?
B: It really must be wonderful to look down from the sky. I've always wanted to try it.
A: But anything could happen. You could be injured or even killed. I wouldn't take the risk.
B: Well, __________
You ought to try it. You never know - you might enjoy it.
A: Enjoy it? You must be joking!

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Tolerable stress, which occurs for relatively brief periods, can also build resilience. Critically, there must be supportive adults present, and kids must have time to cope and recover. Let’s say a child witnesses her parents arguing a lot as they’re going through a divorce.

(A) In an influential study, graduate students took baby rats away from their mothers and handled them for fifteen minutes per day(which was stressful to the rats) and then returned them to their mothers, who licked and groomed them. The graduate students repeated this for the first two weeks of the rat’s lives.
(B) But the parents are talking to her, and they’re not having blowouts every night. She has time to recover. This is tolerable stress. Another example of tolerable stress might be an episode of being bullied, so long as it doesn’t last too long, it isn’t repeated too often, and the child is supported by caring adults.
(C) The baby rats who were removed and handled for a brief period showed much more resilience as adults than the pups who stayed in the cage with their mother. This is probably because in situations like these the brain becomes conditioned to cope, and this conditioning lays the foundation for resilience.

There’s a saying that if you get up in the morning and eat a live frog, you can spend the rest of the day safe in the knowledge that whatever else happens it can’t possibly get any worse. Sometimes a frog is on your plate and it has to be eaten: your day will include some difficult tasks, and others that are more palatable. If you put off the tough ones, you will spend time feeling bad because there’s a nasty task hanging over you, and eventually you’ll still have to knuckle down and do it. Procrastination affects all of us, but you’ll suffer less if you get the frog out of the way early - so you can focus on other tasks with clarity and feel better knowing that you can check it off the list of things to do that day.

Round and round the short-track speedskaters go, crouched low on the ice as they carve counterclockwise ovals, over and over. They lean so hard to the left that their fingers glide on the ice at the turns. The straightaways are so short that there is room for only one or two strides before the skaters lean hard into the next 180-degree curve, again and again. They spend their training hours in that position, their torsos torqued to the left, their weight on their left legs as their right legs sweep powerful strides. It is no wonder, then, that __________. Their thighs and glutes are typically larger on the right, while their lower-back muscles sometimes bulge more on the left. The hip, knee and ankle joints on the left tend to be stronger, the ones on the right more flexible.

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But damage caused to wildlife has been considerable.

For millennia farmers grew crops without chemical pesticides. In the decades after the Second World War, toxic compounds came into widespread and ever-increasing use, emerging as a key factor in the rapid expansion in food production. (①) The effects are wide ranging and include the loss of food plants for insects and a decline in the food supply for insect-eating birds. (②) The populations of beneficial animals are affected too, including pollinators. (③) Some pesticides accumulate in food chains, causing populations of top predators to decline. (④) At the same time, pests have developed resistance to pesticides.

Have you ever been in an airplane and noticed that your ears start to pop as the plane climbs into the sky? That’s because there is a change in air pressure. The same thing may happen when you ride up in an elevator. At sea level, the air pressure is the ① same outside and inside your body. As altitude increases, with ② fewer atmospheric gas molecules, the air pressure drops. Your ears may pop because the air trapped inside your ears, at a ③ lower pressure than the air outside your body, makes your eardrums bulge outward. Chewing gum during a takeoff prompts you to swallow saliva, opening the tubes that connect the breathing passages to your ears and equalizing the pressures painlessly. A similar thing happens when the plane comes in for a landing and the pressure inside your ears is ④ lower than the air pressure outside.