17년 1회차

State officials are encouraging more farmers to be certified as organic growers.

He was only 27 years old, yet he left an indelible mark on the music world. Again and again, contemporary rock artists return to him, whose songs capture the very essence of the blues, transforming our pain and suffering with healing magic of his guitar.

It has been a while since I had my hair ________.

Peter started ① poking around in the cupboards. He opened the refrigerator and stood there with the door ② open. Debbie, meanwhile, had ③ returned to her plumbing job. She was turning the faucet on and off and ④ to watch it.

Many government leaders are encouraging people to ride bikes more often. In many cities, people are ( A ) to use bikes instead of cars for short trips. Several cities have added bike paths and parking spaces for bikes to make bike riding easier and safer. Bicycle training is ( B ) for both children and adults. Learning the rules of the road and practising good riding skills help people become smarter, safer cyclists.

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나는 스카이다이빙을 할 준비를 마쳤지만 마지막 순간에 두려워서 주저했다.

I was all set to skydive, but at the last moment I ____________________.

A: Did you read that story about the guy who jumped off Niagara Falls?
B: No. What happened to him? Did he die?
A: No, he survived, amazingly enough.
B: Really? I guess he was wearing some kind of protective clothing.
A: That's the incredible thing. He was just wearing ordinary clothes. He just jumped in, fell down in 180 feet, and somehow managed to avoid hitting the rocks.
B: That's amazing! What did he do it for?
A: ____________________. He'd been talking about doing it for years. His friends had bet him he wouldn't do it.
B: What a crazy guy!

Many scholars surmise that the Hindu caste system took shape when Indo-Aryan people invaded the Indian subcontinent about 3,000 years ago, subjugating the local population. The invaders established a stratified society, in which they - of course - occupied the leading positions (priests and warriors), leaving the natives to live as servants and slaves. The invaders, who were few in number, feared losing their privileged status and unique identity. To forestall this danger, they divided the population into castes, each of which was required to pursue a specific occupation or perform a specific role in society. Each had different legal status, privileges and duties. Mixing of castes - social interaction, marriage, even the sharing of meals - was prohibited. And the distinctions were not just legal - they became an inherent part of religious mythology and practice.

① A private, lounging outside the PX on a dark night, observed the dim form of another soldier approaching. "Hey, bud," he called out. "Got a light?"
"Certainly," said ② the other. ③ The newcomer struck a match and lit the private's cigarette. And in the flare of the match, the private noted the single star of a brigadier general on the other's shoulder. Stiffening to attention, the private said in despair, "I beg your pardon, sir."
"At ease, private," said the general. "It's all right. Just be glad ④ I am not a second lieutenant."

There's a major difference between weather and climate models. A model producing a weather forecast will give a prediction for what the conditions will be like in different parts of the world just a few days into the future. With climate, we're not interested in the short-term changes in meteorological conditions. It's the long-term changes that we're after. The short-term chaos we see with weather forecasts tends to smooth out over decades and centuries. As a result, we can get a handle on what will happen on average in different parts of the world in the future. A climate model will not give the daily temperature and rainfall for each day of the year in the different parts of the world over a hundred years. The key thing is that it will give an idea of the average conditions. It's the same principle as the changing seasons and their effect on temperature; if we live in the northern hemisphere, we don't know what the temperature will be for every day in July next year, but we know that it will be warmer on average than December.

Ernest Hemingway is a well-known writer whose works are read all over the world. Like Mark Twain, he is regarded as a representative American writer. Born in a suburb of Chicago, Hemingway began writing in high school, and after graduation he worked as a reporter. Hemingway's life was an adventurous one in which he challenged nature and the danger of war. During World War I, Hemingway tried to join the army but was turned down because of his age. Instead, he volunteered as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross. He fought in the Spanish Civil War and was a correspondent in World War II. He was an amateur boxer, avid hunter, and record-holding deep-sea fisherman. One of his well-known stories, "A Day's Wait," exemplifies Hemingway's style. The sentences are clearly and sparsely written; the dialogues are short and to the point. Hemingway's heroes appear to be strong and unemotional, but they are also sensitive. Under the macho, brave exterior is a scared little child. Thus, the character becomes more human and believable.

We are all used to accepting ____________ in our everyday life, though we don't use that label. When your toddler draws on the wall with crayons, throws food on the floor, or wets the bed, you are much more likely to be indulgent about his behavior than if your neighbor's toddler comes to your house and does the same things. We are also used to the mind's fooling us about what our senses are detecting. Let's say you are going to a party and are told in advance that Mr. X, who will be there, is on trial for multiple burglaries in your area. At the party, Mr. X comes up to you and casually asks, "Where do you live?" The sounds arriving in your brain through the mechanics of hearing will produce a very different response than if someone else had asked the same question.

Internationally, fuel ① used for aviation is tax exempt, and according to John Crayston from the Secretariat of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), "While the ICAO has established emissions standards for certain emissions there are no standards for CO₂." The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates that aviation's share in climate change is at about 3.5 percent of the total contributions, ② which are predicted to climb to five percent by 2050. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aerosol particles that are emitted in aviation such as soot, metals and sulfuric acid can indirectly influence climate change ③ by causing additional cirrus clouds to form, which in turn trap the heat rising from the Earth's surface. The IPCC projects an overall global temperature increase from 34.7 to 40.1 degrees Fahrenheit between 1990 and 2100. Friends of the Earth London recommends that European travelers ④ opt for high-speed rail instead of flying, especially when going a relatively short distance.

Humans tend to do better with acute than with chronic stressors, particularly when the former are followed by ample time for recovery, which allows the stressors to do their jobs as messengers. For instance, having an intense emotional shock from seeing a snake coming out of my keyboard or a vampire entering my room, followed by a period of soothing safety (with chamomile tea and baroque music) long enough for me to regain control of my emotions, would be beneficial for my health, provided of course that I manage to overcome the snake or vampire after an arduous, hopefully heroic fight and have a picture taken next to the dead predator. Such a stressor would be certainly better than the mild but continuous stress of a boss, mortgage, tax problems, guilt over procrastinating with one's tax return, exam pressures, chores, emails to answer, forms to complete, daily commutes - _______________________________. In other words, the pressures brought about by civilization. In fact, neurobiologists show that the former type of stressor is necessary, the second harmful, for one's health.

The more digital and high-tech the world becomes, the greater the need to still feel the human touch, nurtured by close relationships and social connections. ① There are growing concerns that, as the fourth industrial revolution deepens our individual and collective relationships with technology, it may negatively affect our social skills and ability to empathize. We see this already happening. ② A 2010 study by a research team at the University of Michigan found a 40% decline in empathy among college students today with most of this decline coming after 2000. ③ According to MIT's Sherry Turke, most of the teenagers willingly unplug, while playing sports or having a meal with family or friends. ④ With face-to-face conversations crowded out by online interactions, there are fears that an entire generation of young people consumed by social media is struggling to listen, make eye contact or read body language.

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A direct strike of a major hurricane on New Orleans had long been every weather forecaster's worst nightmare. The city presented a perfect set of circumstances that might contribute to the death and destruction there. On the one hand there was its geography.

(A) On the other hand there was its culture. New Orleans does many things well, but there are two things that it proudly refuses to do. New Orleans does not move quickly, and New Orleans does not place much faith in authority.
(B) If it did those things, it would have been much better prepared to deal with Katrina, since those are the exact two things you need to do when a hurricane threatens to strike.
(C) New Orleans does not border the Gulf of Mexico as much as sink into it. Much of the population lived below sea level and was counting on protection from an outmoded system of levees and a set of natural barriers that had literally been washing away to sea.

Contrary to popular belief, "falling (or shooting) stars" are not stars at all, but meteors, solid bodies that travel through space. Meteors range in size from that of a pinhead to huge objects weighing many tons, which are visible to the naked eye at night. Most meteors, except the really huge ones, burn up when they enter the Earth's atmosphere. If they do land successfully, they are renamed meteorites. Usually meteors travel together in swarms like bees. Nature's spectacular fireworks show, a "meteor shower," comes into view when these swarms hit the Earth's atmosphere and then fall towards the Earth in a brilliant display of light.

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Interchangeability and mass-production are the two basic manufacturing techniques that were combined for the first time by the automobile industry and they are the real reasons that the average wage-earner today can afford to own a car.

It is easy to see how the automobile industry has created thousands of job opportunities and contributed immeasurably to our higher standard of living, but we are apt to overlook the underlying factor that made all this possible. (①) It was more than just an accumulation of invention on internal combustion engines, and pneumatic tires, and electrical headlights. (②) Without them, every single car would have to be laboriously built by hand and their cost would be so great that only the wealthy could pay the price. (③) But by concentrating a workman's talents on turning out thousands of units all exactly alike and through the use of power and special tools, cars can be and are built by the millions. (④) And since these techniques of interchangeability and mass-production require fewer man-hours to make each item, workers can produce more, thereby earning more, and at the same time the price can be brought within the reach of millions of customers.